Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses of Adult Anoplophom glabripennis (Motschulsky) to Volatile Components of Host-Plant

Electrophysiological and behavioral responses of adult A. glabripennis (Motsch.) to volatiles from ashleaf maple (Acer negundo L.) were investigated to identify semiochemicals involved in host location. Measurable electroantennogram (BAG) responses were elicited to all compounds tested, the most effective antennal stimulants were trans-2-hexen-1-al,decyl aldehyde and trans-2-hexenl-ol.These profiles were similar between males and females. In Y-tube olfactometer bioassays, above three compounds with certain concentration, trans-2-hexen-l-al (1%), trans-2-hexen-l-ol (1%) and decyl aldehyde (10%), were significantly attractive to the adults in laboratory. The results show that either BAG or olfactory responding to a particular volatile compound are markedly influenced by the concentration.

Genetic dissection of the developmental behavior of plant height in rice under different water supply conditions

Plant height （PH） is one of the most important agronomic traits of rice, as it directly affects the lodging resistance and the high yield potential. Meanwhile, PH is often constrained by water supply over the entire growth period. In this study, a recombinant inbred line （RIL） derived from Xiaobaijingzi and Kongyu 131 strains grown under drought stress and with normal irrigation over 2 yr （2013 and 2014）, respectively （regarded as four environments）, was used to dissect the genetic basis of PH by developmental dynamics QTL analysis combined with QTL^environment interactions. QTLs with net effects excluding the accumulated effects were detected to explore the relationship between genexgene interactions and genexenvironment interactions in specific growth period. A total of 26 additive QTLs （A-QTLs） and 37 epistatic QTLs （E-QTLs） associated with PH were detected by unconditional and conditional mapping over seven growth periods, qPH-2-3, qPH-4-3, qPH-6-1, qPH-7-1, and qPH-12-5 could be detected by both unconditional and conditional analyses, qPH-4-3 and qPH-7-5 were detected in four stages （periods） to be sequentially expressed QTLs controlling PH continuous variation. QTLs with additive effects （A-QTLs） were mostly expressed in the period $3iS2 （the time interval from stages 2 to 3）, and QTLxenvironment interactions performed actively in the first three stages （periods） which could be an important developmental period for rice to undergo external morphogenesis during drought stress. Several QTLs showed high adaptability for drought stress and many QTLs were closely related to the environments such as qPH-3-5, qPH-2-2 and qPH-6-1. 72.5% of the QTLs with a and aa effects detected by conditional analysis were under drought stress, and the PVE of QTLs detected by conditional analysis under drought stress were also much higher than that under normal irrigation. We infer that environments would influence the detection results and sequential expression of genes was highly influenced by environments as well. Many QTLs （qPH-1-2, qPH-3-5, qPH-4-1, qPH-2-3） coincident with previously identified drought resistance genes. The result of this study is helpful to elucidating the genetic mechanism and regulatory network underlying the development of PH in rice and providing references to marker assisted selection.

Nutrition Analysis of Forage Plants and Foragnig Behavior of Mongolian Gazella

The study on winter food constitution of Mongolian gazella (Procapra gutturosa) was conducted in Hulunbeir grassland(Xinbarhuyou Banner, Hulunbeir League, Inner Mongolia) from spring 1994 to summer 1995. With microhistological analysis technique of feces, 21 plant species were identified to be availlable for Mongolian gazella as forage in winter and their nutritive trait were analyzed. Some foraging behavior of Mongolian gazella were also discribed.

Investigation on the Concurrent-Business Behavior of Peasant Households during the Planting Structure Adjustment in Karst Mountainous Area

Based on the survey data of 150 peasant households in typical Karst mountainous area in the year 2009, causations, characteristics and influence factors of the concurrent-business behavior of peasant households during planting structure adjustment are analyzed. Result shows that there is significant positive correlation between the concurrent-business income and the household income of farmers. And the concurrent-business behavior has the tendency to be popular among the young farmers with the characteristics of relative concentration, strong will of farmers and the significant impact of education degree on the concurrent-business income. Information, capital, skill, and market awareness are the main factors affecting the concurrent-business behavior of peasant households. Countermeasures to optimize the concurrent-business behavior of peasant households are put forward, such as strengthening the skills training for farmers to improve the cultural quality of peasant households, establishing modern rural financial service system to offer capital support for the development of peasant households, setting up information base of rural labor force to provide more information and channels for the concurrent-business behavior of peasant households, and enhancing the cultivation of farmers' market awareness to improve their ability to adapt to market economy.

农业保险对农户种植业收入的影响研究——基于中国土地经济调查(CLES)数据的实证分析

基于2020年中国土地经济调查(CLES)数据,采用中介效应及门槛效应模型,实证考察农户购买农业保险对其自身种植业收入的影响。研究结果显示:第一,农业保险能够增加农户种植业收入,其增收效应通过种植规模的扩大得以实现,且在影响过程中存在遮掩效应。第二,农业保险的增收效应存在三重门槛,即农业保险、种植业规模与农户种植业收入之间存在非线性关系,当农户种植面积达到一定规模后,农业保险的增收效果显著提升。这有利于各级政府规范农村土地流转制度,鼓励农户通过土地流转合理规划种植规模,并推行差异化农业保险政策,同时为保险机构完善农业保险服务体系、扩大保障范围、丰富农业保险种类提供新的经验证据。

五种药用植物对西花蓟马成虫选择行为的影响

【目的】验证药用植物及其挥发物成分对西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis成虫选择行为干预的可行性,为农业害虫防治提供解决方案。【方法】利用Y型嗅觉仪测定西花蓟马成虫对3种蔬菜植物(番茄Solanum lycopersicum、黄瓜Cucumis sativus和辣椒Capsicum annuum)和5种药用植物(薄荷Mentha piperita、紫苏Perilla frutescens、荆芥Nepeta cataria、益母草Leonurus cardiaca和藿香Ageratum conyzoides)的选择率;通过气相色谱-质谱联用(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)鉴定5种药用植物叶片中共有挥发物成分;使用Y型嗅觉仪检测西花蓟马成虫对0.01, 0.1, 1, 10和100μL/mL β-石竹烯的选择率。【结果】在选择行为试验中,西花蓟马成虫对5种药用植物均表现出忌避行为,其中对紫苏和藿香的忌避行为较为显著(选择率分别为24.45%和24.53%)。GC-MS鉴定出5种药用植物叶片中挥发物共有成分为β-石竹烯和2, 2′-亚甲基双(6-叔丁基对甲酚)。西花蓟马成虫对0.01μL/mL β-石竹烯无明显行为反应,对0.1~100μL/mL β-石竹烯表现出明显的忌避行为,并且高浓度(10~100μL/mL)β-石竹烯对西花蓟马成虫的驱避率可达到约85%。【结论】测试的5种药用植物对西花蓟马成虫表现出较为显著的驱避效果,该结果为了解西花蓟马对非寄主植物的选择性提供理论依据;β-石竹烯是5种药用植物叶片中的共有挥发物成分,可作为驱避剂或植物源农药用于西花蓟马的农业治理。

亚洲柑橘木虱对两种寄主植物嫩芽及其挥发物的行为反应

亚洲柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama是柑橘嫩梢期的重要害虫,也是柑橘黄龙病的传播媒介。本文采用顶空固相微萃取和气质联用技术(GC-MS)测定了九里香Murraya exotica L.、砂糖橘Citrus reticulate cv. Shatangju不同发育状态嫩芽的挥发性成分,并利用四臂嗅觉仪测定了亚洲柑橘木虱成虫对九里香和砂糖橘嫩芽中的4种共有挥发性成分葎草烯、正己醛、石竹烯、反式-2-己烯醛的趋性反应,从行为学反应和化学成分等方面深入研究了亚洲柑橘木虱和寄主植物挥发物的关系,以期探究植物源气味在亚洲柑橘木虱寄主选择中的作用。结果表明:(1)砂糖橘未展开嫩芽、半展开嫩芽分别含有36种、41种挥发性物质,全展开嫩芽和新叶分别含有32种和37种挥发性物质,九里香未展开嫩芽和展开嫩芽分别含有20种和14种挥发性物质;(2)两种植物不同发育状态嫩芽的共有挥发物有8种,分别是葎草烯、正己醛、石竹烯、反式-2-己烯醛、[S-(E,E)]-1-乙基-5-亚甲基-8-(1-甲基乙基)-1,6-环癸二烯、α-荜澄茄油烯、γ-芹子烯和δ-杜松烯;(3)亚洲柑橘木虱成虫对10μL/mL石竹烯、100μL/mL反式-2-己烯醛以及1μL/mL葎草烯有明显的正趋性,研究结果可为亚洲柑橘木虱引诱剂的开发提供依据。

2种蚜虫取食诱导棉花对棉长管蚜与棉蚜取食行为的影响

为研究棉长管蚜Acyrthosiphon gossypii与棉蚜Aphis gossypii对蚜虫取食诱导棉花的取食适应性,揭示取食诱导下两种蚜虫的取食竞争机制,采用刺探电位图谱技术(electrical penetration graph, EPG)测定在健康棉花、棉长管蚜或棉蚜诱导的棉花上取食6 h的棉长管蚜和棉蚜的16个重要参数,比较两种蚜虫的取食行为。研究发现:1)取食健康棉花时,棉蚜在木质部(G波)的取食持续总时间长于棉长管蚜,棉蚜在木质部的取食能力大于棉长管蚜,但二者在韧皮部的取食能力相差不大。2)取食棉长管蚜诱导的棉花时,棉蚜取食韧皮部(E2波)持续的总时间为(2 531.33±60.86)s,显著大于棉长管蚜E2波持续总时间[(2 196.00±98.91)s];取食棉蚜诱导的棉花时,棉蚜取食韧皮部、木质部持续的总时间显著长于棉长管蚜(P<0.05),说明棉蚜对于棉蚜诱导棉花的取食耐受性大于棉长管蚜。棉蚜对两种蚜虫取食诱导棉花的适应性更强,更易在竞争中取得优势。棉长管蚜与棉蚜取食棉长管蚜或棉蚜诱导棉花的F波持续总时间长于健康棉花,说明经取食诱导的棉花具有一定的抗虫性。

4种芳香气味植物对有翅桃蚜的驱避效果分析

桃蚜是十字花科植物及水果生产管理中的一种重要害虫,分布范围广、危害严重且具有很强的抗药性。为减少农药使用及绿色防控植物上桃蚜为害,为利用芳香气味植物驱避菜田有翅桃蚜提供数据参考,采用驱避活性测定、触角电位反应(EAG)、嗅觉行为反应的方法,选用薄荷、芹菜、芫荽和小葱4种常见的芳香气味植物提取物、活体和损伤体,对有翅桃蚜进行驱避效果研究。结果表明,供试4种植物对有翅桃蚜均具有明显的驱避效果,且植株损伤体较植株活体对桃蚜的驱避效果更为显著。芳香气味植物提取物的驱避活性大小表现为薄荷>芹菜>芫荽>小葱;EAG反应值大小表现为薄荷>芹菜>芫荽>小葱;芳香气味植物损伤体和活体的驱避率大小表现为薄荷>芹菜>芫荽>小葱。由此可见,薄荷对有翅桃蚜的驱避效果均强于其他3种植物,其提取物的驱避率最高为57.2%,触角电位反应值为8.64 mV,嗅觉行为活体的驱避率为83.33%;小葱的驱避效果最弱。建议在植物生产中,将十字花科植物与薄荷等芳香气味植物间作套作;在有翅蚜发生高峰期,对芳香气味植物的叶片经常进行切割,可有效减少菜田有翅桃蚜的发生危害。

基于视频智能分析的水电厂人员不安全行为自动化检测系统

为保证水电厂的生产生活安全,该文提出基于视频智能分析的水电厂人员不安全行为自动化检测系统。摄像机模块采集区域内视频并发送给资源模块;资源模块存储以及传输数据;自动检测模块获取由资源模块传输的视频两帧间的人员行为前景图像,将其输入至深度置信网络中,输出人员行为安全性判断结果,并返回至资源模块;若检测模块检测到不安全行为,资源模块会将不安全信号传递给报警模块发出报警。通过实验可知,该方法获取的视频采集结果细节全面、清晰,提取的人员行为前景图像的交并比高,可实现人员不安全行为准确检测。

基于视频数据的火电厂作业人员安全行为实时分析的研究

火电厂属于高风险环境,实时分析作业人员安全行为对保障人员安全和火电厂的运行至关重要。为此,对作业人员是否吸烟,是否佩戴安全帽,是否在危险区域滞留等安全行为的预警设计了一款实时的火电厂作业人员安全行为分析系统。针对火电厂作业人员安全行为检测方法易受环境的干扰,存在漏检与误检问题,本文改进了YOLOv5算法,具体来说,在YOLOv5进行特征融合时,采用了注意力门控单元,注意力门控单元能够显著提高安全行为检测能力,同时此模块参数较少,满足实时性需求。最后,在SHWD和吸烟行为数据集上验证了所提的方法。根据实验表明,本方法能够显著提高安全行为检测能力,能够应用于实时的火电厂作业人员安全行为分析系统中。

受灾经历 、社会网络嵌入和种植业农户投保行为

利用中国土地经济调查(CLES)1417个农户微观调查数据,运用两部分模型和Heckman样本选择模型,探讨受灾经历和社会网络嵌入对种植业农户投保选择和投保支出的影响,进一步分析社会网络嵌入分化对农户参保行为存在的异质性影响。结果表明:①受灾经历通过修正农户的风险认知,对农户的投保行为产生显著正向影响;②社会网络嵌入通过软化农户的信息约束,对农户的投保行为产生显著正向影响;③社会网络嵌入会通过先行者的“榜样效应”打破农户的认知偏见,促使农户进行理性的参保决策。因此,建议做好受灾理赔工作,重视社会网络的非正式信息传递作用,进一步加强灾害预报信息的传播水平,促进农户优化自身的风险认知,主动采用农业保险工具来规避生产风险。

圆柏大痣小蜂对祁连圆柏挥发物的触角电位和行为反应

圆柏大痣小蜂(Megastigmus sabinae Xu et He)是我国甘肃、青海和西藏等地祁连圆柏(Sabina przewalskii)球果的重要害虫,其危害严重影响了祁连圆柏的种子生产和育苗。为了筛选和鉴定圆柏大痣小蜂寄主定位相关的化学活性物质,利用动态顶空采集法和气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS,Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer)分析了祁连圆柏不同状态的球果和枝叶共5类挥发物样品成分,采用气相色谱-触角电位联用技术(GC-EAD,Gas Chromatography-Electroantennagram Detection)测定圆柏大痣小蜂对寄主挥发物的触角电位反应,利用Y型嗅觉仪测定圆柏大痣小蜂成虫对几种化学活性物质的行为反应。研究结果表明:5类挥发物中共鉴定到117种化合物,每类样品都含特有的植物挥发性成分,但其主要成分基本相似;有15种化合物能引起圆柏大痣小蜂的触角电位反应;圆柏大痣小蜂对其中的12种挥发物具有明显的趋向行为反应。3种共有成分月桂烯、桧烯和右旋萜二烯均对圆柏大痣小蜂具有吸引作用,一年生未产卵球果挥发物特有成分α-松油醇能显著吸引圆柏大痣小蜂雌成虫。由此推测月桂烯、桧烯和右旋萜二烯3种共有成分可能是圆柏大痣小蜂寄主定位时起关键作用的化合物,α-松油醇可能是圆柏大痣小蜂识别未产卵球果进行产卵定位的关键化合物。

Leaching behavior of Pb and Zn in air pollution control residues and their modeling prediction

Increasing attention has been paid to air pollution control （APC） residues in China recently due to the rising proportion of waste incineration and the hazardous characteristics of the residues, among which heavy metal leaching toxicity plays an important role. Leaching behavior and potential risk of Pb and Zn in the APC residues from a Shanghai municipal solid waste （MSW） incinerator was studied, based on the leaching tests under different conditions and theoretical calculation using a geochemical thermodynamic equilibrium model MINTEQA2. Results showed that, extractant species and liquid to solid （L/S） ratio predominantly controlled the leaching toxicity of Pb and Zn, while ionic strength, vibration method and leaching time had less effect on the metals release. Leachate/final pH determined the metal leaching behavior, which changed the speciation of heavy metals in the extraction system. The equilibrium aqueous speciation, precipitation-dissolution of Pb and Zn was investigated according to the model computation, which was well in agreement with the experimental results.

生产者补贴政策下黑龙江省农户大豆种植行为研究

为厘清生产者补贴政策背景下农户生产行为的内在机理、发掘农户种植大豆的积极性、稳定大豆种植面积和农户收益,通过数据调研,建立probit模型,分别从个人及家庭特征、生产经营特征、市场特征和认知特征四个方面探究生产者补贴政策下农户大豆种植行为改变的影响因素。结果表明:文化水平、是否参加合作社、种植大豆年限、种植大豆面积、土地流转难易程度、大豆与替代作物平均收益比、农户对大豆生产者补贴满意程度、大豆种植风险认知对种植行为有显著影响,而年龄、劳动力总数、生产要素投入、土地租金、滞后一期大豆销售价格均未通过显著性检验。基于此,提出对策:完善生产者补贴政策;增强合作社作用;提高单产水平;加强政策宣传。

亚洲玉米螟对球孢白僵菌分生孢子和芽生孢子-玉米共生体的取食选择和嗅觉反应

【目的】球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana在植物内定殖,能够间接对植食性昆虫产生不利影响。本研究旨在明确亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis初孵幼虫和3龄幼虫取食选择和嗅觉反应行为对分生孢子(aerial conidia,AC)和芽生孢子(blastospore,BS)类型球孢白僵菌-玉米共生体的响应。【方法】每株玉米接种球孢白僵菌孢子悬液(1.0×10^(8)个孢子/mL)20 mL,采用灌根法构建球孢白僵菌-玉米共生体,包括球孢白僵菌AC处理组和BS处理组。采用培养皿叶碟法测试亚洲玉米螟初孵幼虫和3龄幼虫在取食选择性和非选择性条件下对AC和BS处理组球孢白僵菌-玉米共生体玉米叶片的取食选择率;利用Y型嗅觉仪测试亚洲玉米螟初孵幼虫和3龄幼虫对AC和BS处理组球孢白僵菌-玉米共生体玉米叶片的嗅觉选择系数和嗅觉选择反应率。【结果】培养皿叶碟法测试结果表明,在选择性和非选择性条件下亚洲玉米螟初孵幼虫和3龄幼虫对AC和BS处理组球孢白僵菌-玉米共生体玉米叶片的取食选择率均低于对照组;在选择性条件下,亚洲玉米螟初孵幼虫对BS处理组球孢白僵菌-玉米共生体玉米叶片的取食选择率最低;在非选择性条件下,AC和BS处理组间亚洲玉米螟初孵幼虫对球孢白僵菌-玉米共生体玉米叶片的取食选择率差异不显著。Y型嗅觉仪测试结果表明,亚洲玉米螟初孵幼虫和3龄幼虫对AC和BS处理组球孢白僵菌-玉米共生体玉米叶片的嗅觉选择反应率(嗅觉反应系数<0)均显著低于对照组(嗅觉反应系数>0),显示两种孢子类型球孢白僵菌定殖玉米叶片对亚洲玉米螟幼虫均具有负趋性。【结论】本研究明确了分生孢子和芽生孢子型球孢白僵菌定殖玉米叶片对亚洲玉米螟幼虫取食行为和嗅觉行为均具有驱避性,为利用球孢白僵菌内生定殖生态调控害虫提供理论依据。

Rheological Properties of Five Plant Gums

The rheological properties of five gum solutions (Gum Shiraz, Karaya Gum, Ghatti Gum, Arabic Gum and Gum Tragacanth) have been examined. The five mucilage solutions exhibited non-Newtonian, shear-thinning with thixotropy at higher concentrations (0.5% - 1%, m/v). According to the change of viscosity with increasing temperature, all five gums could be defined as three types: gum tragacanth and gum shiraz have a good temperature stability;karaya gum is affected by temperature obviously;the remaining two gums have a general stability. The viscosity of mucilage solutions (Arabic Gum, Ghatti Gum and Karaya Gum) had an apparent dependence on temperature. The parameter n of Shiraz Gum is the minimum, which means it has the best flow properties. The flow activation energy of karaya gum is 2.683 kcal which is the highest than other gums so that it has a great influence on temperature. The gum solutions’ viscosity had different sensitive degree over tested pH range (pH 2 - 10). Shiraz gum and arabic gum possessed better acid-proof and alkali-proof respectively. The addition of salts (NaCl and CaCl2) led to the reduction of viscosity, which was more sensitive to Ca2+ than to Na+. Both storage modulus G’ and loss modulus G” of all five gums had a dependence on temperature and frequency. These results are potentially useful for the application in the field of food processing.

植物纤维基包装材料中纤维悬浮体流变行为研究

目的采用可再生的植物纤维机械搅拌制备植物纤维悬浮体系,探究纤维悬浮液的流变性影响因素和体系中纤维的分散与取向,为后续工业化产品的加工和运输设计奠定基础。方法利用旋转流变仪测试纤维质量分数、长径比(纤维长度)、温度和水溶性高分子等各个因素对体系流变性能的影响。结果纤维悬浮体系为非牛顿流体,表现剪切变稀现象。溶液的黏度随温度的变化经线性拟合符合Arrhenius方程。纤维质量分数、长径比(纤维长度)的提高均会增加体系表观黏度,促进纤维的分散及网络结构形成,而温度的提高,黏度会呈指数形式减小。加入水溶性高分子PVA和聚丙烯酰胺分散剂均会提高体系黏度,有助于纤维的分散;PVA醇解度越高,亲水基团越多,易与纤维产生更多氢键作用,形成纤维网络结构,有助于后续发泡结构控制,醇解度过高则易凝胶化。阳离子型CPAM有助于改善纤维表面负电荷,破坏纤维静电吸附,使得纤维分散更均匀。结论纤维质量分数、长径比(纤维长度)、体系温度等因素会影响纤维悬浮液流变特性,水溶性PVA和分散剂聚丙烯酰胺的加入有助于纤维的分散,对工业化纤维浆料配比加工具有参考意义,同时体系的黏流特性有利于生产线浆料输送系统的设备设计。

Fracture toughness and fracture behavior of SA508-Ⅲ steel at different temperatures

The fracture toughness of SA508-Ⅲ steel was studied in the temperature range from room temperature to 320℃ using the J-integral method. The fracture behavior of the steel was also investigated. It was found that the conditional fracture toughness （JQ） of the steel first decreased and then increased with increasing test temperature. The maximum and minimum values of do were 517.4 kJ/m^2 at 25℃ and 304.5 kJ/m^2 at 180℃, respectively. Dynamic strain aging （DSA） was also observed to occur when the temperature exceeded 260℃ with a certain strain rate. Both the dislocation density and the number of small dislocation cells effectively increased because of the occurrence of DSA; as a consequence, crack propagation was more strongly inhibited in the steel. Simultaneously, an increasing number of fine carbides precipitated under high stress at temperatures greater than 260℃. Thus, the deformation resistance of the steel was improved and the Jo was enhanced.

Strategies for practitioners to support patients in plant-based eating

Successfully implementing a plant-based diet is attain-able for patients, but the likelihood of achieving long-term,dietary maintenance can be increased by follow-up andsupport from practitioners. Practitioners, in particular physi-cians, are seen as nutrition authorities,and are thereforewell-positioned to deliver dietary advice and nutritionalprescriptions.