Estimation of effective plant area index for South Korean forests using LiDAR system

Light Detection and Ranging(LiDAR) systems can be used to estimate both vertical and horizontal forest structure.Woody components,the leaves of trees and the understory can be described with high precision,using geo-registered 3D-points.Based on this concept,the Effective Plant Area Indices(PAIe) for areas of Korean Pine(Pinus koraiensis),Japanese Larch(Larix leptolepis) and Oak(Quercus spp.) were estimated by calculating the ratio of intercepted and incident LIDAR laser rays for the canopies of the three forest types.Initially,the canopy gap fraction(GLiDAR) was generated by extracting the LiDAR data reflected from the canopy surface,or inner canopy area,using k-means statistics.The LiDAR-derived PAIe was then estimated by using GLIDAR with the Beer-Lambert law.A comparison of the LiDAR-derived and field-derived PAIe revealed the coefficients of determination for Korean Pine,Japanese Larch and Oak to be 0.82,0.64 and 0.59,respectively.These differences between field-based and LIDAR-based PAIe for the different forest types were attributed to the amount of leaves and branches in the forest stands.The absence of leaves,in the case of both Larch and Oak,meant that the LiDAR pulses were only reflected from branches.The probability that the LiDAR pulses are reflected from bare branches is low as compared to the reflection from branches with a high leaf density.This is because the size of the branch is smaller than the resolution across and along the 1 meter LIDAR laser track.Therefore,a better predictive accuracy would be expected for the model if the study would be repeated in late spring when the shoots and leaves of the deciduous trees begin to appear.

Plant Type and Its Effects on Canopy Structure at Heading Stage in Various Ecological Areas for a Two-line Hybrid Rice Combination,Liangyoupeijiu

A two-line hybrid rice combination, Liangyoupeijiu, was used to estimate several factors of plant type, and environmental models for these factors at the heading stage were established using the data of eight ecological experimental sites in 2006 and 2007. According to climatic data from 1951 to 2005, the differences in those factors and their effects on plant canopy were analyzed for four rice cropping areas in China, including South China, the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Sichuan Basin, and river valley in Yunnan, China. The thickness of leaf layer （the distance from pulvinus of the third leaf from the top to the tip of flag leaf） and distribution of leaf area could be used as candidate indices for the plant type of a rice canopy.

Performance and Analysis of a Model for Describing Layered Leaf Area Index of Rice

Layered leaf area index （LAIk） is one of the major determinants for rice canopy. The objective of this study is to attain rice LAI k using morphological traits especially leaf traits that affected plant type. A theoretical model based on rice geometrical structure was established to describe LAI k of rice with leaf length （Li）, width （Wi）, angle （Ai）, and space （Si）, and plant pole height （H） at booting and heading stages. In correlation with traditional manual measurement, the model was performed by high R2-values （0.95-0.89, n=24） for four rice hybrids （Liangyoupeijiu, Liangyou E32, Liangyou Y06, and Shanyou 63） with various plant types and four densities （3 750, 2 812, 1 875, and 1 125 plants per 100 m2） of a particular hybrid （Liangyoupeijiu）. The analysis of leaf length, width, angle, and space on LAI k for two hybrids （Liangyoupeijiu and Shanyou 63） showed that leaves length and space exhibited greater effects on the change of rice LAI k . The radiation intensity showed a significantly negative exponential relation to the accumulation of LAI k , which agreed to the coefficient of light extinction （K）. Our results suggest that plant type regulates radiation distribution through changing LAI k . The present model would be helpful to acquire leaf distribution and judge canopy structure of rice field by computer system after a simple and less-invasive measurement of leaf length, width, angle （by photo）, and space at field with non-dilapidation of plants.

Leaf area index based nitrogen diagnosis in irrigated lowland rice

Leaf area index （LAI） is used for crop growth monitoring in agronomic research, and is promising to diagnose the nitrogen （N） status of crops. This study was conducted to develop appropriate LAI-based N diagnostic models in irrigated lowland rice. Four field experiments were carried out in Jiangsu Province of East China from 2009 to 2014. Different N application rates and plant densities were used to generate contrasting conditions of N availability or population densities in rice. LAI was determined by LI-3000, and estimated indirectly by LAI-2000 during vegetative growth period. Group and individual plant characters （e.g., tiller number （TN） and plant height （H）） were investigated simultaneously. Two N indicators of plant N accumulation （NA） and N nutrition index （NNI） were measured as well. A calibration equation （LAI=1.7787LAI2o00-0.8816, R2=0.870＂） was developed for LAI-2000. The linear regression analysis showed a significant relationship between NA and actual LAI （R2=0.863^＊＊）. For the NNI, the relative LAI （R2=0.808-） was a relatively unbiased variable in the regression than the LAI （R^2=0.33^＊＊）. The results were used to formulate two LAI-based N diagnostic models for irrigated lowland rice （NA=29.778LAI-5.9397; NNI=0.7705RLAI＋0.2764）. Finally, a simple LAI deterministic model was developed to estimate the actual LAI using the characters of TN and H （LAI=-0.3375（THxHx0.01）2＋3.665（TH×H×0.01）-1.8249, R2=0.875＊＊）. With these models, the N status of rice can be diagnosed conveniently in the field.

Optimization of Green Space Plant Configuration in Residential Areas of Chongqing Central Business District Based on Green Plot Ratio—A Case Study of Xuhui City Residential Community

The current urban green space construction was guided by a two-dimensional index evaluation system, resulting in weak ecological benefits of green space. Green plot ratio (GPR), as a three-dimensional indicator, can characterize the ecological benefits of green areas and the ability of green areas to participate in the operation and regulation of urban ecosystems. As an important component of urban green space, the GPR index was added to the two-dimensional index evaluation system to optimize the green space, which can promote the development of low-carbon, healthy and ecological green space. Based on the research of 22 residential districts in the central city of Chongqing, the Leaf area index (LAI) index of common native garden plants in Chongqing was formed to improve the accuracy of green capacity index measurement in Chongqing. The study also took the residential community of Sunrise City in Banan District of Chongqing as an example, and carried out the optimization design practice from four types of residential community green areas: green areas next to houses, road green areas, concentrated green areas, and green areas attached to public service facilities.

Analysis and Simulation of Plant Type on Canopy Structure and Radiation Transmission in Rice

Three typical hybrid rice cultivars, together with three artificially modified plant types by the application of N fertilizer during the elongation of the two uppermost leaves were used to analyze how the plant type affected the layered leaf area and radiation transmission. Plant type factors, layered leaf area and radiation distribution were measured at the full heading, 10 d and 25 d after full heading stages, respectively. A model for calculating the layered leaf area from plant type factors was established and validated to determine the effects of plant type factors on the layered leaf area for the three hybrids. Furthermore, the relationship between layered leaf area and radiation transmission was established by using the radiation transmission model. The effects of the plant type factors on the radiation transmission for the three hybrids were evaluated by using this model. Finally, a method was established to describe the canopy structure, such as the layered leaf area index and the radiation distribution in the rice canopy.

Studies on Plant Population and Stand Establishment Techniques for Increasing Productivity of Rice in Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan

Rice production in Pakistan is constraint by many factors pertaining to prevalent planting techniques. A research on the feasibility of new planting techniques （direct seeding on flat, transplanting on flat, direct seeding on ridges, transplanting on ridges and parachute planting） in transplanted and direct wet-seeded rice was undertaken at Dera Ismail Khan region of Pakistan＇s North West Frontier Province during 2002 and 2003. Among the planting techniques, the best performance for the yield formation and economic evaluation was noted for transplanting on flat during both years. Chinese parachute planting technology also showed very promising results in most of the parameters. Direct seeding on ridges could not excel transplanting on flat and parachute planting during both cropping seasons. The findings concluded the feasibility of parachute planting technology along with traditional rice transplanting on flat over all other planting techniques being practiced in the area.

基于无人机影像的冬小麦株高提取与LAI估测模型构建

株高和叶面积指数(Leaf Area Index,LAI)反映着作物的生长发育状况。为了探究基于无人机可见光遥感提取冬小麦株高的可靠性,以及利用株高和可见光植被指数估算LAI的精度,本文获取了拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期的无人机影像,提取了冬小麦株高与可见光植被指数,使用逐步回归、偏最小二乘、随机森林、人工神经网络四种方法建立LAI估测模型,并对株高提取及LAI估测情况进行精度评价。结果显示:(1)株高提取值Hc与实测值Hd高度拟合(R^(2)=0.894,RMSE=6.695,NRMSE=9.63%),株高提取效果好;(2)与仅用可见光植被指数相比,基于株高与可见光植被指数构建的LAI估测模型精度更高,且随机森林为最优建模方法,当其决策树个数为50时模型估测效果最好(R^(2)=0.809,RMSE=0.497,NRMSE=13.85%,RPD=2.336)。利用无人机可见光遥感方法,高效、准确、无损地实现冬小麦株高及LAI提取估测可行性较高,该研究结果可为农情遥感监测提供参考。

种植方式对寒地水稻抗倒伏性状的影响

为了探索不同种植方式对寒地水稻抗倒伏能力的影响,以‘龙粳21’和‘龙稻18’为试材,比较研究了水直播、旱直播和插秧栽培模式下水稻的抗倒伏特性。种植方式对寒地水稻的抗倒伏特性有显著影响,但两品种表现不一致。其中,‘龙粳21’N1至N4节间的倒伏指数为插秧>水直播>旱直播,单茎抗推力为旱直播>插秧>水直播。‘龙稻18’N1、N3和N4节间的倒伏指数为插秧>旱直播>水直播,N2节间为旱直播>插秧>水直播,单茎抗推力均为水直播>插秧>旱直播。相关分析表明,提高寒地水稻抗倒伏能力应适当降低株高、重心高度和N1、N2节间的长度,不宜攻大穗。在寒地稻区,通过选择适宜的品种及合理地构建多穗和小穗的群体结构,既利于直播稻获得较高的产量,也有利于提高抗倒伏性。

基于便携式作物生长监测诊断仪的红壤花生叶片氮积累量和叶面积指数监测

通过分析红壤花生不同生育期的生长指标动态变化特征及其与冠层光谱植被指数间的定量关系,以赣花5号和航花2号这2个花生品种为试验对象,设置4个施氮水平,在花生关键生育期(苗期、花针期、结荚期和饱果期)利用便携式作物生长监测诊断仪(CGMD-402)采集冠层光谱植被指数,并同步取样测定各处理的地上部生物量、叶片氮积累量(LNA)和叶面积指数(LAI),构建基于CGMD-402的红壤花生LNA和LAI监测模型。结果表明:施氮水平会对红壤花生植株的生长产生影响,地上部植株的生物量会随着施氮量的增加而增大;叶片氮积累量和叶面积指数均随生育进程的推进整体上表现为先升后降的动态变化特征;花针期与结荚期的花生冠层归一化植被指数(NDVI)与LAI和LNA均具有较好的相关性。因此,可利用便携式作物生长监测诊断仪CGMD-402监测红壤花生的LAI和LNA,为江西省红壤花生的精确施氮管理提供技术支撑。

夏直播棉花产量与冠层微环境的关系

夏直播棉花能够在较短生育期内获得与常规模式相当的产量,但其产量高效形成的机理及其与冠层微环境的关系仍不清楚。因此,本试验采用完全随机区组设计,设置6个种植密度(7.50株m^(–2)、8.25株m^(–2)、9.00株m^(–2)、9.75株m^(–2)、10.50株m^(–2)和11.25株m^(–2)),于2022-2023年在湖北武汉进行了大田试验。采用温湿度仪记录从现蕾到拔杆期间冠层温度和湿度,冠层分析仪测定结铃期冠层不同高度光辐射强度,手工收获计产。结果表明,棉花产量随种植密度增加先升后降,其中9.75株m^(–2)最高(籽棉3246.5 kg hm^(–2)、皮棉1203.2 kg hm^(–2)), 2年平均较7.50株m^(–2)提高(15.0%和17.8%)。冠层日均温、最高温、最低温随种植密度增加而降低,而冠层相对湿度、最高湿度、最低湿度随种植密度增加而增加。冠层透光率,水平方向呈“V”型分布,棉行中间最大;垂直方向中下部(离地10^50cm)随种植密度增加而减小,上部(离地50^70cm)随种植密度增加而增大。群体叶面积指数随种植密度增加先升后降,其中9.75株m^(–2)最高,2年平均为2.6。相关分析表明,棉花产量随冠层日均温和最高温升高而降低,随冠层相对湿度和最高湿度增加而增加;随冠层中下部透光率增大而减小,随上部透光率增加而增大。综上,棉花夏直播种植模式,适当增加种植密度(9.75^11.25株m^(–2))有利于提高单位面积成铃数,改善冠层微环境,如冠层透光率70cm处85%以上,50 cm处37%^40%,30 cm处14%^16%,10 cm处9%以下,冠层温度26.5^27.0℃,冠层湿度74%^77%,从而提高棉花产量。

六盘山华北落叶松人工林叶面积指数的校准

为了提高植物冠层分析仪在测量森林叶面积指数时的精度和适用范围,在宁夏六盘山北部,选取不同林分特征的华北落叶松人工林,应用凋落物收集法测量华北落叶松人工林真实的叶面积指数,从而确定植物冠层分析仪测量的叶面积指数的误差范围,并进行校准。结果表明:(1)六盘山华北落叶松人工纯林的叶面积指数为0~2.96,在8—10月呈现减小的趋势。(2)在生长季中期(7—9月)植物冠层分析仪测得的叶面积指数偏小,误差范围在0.03~0.38(1.41%~15.89%),而在生长季末期(10月)的测量值则偏大,误差范围在0.04~0.86(1.67%~90.87%)。(3)植物冠层分析仪测量产生误差与林分郁闭度、林分密度、树高、胸径等密切相关。因此,可通过构建林分特征与叶面积指数的多因素耦合模型,从而提高植物冠层分析仪的测量精度和适用范围。

不同生态种植区黄精形态指标与品质特性分析

从贵州铜仁5个黄精主产区的6个黄精种植基地采集黄精样品,比较分析黄精根茎品质特性(折干率、浸出物、多糖和总灰分)和植株形态特性(株高、茎粗、地上部分固形物含量、须根数、根长、须根粗和根系固形物含量)及其之间的相关性。结果表明,不同生态种植区黄精根茎品质指标均符合规定的限量值,黄精植株的形态指标差异较大,影响黄精根茎品质特性的植株形态指标主要有根长、须根粗、株高、茎粗、根数和根系固形物含量。

滴灌密植技术对不同玉米品种部分生理指标的影响

以黄金粮MY73(MY73)、安科985(AK985)和郑单958(ZD958)为材料,探讨滴灌密植技术对不同玉米品种叶绿素、叶面积和干物质积累量的影响。结果表明:AK985、MY73、ZD958在滴灌施肥(SF)和常规施肥(CF)两种方式下,吐丝期叶绿素含量SF较CF增加15.0%~18.1%、8.3%~12.8%、8.2%~9.0%,叶面积指数SF较CF增加5.0%~30.9%、22.7%~36.4%、10.9%~65.9%;成熟期,叶绿素含量SF较CF增加25.7%~35.4%、11.3%~17.4%、20.3%~26.5%,叶面积指数SF较CF增加20.9%~64.5%、35.5%~57.1%、21.6%~128.6%;地上部干物质积累量SF较CF分别平均增加19.5%、29.2%、28.2%。综上所述,滴灌密植技术能有效提高不同玉米品种的叶绿素含量和干物质积累量,减少生育后期植株叶片早衰,这为促进玉米生长发育、提高资源利用效率以及增加作物产量等提供了一定的参考依据。

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区玉米新品种引种比较综合评价

通过研究不同玉米品种在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的稳产性及丰产性,以期为该区玉米新品种的筛选及推广提供科学依据。以引进10个玉米品种为试材,对参试各玉米品种的农艺性状、产量及产量特征等指标进行综合分析评价。结果表明,强盛399、伊丹131、金穗1915折合产量高,分别为11850.1、11605.0、11411.9 kg/hm2,较对照品种金穗702分别增产14.54%、12.17%、10.30%;并单39、丰田101、敦玉9号折合产量较低,分别较对照品种金穗702减产3.76%、10.86%、30.76%。利用综合评价法对参试玉米品种进行综合评价并结合产量结果表明,强盛399、金穗306、伊丹131、金穗702表现出良好的丰产性与稳产性,同时表现出静态稳定性高、品质优异、生态适应性强的特点,是适用于黄土高原丘陵沟壑区种植的玉米新品种,建议予以推广。金穗1915、FT806、强盛388综合评价居中,建议继续引种观察。敦玉9号、丰田101、并单39号综合评价较差,建议淘汰。

施肥水平对烟株长势及烟叶质量的影响

施肥是对烟株生长及烟叶品质影响较大的一个栽培因子，随施肥量的增加，烟株的株型发生变化由塔型→筒型→倒塔型；烟株养分积累不平衡，总糖含量降低，总氮和烟碱含量增加。试验表明，优质烤烟在云南烟区的适宜施肥量为纯氮８ ～１０ｋｇ／ 亩（ Ｋ３２６ 品种） ，株型为筒型，株高９０ ～１００ｃｍ ，叶片长度为６０ ～８０ｃｍ ，田间最大叶面积系数为３ ．０ ～３ ．５ ，最大采烤叶面积系数为３ ．５ 左右，大田生长期为１１５ ～１２０ 天，田间叶面积系数的变化符合Ｓ 型曲线方程。

基于相似性分析的中低分辨率复合水稻种植面积测量法

【目的】利用遥感技术获取大范围水稻种植面积是遥感技术在农业领域的主要应用方向之一。本研究的目的是探索利用多尺度遥感数据复合测量水稻种植面积的方法。【方法】以SPOT5数据的水稻识别结果作为样本,构建图像相似性指数,通过支持向量机(SVM)混合像元分解模型,对MODIS-EVI时间序列数据进行水稻的种植面积测量。【结果】通过江苏省邳州市的试验研究得出:(1)在野外经验支持下,从MODIS-EVI时间序列数据中构建的水稻种植相似性指数可以有效反映水稻在整个研究区的空间分布情况;(2)利用图像相似性选取训练样本,能有效地提高MODIS-EVI数据的水稻种植面积的测量精度,当图像相似性指数越小,即图像相似性越高,提取的水稻种植面积也越准确;(3)通过与随机样本测量结果对比分析,基于相似样本的测量方法有着更高的稳定性;(4)该方法在不同种植结构分区内有着相似的总量精度与像元精度变化规律,均能获得较高的测量精度。【结论】基于相似样本的水稻种植面积测量方法,有助于发挥MODIS长时间序列优势,提高水稻种植面积遥感测量精度和稳定性,可以作为替代随机选取样本的方法之一。

不同修剪高度下日本结缕草叶面积指数与密度的关系

以日本结缕草（Zoysia japonica）为试验材料,探讨3个修剪高度条件下密度对单株叶面积和叶面积指数的影响,为进一步研究草坪草蒸散量与叶面积指数的关系提供参考。结果表明：各修剪高度条件下,结缕草单株叶面积随密度增加逐渐减小,低密度的减小速率明显大于高密度;随着密度的增加,结缕草叶面积指数增加,处理间差异显著（P〈0.05）,密度为140株/100 cm^2时最大,密度高于140株/100 cm^2开始下降。结缕草单株叶面积和叶面积指数受修剪高度影响显著（P〈0.01）,高修剪处理的单株叶面积和叶面积指数均明显高于低修剪处理,尤其在高密度区（115-145株/100 cm^2）。

不同株型粳稻品种的冠层特征和物质生产关系的研究

对不同株型粳稻品种的冠层特征与群体物质生产和产量的关系进行了研究。结果表明,品种的株型不同,对肥力的反应不同,冠层发展动态和干物质生产速度亦有明显差异。表现为随着肥力水平的提高,不同株型品种间抽穗前叶面积增长速度的差异减小,抽穗后叶面积衰减速度的差异增大。抽穗期的LAI与抽穗后群体干物质生产速度和产量之间呈二次曲线回归关系,获得最高产量的最适LAI与获得最大干物质生产速度的最适LAI基本上是一致的。抽穗后群体干物质生产速度与产量之间亦呈现出极显著的正相关。

基于高光谱和连续投影算法的棉花叶面积指数估测

为实现快速、无损、实时监测不同灌溉处理下棉花植株叶面积指数,借助高光谱遥感技术获取了棉花植株4个生育期的冠层反射率,同时获取每株棉花的叶面积指数,用一阶导数、二阶导数、标准正态变换,多元散射校正、小波分析等光谱预处理方法,经过连续投影算法提取特征波段,用偏最小二乘法建立4个生育期(总体)和各生育期的高光谱估算模型。对比6种预处理方法在4个生育期和各生育期建模精度表明,4个生育期(总体)、蕾期、花期、花铃期的小波分解尺度为4、2、8、2,模型分别为CWT-SPA-PLS、CWT-FD-SPA-PLS、CWT-SPA-PLS、CWT-FD-SPA-PLS时可取得较好的精度;经二阶导数处理后,铃期可取得较好的结果,R^(2)和RPD分别0.973、5.3295,优于其他预处理。试验结果表明,利用预处理方法尤其是小波分析方法得到的光谱信息可有效估测棉花4个生育期(总体)和各生育期的叶面积指数。