The Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Physico-Chemical Properties of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Derived Biodiesel

Global concerns about the environmental impact of combustion emissions from petroleum fuels influence new research to seek for alternative energy sources. The current study investigates the possibility of using safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) as an alternative biodiesel raw material. Four plant growth regulators (PGR) were used to boost the production of safflower. Thirteen treatments were constituted from the four plant regulators and applied to the safflower crop arranged in completely randomised design, repeated three times. The results show that the effect of plant growth regulators was not more than that of the control. More studies have to be channelled towards the relationship between safflower and plant growth regulators.

Effects of plant growth regulators, carbon sources and pH values on callus induction in Aquilaria malaccensis leaf explants and characteristics of the resultant calli

The endangered tropical tree, Aquilaria malaccensis, produces agarwood for use in fragrance and medicines. Efforts are currently un-derway to produce valuable agarwood compoundsn tissue culture. The purpose of this study was to develop an optimal growth medium, specif-ically, the best hormone combination for callus suspension culture. Using nursery-grown A. malaccensis, sterilized leaf explants were first incu-bated on basic Murashige and Skoog （MS） gel medium containing 15g/L sucrose and at pH 5.7. Different auxin types including 1-naphthaleneacetic acid （NAA）, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid （2,4-D）, and indole-3-butyric acid （IBA）, were tested at various concentrations （0.55, 1.1 and 1.65 μM） using the basic medium. Leaf explants were incubated for 30 days in the dark. Callus induced by 1.1 μM NAA had the highest biomass dry weight （DW） of 17.3 mg;however the callus was of a compact type. This auxin concentration was then combined with either 6-benzylaminopurine （BAP） or kinetin at 0.55, 1.1, 2.2 or 3.3 μM to induce growth of friable callus. The 1.1μM NAA＋2.2μM BAP com-bination produced friable callus with the highest biomass （93.3mg DW）. When testing the different carbon sources and pHs, sucrose at 15g/L and pH at 5.7 yielded highest biomasses at 87.7mg and 83mg DW, respec-tively. Microscopic observations revealed the arrangement of the friable cells as loosely packed with relatively large cells, while for the compact callus, the cells were small and densely packed. We concluded that MS medium containing 15 g/L sucrose, 1.1 μM NAA ＋ 2.2 μM BAP hor-mone combination, and a pH of 5.7 was highly effective for inducing friable callus from leaf explants of A. malaccensis for the purpose of establishing cell suspension culture.

The Effect of Plant Growth Regulator and Active Charcoal on the Development of Microtubers of Potatoes

With the detoxicated seedling of a potato cultivation breed named “Mire” as the material, the effect of auxins CCC, 6-BA, and active carbon to microtubers of potato (Solanum tubersum L.) was investigated under the in-vitro circumstances. The result indicated the exogenous auxins improved the production and quality of microtubers of potatoes. The effect of induction can be described as CCC > CCC + 6-BA > 6-BA > CK, the number of microtubers in per flask is 8.17 > 7.67 > 7.29 > 5.46, and the number of large potatoes in per flask is 6.33 > 5.17 > 3.17 > 1. In addition, by adding 0.5‰ of active charcoal, the growth period was shortened from 25.0 days to 9.33 days on average, and the amount of larger potatoes increased 8.54%. These results benefited the growth of microtubers of potato.

Influences of Plant Growth Regulators， Basal Media and Carbohydrate Levels on Cell Suspension Culture of Panax ginseng

A cell suspension culture of Panax ginseng which may be continuously subcultured has been established. Embryogenic callus derived from clutured young leaves was used to initiate the culture.Plant growth regulators, basal medium formula and carbohydrate levels were examined to determine their various effects on suspension culture cell growth and development. The best selection of plant growth regulator, hasal medium and carbohydrate level is 2 mg / L 2,4-D: 0.5 mg / L KT,MS and 3% sucrose respectively.

Effect of Different Plant Growth Regulators on Callus Induction and in vitro Rapid Propagation of Wild Petunia Juss.

In this study,the seeds of wild Petunia Juss.were used as explants to investigate the optimal condition for tissue culture.Several different kinds and concentrations of growth regulators were adopted to produce more multiple bud clumps,callus or roots in this study.The experiments may provide experimental foundation for the rapid propagation technology and establishment of tissue culture system for wild Petunia Juss.

Determination of Residual Amount of 15 Plant Growth Regulators in Bean Sprouts by HPLC-MS/MS

[Objectives]This study was conducted to effectively monitor PGR residues in bean sprouts to provide guarantee for the food safety of agricultural products.[Methods]A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS)method for the determination of residues of 15 plant growth regulators(PGRs)in bean sprouts was established using bean sprouts as an experimental material.Samples were extracted with a solution containing 5%acetic acid-acetonitrile(1∶99,V/V),purified with anhydrous magnesium sulfate,and diluted with methanol solvent to constant volume.The solutions were filtered through 0.22μm filtering membrane and the target analytes were separated on a Phenomenex H18 column.The identification of each compound was established by retention time matching along with the accurate mass measurement of the precursor ions and their main fragment ions.The quantification was carried out using matrix-matched external standard method.[Results]The retention time of the 15 PGRs were found in the range from 5.8-11.7 min under the optimized conditions.The linear relation was good in the concentration range of 0.005-0.050μg/ml,and the correlation coefficients of the 15 PGRs were≥0.9990.The limits of detection were in the range of 0.03-0.92 g/kg,and the limits of quantification were in the range of 0.50-2.10μg/kg.The average recovery in the recovery test at 3 concentration levels was 80%-110%,and the relative standard deviations were in the range of 2.8%-7.5%.[Conclusions]This method is simple and accurate,and can quickly qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the residues of 15 PGRs in bean sprouts.The proposed procedure was simple,quick and accurate for the simultaneous determination of the 15 PGRs in bean sprout.

Synthesis,Crystal Structure and Plant Growth Regulatory Activity of 1-(3-Amino-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-butan-2-one

The title compound 1-（3-amino-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl）-3,3-dimethyl-butan-2-one（3） was synthesized by Hofmann-alkylation reaction of 1-chloro-3,3-dimethyl-butan-2-one（1） and ~1H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-ylamine（2） with equal amount of K_2CO_3 as acid acceptor. The structure of compound 3 was characterized by ~1H NMR, 13 C NMR, HRMS and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/n with a = 5.7227（8）, b = 27.924（4）, c = 6.2282（7） ？, β = 101.892（11）°, V = 973.9（2） ？~3, Z = 4, T = 180.00（10） K, μ（MoKα） = 0.087 mm^（-1）, Dc = 1.243 g/cm^3, 3832 reflections measured（3.648≤θ≤26.022°）, 1916 unique reflections（Rint = 0.0359, Rsigma = 0.0572） used in all calculations. The final R = 0.0557（I 〉 2σ（I）） and w R = 0.1276（all data）. Bioassay showed that 3 displayed excellent activity as plant growth regulator with inducing lateral root formation and enhancing primary root elongation at 0.27 mmol/L（50 ppm） in soybeen（He Feng-50）. Good water solubility was found with 50 mg in 1 m L of water. Therefore, application of 3 in agriculture is more environmentally friendly due to cosolvent-free condition, and results in improved abiotic-stress tolerance by affecting the root growth. And furthermore, it can be used as a precursor to investigate the function of regulating plant root growth.

Influencing in vitro clonal propagation of Chonemorpha fragrans(moon) Alston by culture media strength,plant growth regulators,carbon source and photo periodic incubation

Chonemorpha fragrans is an endangered medicinal woody climber,regarded among alternative plant sources of camptothecin.Camptothecin is a monoterpene indole anti-cancer alkaloid with annual trade value of over three billion U.S.dollars in the recent,and is used in the production of its analog drugs approved for the chemotherapy of cancer of varied types.Effects of plant growth regulators,culture media strength and photoperi-odic duration on the micropropagation ef ciency of C.fragrans from nodal segment explants were studied on Murashige and Skoog(MS)medium amended with Thidiazuron(TDZ),Benzylaminopurine(BAP)or Kinetin(Kin).Thidiazuron was more ef cient over BAP and Kin when half basal MS medium was used over full or quarter strength.Results of carbon source experiment showed sucrose as the most effective over glucose,fructose,and maltose in the clonal production.Studies on the photope-riodic incubation duration showed 12 h as the best light period and sub or supra-optimal resulted in the production of abnormal and albino micro shoots.Experimental results on the evaluation of physiological,biochemical parameters showed the role of pigment molecules and antioxidant systems in the production of albino micro shoots.

Ethanol Metabolism in Calluses of Several Selected Plant Species on Two Typical Plant-Growth-Regulator Balanced Media

For investigation on the characteristics of ethanol metabolism in tissues of different plant species, calluses from eight selected plant species were cultured on medium supplemented with ethanol in tightly sealed culture flasks. Changes of the ethanol level were detected by gas chromatography. During the culture period, the calluses of tobacco, potato and petunia were, able to catabolize exogenous ethanol, resulting in the prominent decline of the ethanol level in the medium. The calluses of melon and peanut were also able to catabolize thanol but with lower efficiency. The other three calluses of carrot, soybean and rice did not catabolize ethanol but instead produced small to large amount of ethanol, resulting in the increase of the ethanol level in the media. It was also found that changing the balance between auxin and cytokinin could influence only the ethanol metabolism efficiency but could not change the metabolism patterns on ethanol of the cultured calluses. It can be concluded that, ethanol metabolism pattern of calluses in cultures is an innate physiological characteristic of the respective plant species.

Effects of Three Plant Growth Regulators on Yield and Quality of Sunflower

Using Xinshikui No. 5 as the experimental material, the effects of different concentrations of mepiquat chloride （100, 200, 300,400, 500 mg/L）, chlormequat chloride （800, 1200,1 600, 2 000, 2 400 rag/L） and paclobutracol （50, 75, 100, 125, 150 mg/L） on yield and quality of sunflower were investigated. The results showed that plant growth regulators could improve the yield and quality of sunflower seeds to varying degrees. Specifically, 400 mg/L mepiquat chloride （ D4 ）, 800 mg/L chlormequat chloride （ Cl ） and 75 mg/L paelobutracol （ P2 ） significantly improved disk diameter, seed weight per disc, 100-sced weight, seed kernel rate and yield of sunflower; 400 mg/L mepiquat chloride （ D4 ）, 1 200 mg/L chlormequat chloride （ C2 ） and 75 mg/L paclobutracol （ P2 ） improved crude protein content, crude fat content, length and width of sunflower seeds. Based on comprehensive consideration, paclobutraeol is the most appropriate plant growth regulator for improving the yield and quality of sunflower in Xinjiang, and the optimal application concentration is 75 mg/L.

Effects of Tianda 2116 Plant Growth Regulator on Growth and Yield of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

To achieve optimum yield of wheat, supplementation of soil and foliar applied fertilizers with plant growth regulators is vital to assure effective assimilation of nutrients by plants. A trial was conducted at Gwebi Agricultural College Farm in Mashonaland West Province of Zimbabwe, during the 2012 winter wheat season (May to August), to evaluate the effects of differing times of application of Tianda 2116 plant growth regulator on the growth and yield of wheat (variety SC Sekuru). The trial was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The treatments were: Tianda 2116 applied at the following weeks after planting (WAP): 2 WAP, 3 WAP, 4 WAP, 5 WAP, 6 WAP, 14 WAP and no Tianda 2116 applied (control). No significant differences (P > 0.05) were noted among treatments for mean number of tillers per plant and mean number of spikes per plant. Application of Tianda 2116 at 2 and 3 WAP delayed flowering and physiological maturity. Early application of Tianda 2116 increased the number of spikelets per spike, thousand grain weight and grain yield. Conclusively, Tianda 2116 applied 2 or 3 WAP is effective in reducing growth while enhancing yield parameters in wheat production.

Research Advances in Detection Methods of Plant Growth Regulators for Agricultural Products

In recent years,plant growth regulators are widely used in agricultural products.As the toxicity of plant growth regulator residues has gained increasing concerns,trace analysis methods for plant growth regulators have been developed.In this paper,the major methods with advantages and disadvantages for the detection and pre-treatment of plant growth regulator residues in agricultural products were summarized,including gas chromatography(GC),high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC),chromatographic technique combined with mass spectrometry,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),capillary electrophoresis(CE)and so on.Meanwhile,the development prospects were also discussed.

New Plant Growth Regulator Emistim C AS used on Watermelon in Field Evaluation

Most plant growth regulators available are synthesized and tend to be dangerous if used inappropriately. Emistim CAS is a natural plant growth regulator, with less side-effect. The research performed an assessment on Emistim CAS application in watermelon cultivation in a greenhouse. The results showed that 0.11% Emistim CAS increased reducing sugar by 15.49%, soluble solid by 13.7%, Vc content by 3.72%, titratable acid by 18.1%, and yield per hectare by 18.01%, so that watermelon quality and yield were both improved. Emistim CAS can be widely promoted in watermelon cultivation in future.

Effect of plant growth regulator on rate of twin seedlings of rice with polyembryony

Rice with polyembryony characterized bytwin seedlings is a good genetic tool for apomixisresearch.A study on the effect of five plantgrowth regulators(IAA,KT,GA,2,4-D and6-BAP)on rate of twin seedlings in 3 rice varie.ties with polyembryony(Shuang 3,Shuang 13and Lu 52)was conducted.The results showed

Effects of Growth Regulators on Biomass and the Production of Secondary Metabolites in Peppermint (<i>Mentha pi-perita</i>) Micropropagated <i>in Vitro</i>

The effects of plant growth regulators on peppermint (Mentha piperita) cultured in vitro were studied for the purpose of maximizing growth and essential oil production in micropropagated plants. The basal medium was experimentally supplemented with the auxin 4-indol-3-ylbutyric acid (IBA) and the cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) individually and in combination. Supplementation with BAP alone resulted in the highest values for root length, root dry weight, shoot length, and numbers of nodes, leaves, and ramifications. Treatment with IBA alone or with IBA + BAP resulted in a ~50% increase in shoot fresh weight. The production of secondary metabolites was affected only by the addition of cytokinin, which resulted in a ~40% increase in the total yield of essential oils (EOs). Similar trends were observed for yields of the major EO components (menthone, menthol, pulegone, and menthofuran). Our findings demonstrate that the application of growth regulators increases EO production and biomass concomitantly in an herbaceous species rich in commercially valuable terpenes.

Novel Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Plant-growth Regulation Activity of(1S,4R)-4,7,7-Trimethyl-6-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-1,4-diol

The title compound,（1S,4R）-4,7,7-trimethyl-6-oxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-1,4-diol（C（10）H（18）O3）, has been synthesized from terpinolene via one-step catalytic synthetic method and structurally characterized by means of HRMS, IR, 1H-NMR, （13）C-NMR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in trigonal, space group R-3, with a = 27.892（9）, b = 27.892（9）, c = 6.720（2） A, γ = 120°, Z = 18, V = 4527（3） A3, Dc = 1.230 g/cm3, Mr = 186.24, λ（Mo Kα） = 0.71073？, μ = 0.09 mm（-1）, F（000） = 1836, the final R = 0.051 and wR = 0.161. The title compound molecule contained a 6-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane skeleton and two hydroxyl groups, which were connected through intermolecular O–H…O hydrogen bonds to generate a two-dimensional network. Especially, the preliminary bioassay showed that the title compound can promote the root growth and shoot elongation of rape（Brassica campestris） at low concentration（0.62570 mmol·L^-1） and inhibit them at high concentration（〉 70 mmol·L^-1）.

Functions of Plant Growth Substances in the Growth of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo

[Objectives] To study the effects of plant growth substance on the growth and development of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo. [Methods] Comparative methods were applied to study the effects of plant growth substance on the growth and development of D. officinale Kimura et Migo. [Results] Plant growth regulators play an important role in the process of tissue culture rapid propagation of D. officinale Kimura et Migo,and the main regulatory pathways are as follows.( i) Plant growth regulators promote the growth and development of D. officinale Kimura et Migo through regulating the changes of its endogenous hormones.( ii) Plant growth regulators affect the accumulation of polysaccharide content in D. officinale Kimura et Migo through regulating the changes in chlorophyll content and enzymes involved in sucrose metabolism.( iii) Plant growth regulators can increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes of D. officinale Kimura et Migo,to increase its stress resistance. [Conclusions]Using molecular biology techniques,combined with the changes of plant hormones in D. officinale Kimura et Migo,and analysis on key enzyme in the synthesis of plant hormones and gene expression,it is feasible to study the rules o changes in the content of active content of D. officinale Kimura et Migo.

The Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Ratios and Electrical Conductivity on Plant Growth

Environmental concerns surround the use of plant growth retardants (PGRs) for plant height control, and non-chemical alternatives to PGRs can be labor intensive and expensive. Macronutrient modification is a little-studied, yet potentially effective method of controlling plant height. A number of studies have suggested that phosphorus (P) limitation may restrict plant height. Anecdotal evidence also suggests that using nitrate (NO3-), rather than ammonium (NH4+), as the principal nitrogen (N) source may help control plant height. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate different ratios of NO3-/ NH4+, NO3-/P and NH4+/P as well as electrical conductivity (EC) on plant height and growth. This was tested in a hydroponic system using marigolds, sunflowers and tomatoes. Initially, different ratios were tested at an EC of 1.2 dS·m-1, followed by using the same ratios at four ECs (0.6, 1.2, 2.2 and 4.0 dS·m-1) as a second objective. Although ratios did, at times, limit plant height, responses were season and species dependent, suggesting that modifications in plant nutrition, at the ratios used in this study, may not effectively control plant height in hydroponic systems. More consistent, yet species specific, height control was achieved by increasing EC level.