The Inter-Annual Variability of Rainfall Onset and Its Implication on Crop Planting in Selected East Africa Countries

The inter-annual variability of rainfall onset and crop replanting in East Africa (EA) was assessed using daily estimated rainfall data from climate hazard group infrared precipitation (CHIRPS Ver2.0) and monthly Sea Surface Temperature (SST) indices [Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El-Ni?o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) at NINO3.4 region] from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). The data covered a period of 40 years from1981 to 2020. The methods of cumulative of daily mean rainfall, percentage of onset date departure (PODD), Mann-Kendall (MK) trend test, student t-test, and correlation were applied in the analysis. The results showed that early onset with dry spell (WDS) consideration frequently occurs in Uganda between the first and second dekads of September, while late rainfall onset WDS occurs in the first and second dekads of December over central and Northern Kenya as well as in the Northeastern highlands, parts of the northern coast and unimodal regions in Tanzania. Rainfall onset with no dry spell (WnDS) portrayed an average of 10 days before the occurrence of true onset WDS, with maximum onset departure days (ODD) above 30 days across the Rift Valley area in Kenya and the Northeastern highlands in Tanzania. The high chance of minimum ODD is seen over entire Uganda and the area around Lake Victoria. However, few regions, such as Nakuru (Kenya) Gulu and Kibale (Uganda), and Gitega (Burundi), revealed a slight positive linear trend while others showed negative trend. Significant positive patterns for correlation between onset WDS and SST indices (IOD and NINO 3.4) were discovered in Northern and Northeastern Kenya, as well as areas along the Indian Ocean (over Tanzania’s Northern Coast). Inter-annual relationship between onset dates WDS and IOD (NINO3.4) indices exhibits a high correlation coefficient r = 0.23 (r = 0.48) in Uganda and r = 0.44 (r = 0.36) in Kenya. On the other hand, a negative correlation was revealed over Burundi and Tanzania (over a unimodal region). A high percentage of PODD was observed, ranging from 40% to 70% over the Rift Valley in Kenya and at the Northeastern highlands in Tanzania. However, a strong PODD above 70% was observed over Tanga and the Northern Pwani Region in Tanzania. These findings will help farmers to understand the appropriate time for crop planting, as well as help other socio-economic activities that strongly depend on rainfall.

Insights into the Roles of Melatonin in Alleviating Heavy Metal Toxicity in Crop Plants

Alleviating heavy metal pollution in farmland soil,and heavy metal toxicity in plants is the focus of global agricultural environmental research.Melatonin is a kind of indoleamine compound that wide exists in organisms;it is currently known as an endogenous free radical scavenger with the strongest antioxidant effect.As a new plant growth regulator and signaling molecule,melatonin plays an important role in plant resistance to biotic or abiotic stress.Recent studies indicate that melatonin can effectively alleviate heavy metal toxicity in crop plants,which provides a new strategy to minimize heavy metal pollution in crop plants.This study summarizes the research progress on the role of melatonin in alleviating heavy metal toxicity in crop plants and the related physiological and ecological mechanisms such as reducing the concentration of heavy metals in the rhizosphere,fixing and regionally isolating of heavy metals,maintaining the mineral element balance,enhancing the antioxidant defense system and interacting with hormonal signaling.Furthermore,future prospects for the mechanism of melatonin in regulating heavy metal toxicity,the pathway regulating synthesis and catabolism,and the interaction mechanism of melatonin signaling and other phytohormones are presented in this paper,with the goal of providing a theoretical basis for controlling heavy metal ion accumulation in crop plants grown in contaminated soil.

Salt-Water Transport in Unsaturated Soils Under Crop Planting: Dynamics and Numerical Simulation

A laboratory salt-water dynamics experiment using unsaturated soils in packed silt loam and clay soil columns withdifferent soil texture profiles and groundwater levels under crops were conducted to study the changes of salt-waterdynamics induced by water uptake of crops and to propose the theoretical basis for the regulation and control of salt-water dynamics as well as to predict salinity levels. The HYDRUS 1D model was applied to simulate the one-dimensionalmovement of water and salt transport in the soil columns. The results showed that the salts mainly accumulated in theplow layer in the soil columns under crops. Soil water and salt both moved towards the plow layer due to soil waterabsorption by the crop root system. The salt contents in the column with lower groundwater were mostly greater thanthose with high groundwater. The water contents in the soil columns increased from top to the bottom due to plant rootwater uptake. The changes in groundwater level had little influence on water content of the root zone in the soil columnswith crop planting. Comparison between the simulated and the determined values showed that model simulation resultswere ideal, so it is practicable to do numerical simulation of soil salt and water transport by the HYDRUS 1D model.Furthermore, if the actual movement of salt and water in fields is to be described in detail, much work needs to be done.The most important thing is to refine the parameters and select precise boundary conditions.

The Effects of Climate Change on the Planting Boundary and Potential Yield for Different Rice Cropping Systems in Southern China

Based on climate data from 254 meteorological stations, this study estimated the effects of climate change on rice planting boundaries and potential yields in the southern China during 1951-2010. The results indicated a signiifcant northward shift and westward expansion of northern boundaries for rice planting in the southern China. Compared with the period of 1951-1980, the average temperature during rice growing season in the period of 1981-2010 increased by 0.4＆#176;C, and the northern planting boundaries for single rice cropping system （SRCS）, early triple cropping rice system （ETCRS）, medium triple cropping rice system （MTCRS）, and late triple cropping rice system （LTCRS） moved northward by 10, 30, 52 and 66 km, respectively. In addition, compared with the period of 1951-1980, the suitable planting area for SRCS was reduced by 11%during the period of 1981-2010. However, the suitable planting areas for other rice cropping systems increased, with the increasing amplitude of 3, 8, and 10%for ETCRS, MTCRS and LTCRS, respectively. In general, the light and temperature potential productivity of rice decreased by 2.5%. Without considering the change of rice cultivars, the northern planting boundaries for different rice cropping systems showed a northward shift tendency. Climate change resulted in decrease of per unit area yield for SRCS and the annual average yields of ETCRS and LTCRS. Nevertheless, the overall rice production in the entire research area showed a decreasing trend even with the increasing trend of annual average yield for MTCRS.

Crop Resources Ethic in Plant Genetic Engineering and Fortune Transfer Between Generations

The relation between human and crop resources belongs to the ethic of resources exploitation. The purposes of discussing the ethic of crop resources are to protect the ecology and safety of crops, to gain sustainable development, furthermore, to choose and form the production structure that is favorable to saving crop resources and protecting the ecology of crops. Plant genetic engineering is the technology of molecule breeding of rearrangement of inheritance materials at the level of molecule directionally, of improving plant properties and of breeding high quality and yield varieties of crops. The prominent effects of the technology on the crop ecological system are human subjective factors increasing as well as violating the nature and intensifying the conflict between human being and nature. Therefore, in plant genetic engineering, crop resources exploitation should follow certain ethic principles. Under the theory of ethics of natural resources, by the means of biologinal-statistics, the author systematically analyzed the possible model of crop resources transfer between generations as well as the transfer mode of magnitude of real materials and magnitude of value.

The Resistance of Crops in Plant Protection

World crop production requires highly-productive varieties of agricultural crops,which are resistant to pest organisms.Such varieties are also of great importance for the Uzbekistan.Their

Genomics of crop plant genetic resources

Plant genetic resources collection and utilization had made a huge impact in balancing the genetic diversity of the existing crop plant species and their application in genome based studies had also increased widely. Primarily studies were based on model species, although it now enhances the transferability of information to crops and related species. With the tremendous outbreak of new high-throughput technologies like next-generation sequencing (NGS) and reduction in their costs are bringing many more plants within the range of genome and transcriptome level analysis. The completion of reference genome sequences for many important crops and the ability to perform high-throughput resequencing are providing opportunities for improving our understanding of the crop plant genetic resources to accelerate crop improvement. The future of crop improvement will be centred on comparisons of individual crop plant genomes, and some of the best opportunities may lie in using combinations of new genetic mapping strategies and evolutionary analyses to direct and optimize the discovery and use of genetic variation. Here I review the importance of crop plant genetic resources and insights that have been emerged in recent years.

Potentials of Pesticidal Plants in Enhancing Diversity of Pollinators in Cropped Fields

Declines in populations of pollinators in agricultural based landscapes have raised a concern, which could be associated with various factors such as intensive farming systems like monocropping and the use of non-selective synthetic pesticides. Such practices are likely to remove beneficial non-crop plants around or nearby the cropped fields. This may in turn result into losses of pollinators due to loss of the natural habitats for insects therefore, interfering the interaction between beneficial insects and flowering crop plants. Initiatives to restore friendly habitats for pollinators require multidisciplinary approaches. One of these could be the use of pesticidal flowering plants as part of field margin plants with the aim of encouraging the population of pollinators whilst reducing the number of pests. Farmers should be fully engaged in the efforts of creating conducive environments to pollinators and be well equipped with the knowledge of proper habitats management strategies in agricultural fields. Developing appropriate conservation strategies to combat decline of pollinators is of high importance and thus there is a need to evaluate management practices, which potentially favour the populations of pollinators. Therefore, this review aims at unravelling available evidences on habitats manipulation options through provision of flowering plants along the field margins that have shown to increase plant biodiversity surrounding the cropped fields. It also summarizes the options for increasing plant biodiversity, which have improved habitats for the pollinating insects and beneficially boosting pollination services in agro-ecosystems.

Effect of mixed-cropping and water-stress on macro-nutrients and biochemical constituents of rhizomatous medicinal plants in Central Himalaya,India

Plants in the alpine zone mainly depend on the reserved food materials stored in their rhizomes for the next growing season. We investigated the effect of mixed cropping （Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Pinto） with four rhizomatous medicinal plants, i.e., Angelica glauca, Arnebia benthamii, Rheum emodi and Pleurospermum angelicoides as well as three levels of water stress treatment under two conditions （shade net and open field） on macronutrients （NPK） and biochemicals （carbohydrates and protein）. The experiment was conducted by completely randomized design （CDR）. The data were analyzed with ANOVA as well as CDR. The experimental results show that in all the species shade conditions with sever water stress （SSWS） increased the level of macronutrients （NPK）. However, （N） concentration was highest under shade with mixed cropping （SMIX）. Under SMIX, carbohydrate content was highest than open field control conditions （CONT）. This investigation results demon- strate that mixed cropping of medicinal plants with Phaseolus vulgaris could be a good livelihood option in the mountainous regions of Indian Central Himalaya. And the water-stress conditions along with mixed cropping could improve the biochemical constituents in the rhizome of these species.

寄主植物及猎物对杂食性天敌烟盲蝽若虫存活和发育的影响

杂食性昆虫烟盲蝽是多种害虫的重要捕食性天敌,它在猎物缺乏时可通过取食一些植物维持生存。因此,了解烟盲蝽在不同植物上的生物学特性以及有无猎物对其生物学特性的影响,是利用烟盲蝽创建储蓄植物系统开展害虫生物防治的基础。本研究通过室内离体叶片添加或不添加猎物烟粉虱、以及整株植物饲喂若虫的方法,测试了烟盲蝽在芝麻、香雪球和荞麦3种蜜源植物以及棉花和小白菜两种作物上的存活、发育及性比。结果表明,无猎物时,烟盲蝽若虫在芝麻和小白菜离体叶片上能发育至成虫,成虫获得率分别是85.2%和80.0%,若虫发育历期分别为15.0d和19.2d,但在荞麦、香雪球、棉花离体叶片和清水对照上分别只发育至4龄、3龄、3龄和2龄。添加猎物时,烟盲蝽若虫在5种植物离体叶片上都能发育至成虫,其中在芝麻上的若虫期最短,为11.8d,成虫获得率最高,为83.3%。烟盲蝽若虫在几种整株植物上的存活和发育与离体叶片上的结果相似,即只能在芝麻和小白菜上发育至成虫,成虫获得率分别为93.3%和66.7%。所有测试条件下饲养的烟盲蝽雌性比都在0.6左右,且雌、雄虫的若虫发育历期差异不显著。最后讨论了利用烟盲蝽这一重要杂食性天敌创建储蓄植物系统实施害虫生物防治的可行性。

豫北两熟区不同夏播作物对后茬冬小麦中后期群体微环境及产量的影响

为探讨不同夏播作物前茬对后茬冬小麦生长和产量的影响,在河南省新乡市获嘉县开展田间二因素试验,设置两个不同施肥水平(常规施肥和不施氮肥)和三种夏播作物前茬(玉米、大豆和花生),分析小麦拔节期至成熟期叶面积指数(LAI)、叶夹角(LA)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD)、叶绿素荧光(F_(v)/F_(m)),以及土壤含水量(SWC)、土壤温度(Ts)和土壤呼吸速率(Rs)变化,并在成熟期测定小麦产量及其构成因素。结果表明,与常规施肥(CK)相比,不施氮肥条件下不同前茬的小麦LA略增,而LAI、IPAR、SPAD、F_(v)/F_(m)、SWC、Ts和Rs均有所降低。不施氮肥条件下,花生前茬的小麦LAI、IPAR、SPAD、F_(v)/F_(m)、SWC、Ts和Rs均显著低于其他两种前茬(P<0.05),其中花生、大豆和玉米前茬的SWC较CK的降幅分别为13.56%、13.39%和10.77%。与CK相比,不施氮肥条件下,花生前茬的小麦LA较CK的增幅在3种前茬中居中,小麦株型较为紧凑,有利于改善植株下层光合辐射,为群体生长创造良好的光合和土壤条件,其产量较玉米和大豆前茬分别高20.0%和21.9%;玉米前茬的整体表现不如大豆和花生前茬,但其和花生前茬的小麦千粒重和群体数均较高,因而产量居中;大豆前茬的小麦结实小穗数和干物质量较高,但其小麦千粒重较低,最终籽粒产量也较低。综合来看,在两熟种植模式中,选用花生作为冬小麦的前茬作物是豫北地区一年两熟区作物配置的一种较优选择。

我国设施生态农业主要模式及配套技术的研究与实践

设施生态农业是指在设施种植和设施养殖中采用清洁、绿色、健康生产方式,以提高资源利用效率、农产品产量与质量、环境效益为目标的生态农业模式。2002年农业部重点推广的设施生态农业模式主要有两大类:一类是种养沼三结合的“四位一体”生态模式,从最初以农户为单位的单体日光温室到以村庄为单位的种养结合生态温室群模式,拓展到在一个大区域内将大型猪场的粪污进行工业化沼气并网发电,沼液通过管道输送到农田来减少化肥施用和改良土壤的宏观生态农业模式,相关的结构配置、配套的种养殖技术和装备也在不断研发和提升中。另一类是采用综合性生态农业技术的设施生态农业模式,包括:采用各类立体/垂直栽培技术提高土地资源利用率;通过各种轮作栽培技术减少设施蔬菜土壤连作障碍和降低农药使用量;采用土壤健康栽培技术,通过有机肥的合理施用改善土壤性状;采用有机基质栽培技术,用农林废弃物发酵后的物料作为栽培基质为作物提供养分;采用覆盖防虫网、色板诱杀、灯光诱杀、高温封棚、蒸气消毒、有色膜覆盖土壤、天敌昆虫生物防治等病虫草害生态防治技术来减少有害生物发生。期望通过相关配套装备技术的进一步研发提高设施生态农业的信息化、自动化水平,实现设施农业的可持续发展。

实际灌溉面积遥感监测技术及其在江苏省灌区示范应用分析

总结实际灌溉面积监测技术研究进展,分析了江苏省灌区监测实际灌溉面积面临的问题及难点;介绍了一种灌区多尺度实际灌溉面积遥感监测关键技术方法,并以宿迁灌区、船行灌区为例阐述了这一方法的合理性、适用性,提出应用该方法提高江苏省各地灌区实际灌溉面积监测精度与效率的建议,可为江苏灌区管理提供关键技术支撑。

Evaluation of Cobalt Application Combined with Gypsum and Compost as a Regulator of Cabbage Plant Tolerance to Soil Salinity

In response to the global food crisis and the imperative to address soil degradation, the international agricultural policy is actively working to alleviate the adverse impacts of soil salinity. As part of this initiative, a field trial spanning two consecutive seasons (2019/20-2020/21) was conducted under saline conditions. The primary objective was to evaluate the influence of various compost sources, including vermicompost at a rate of 0.5 ton·fed-1 and plant residues compost at a rate of 5.0 ton·fed-1, as main plots. Subplots were established by applying agricultural gypsum, both in the presence and absence of gypsum requirements. Additionally, sub-subplots were created by externally applying cobalt at a rate of 10.0 mg·L-1, with one sub-subplot receiving foliar cobalt application and the other not. The trial sought to assess the growth performance, chemical composition, enzymatic antioxidants, yield, and quality of cabbage plants (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) cultivated in saline soil. According to the findings, cabbage plants exhibited the most favorable response in terms of plant height, chlorophyll content, carotene levels, leaf area, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), head yield, vitamin C, and total dissolved solids (TDS) when treated with vermicompost, followed by plant compost. Conversely, plants grown without compost exhibited the least improvement in performance. Cabbage treated with agricultural gypsum requirements showed better performance than those without gypsum amendment. Moreover, plants subjected to cobalt spray demonstrated the highest growth, yield, and quality parameters compared to those without cobalt foliar application. In contrast, the control group (plants without the studied treatments) displayed the highest levels of enzymatic antioxidants, specifically catalase and peroxidase. This indicates that soil salinity stress led to an increase in catalase and peroxidase production in cabbage plants as a defense against the harmful impact of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting from soil salinity stress. The applied treatments (compost, gypsum, and cobalt) led to a reduction in the cabbage plant’s inherent production of catalase and peroxidase. Generally, the combined treatment of vermicompost × gypsum requirements × cobalt proved effective in mitigating the detrimental effects of soil salinity on cabbage plants. These findings hold significance for farmers and policymakers aiming to enhance agricultural productivity in regions affected by soil salinity. Additionally, further research can explore the long-term effects of these treatments on soil health and crop sustainability.

植物诱抗剂对作物产量与抗逆性影响的Meta分析

当前农业生产实践中植物诱抗剂的应用已日益广泛,部分原因在于对绿色农业理念的积极响应。植物诱抗剂在增强作物产量及其逆境抗性方面显示出潜在效益。然而,由于植物类型的差异、诱抗剂的种类、应用方法、施用时间以及作物所面临的环境胁迫类型等因素的多样性,目前尚难以明确确定植物诱抗剂对作物生长指标的具体有益影响。这种不确定性在一定程度上制约了植物诱抗剂在现代农业中的广泛推广及应用。本文通过对逆境胁迫下诱抗剂处理植物效应的Meta分析,系统评价诱抗剂对植物生物量、生长势和逆境抗性的影响,同时探究了不同条件对诱抗剂处理效果的影响程度。结果显示,诱抗剂能提高植物生物量,增强植物抗逆性,越早施用诱抗剂对鲜重的提升作用越明显,其中双子叶植物比单子叶植物在接受诱抗剂处理后产量提升更显著;而对不同胁迫,诱抗剂的效果有所差异。研究结果可为了解诱抗剂的作用效果及为实际生产实践中提高诱抗剂的应用效能提供理论支持。

根茎类药用植物连作障碍研究进展

在根茎类药用植物集约化种植中,长期连作引起的植株生长不良、产量下降和品质降低等连作障碍问题,已成为制约我国中药材产业发展的重要因素。为缓解根茎类药用植物的连作障碍,促进根茎类药用作物的产业发展,本文综述了根茎类药用植物连作障碍的成因,并概括总结了消除连作障碍的措施。根茎类药用植物连作障碍成因十分复杂,包括植物的化感作用、土壤理化性质恶化、土壤酶活性改变和土壤中致病菌增加等,这些因素单独作用或共同作用。目前常用的消减技术措施包括:筛选耐重茬抗病新品种、合理轮作间作、土壤强还原处理、土壤蒸汽消毒和施加生物炭等物理措施、使用氯化苦、威百亩、棉隆和噻唑膦等化学农药,以及利用微生物菌剂如芽孢杆菌、哈茨木霉和淡紫拟青霉等调节土壤微生物群落并抑制有害微生物等。其中,利用微生物菌剂消减连作障碍是近年来的研究热点之一,但由于连作障碍涉及根系、土壤和微生物等诸多因素,采取综合防控措施才能有效消减连作障碍。最后从选育抗病性强、耐连作的优质新品种、进一步探索适宜的轮作间作模式和提高病原菌拮抗微生物稳定性等方面,对我国根茎类药用植物连作障碍的研究方向进行了展望。

西兰花复种绿肥-当归高效轮作种植技术规程

为进一步挖掘和发挥地区农业资源优势,推进高原夏菜和当归产业健康可持续发展,经过试验示范和生产实践,从范围、规范性引用文件、术语和定义、产地环境、西兰花栽培技术、绿肥复种技术、轮作当归栽培技术等方面制订了西兰花复种绿肥-当归高效轮作种植技术规程,以更好地指导生产。

甜菜生产大幅波动的原因探究——基于199份农户调查问卷

2022/2023年榨季我国甜菜糖产量108万t,约占食糖产量的12%,比上年增长25%。甜菜作为我国重要的糖料作物,近几年种植面积和产量的大幅波动非常引人瞩目。为此,基于199份甜菜农户的调查问卷,探究甜菜种植面积和产量的影响因素就尤为重要,主要得出以下结论:(1)2022年受甜菜价格上涨提振,甜菜种植面积增加明显。其中,内蒙古受到轮作土地和成本限制,种植积极性不如新疆地区。2023年因缺乏轮作土地和成本上涨,甜菜扩种热情削减。从区域异质性来看,内蒙古受政策和轮作土地影响较大,新疆受成本和作物竞争影响较大。(2)甜菜收购价格是影响种植面积的最主要因素,其次是甜菜单产,甜菜成本变动对种植面积也产生较大影响。(3)影响甜菜成本的主要因素是地租和生产资料,生产资料成本主要受化肥和农药价格变动的影响。(4)竞争作物和粮食补贴对甜菜种植面积也带来明显影响。(5)甜菜单产主要受甜菜品种、化肥施用、轮作倒茬的影响。(6)从现存的问题来看,生产成本上涨过快最受关注,作物竞争和气候异常的影响也比较严峻。此外,甜菜户均生产规模明显提升,2022年户均甜菜规模41.67 hm2,较2018—2020年提升128.08%;机械化程度总体较高,仅育苗移栽机械化程度略低。规模经营提升和机械化程度较高使得甜菜农户种植行为更为理性,对甜菜比较收益的反应更为敏感。

基于CNN的作物分类识别图像获取平台研究进展

基于机器视觉的作物精准分类识别是农业自动化、智能化作业的前提。在作物图像分类识别任务中,卷积神经网络(CNN)是当前应用最广泛的算法之一。作物表型特征及生长环境的复杂性,决定作物图像获取平台的多样性。通过分析2020—2022年国内外基于CNN的作物分类识别研究,图像获取平台可划分为通用平台和自建平台两大类:通用平台硬件产品成熟、部署方便,但要做好设备选型和环境搭建;自建平台分为固定式和移动式,能高效获取试验数据,但硬件集成较为复杂。详细对比分析各类平台的优缺点及适用范围。作物图像获取平台的未来趋势包括:高通量、高效率、自动化的通用图像获取装置,集成多种传感器的多模态数据采集与融合应用,自带运算处理的智能摄像头等,更精细化的图像获取平台将有效支撑作物表型的深入研究。

不同前茬作物对信阳市平桥区植烟土壤养分的影响

为研究不同前茬作物对植烟土壤肥力的影响,从信阳市平桥区采集166个土壤样品进行养分测定。结果表明:土壤pH值总体处于适宜水平(5.5~<7.0),玉米前茬土壤酸化程度普遍较高,花生前茬土壤pH值大多处于适宜水平;土壤有机质含量总体处于适宜或偏低水平,烟叶前茬土壤有机质含量有83.33%处于适宜水平,其余前茬作物的土壤有机质含量偏低,需及时补充有机肥;不同前茬的土壤碱解氮平均含量均超过100 mg/kg,处于中等偏上水平,应控制氮肥的施用量;土壤有效磷含量水稻前茬的较高,其他前茬土壤有效磷含量均处于适宜水平,但变异系数较大;土壤速效钾平均含量均处于适宜水平,其中花生前茬的土壤速效钾含量处于适宜水平的比例最高,为83.64%;除水稻前茬外,其他前茬植烟区土壤中氯离子平均含量均处于适宜水平,但整体来看氯离子含量偏高比例较大,在种植过程中应及时调控。