Quantity of plant leaf area on three major public squares in Kunming City, China

Regressive formulae to calculate the quantity of plant leaf area for 13 species of ornamental plants were set up based on investigation data of 30 species on 3 major public squares (Dongfeng square, Shengli square and Guandu square) in Kun-ming City, China, which were applied to calculate quantities of plant leaf area of these 13 species. The quantities of plant leaf area for the other 17 ornamental plant species on these squares were directly measured, and the total quantity of plant leaf area of each studied square was obtained individually. The results showed that the quantity of plant leaf area on Shengli square with ornamental plants structure composed of arbor tree species, shrub tree species and turf grass was highest among the three squares. It is believed that the design model of multi-storied vertical structure and proper tending of plant community could not only increase the quantity of plant leaf area, but also play an important role in generating ecological and landscaping benefits. Some corresponding suggestions were put forward on the basis of comprehensive analyses on the plant leaf area quantity of the three representative squares in Kunming urban area.

Differences in leaf functional traits between exotic and native Compositae plant species

This study aims to determine the differences in leaf functional traits and phenotypic plasticity of leaf functional traits between exotic and native Compositae plant species. Leaf width of exotic plants was significantly lower than that of native species. Leaf length, specific leaf area(SLA), single-leaf wet and dry weights, leaf moisture, and leaf thickness of exotic plants were also lower than those of native species but not significantly. The leaf shape index of exotic plants was higher than that of native species but not significantly. This implies that the relatively low leaf construction cost for exotic plants may play an important role in the success of their invasions. The higher leaf shape index and lower leaf width of exotic plants can enhance the efficiency of resource capture(especially sunlight capture) via adjustments to leaf shape and size, thereby increasing the survival of exotic plants. The plasticity indices of single-leaf wet weight and leaf thickness of exotic plants were significantly lower than those of native species. The lower phenotypic plasticity of single-leaf wet weight and leaf thickness of exotic plants may be the result of a cost to plasticity. That is, if the plasticity is too high, the fitness of plant species might be reduced sharply under unfavorable environments. Thus, lower plasticity of leaf functional traits may compensate for the negative impact of adverse environments and stabilize leaf construction costs for exotic plants. Moreover, reduced phenotypic plasticity might be one of the key competitive strategies by which exotic plants successfully invade new habitats. Overall, exotic plants did not always exhibit higher values of leaf functional traits or increased phenotypic plasticity of leaf functional traits compared with native species.

Performance and Analysis of a Model for Describing Layered Leaf Area Index of Rice

Layered leaf area index （LAIk） is one of the major determinants for rice canopy. The objective of this study is to attain rice LAI k using morphological traits especially leaf traits that affected plant type. A theoretical model based on rice geometrical structure was established to describe LAI k of rice with leaf length （Li）, width （Wi）, angle （Ai）, and space （Si）, and plant pole height （H） at booting and heading stages. In correlation with traditional manual measurement, the model was performed by high R2-values （0.95-0.89, n=24） for four rice hybrids （Liangyoupeijiu, Liangyou E32, Liangyou Y06, and Shanyou 63） with various plant types and four densities （3 750, 2 812, 1 875, and 1 125 plants per 100 m2） of a particular hybrid （Liangyoupeijiu）. The analysis of leaf length, width, angle, and space on LAI k for two hybrids （Liangyoupeijiu and Shanyou 63） showed that leaves length and space exhibited greater effects on the change of rice LAI k . The radiation intensity showed a significantly negative exponential relation to the accumulation of LAI k , which agreed to the coefficient of light extinction （K）. Our results suggest that plant type regulates radiation distribution through changing LAI k . The present model would be helpful to acquire leaf distribution and judge canopy structure of rice field by computer system after a simple and less-invasive measurement of leaf length, width, angle （by photo）, and space at field with non-dilapidation of plants.

Leaf area index based nitrogen diagnosis in irrigated lowland rice

Leaf area index （LAI） is used for crop growth monitoring in agronomic research, and is promising to diagnose the nitrogen （N） status of crops. This study was conducted to develop appropriate LAI-based N diagnostic models in irrigated lowland rice. Four field experiments were carried out in Jiangsu Province of East China from 2009 to 2014. Different N application rates and plant densities were used to generate contrasting conditions of N availability or population densities in rice. LAI was determined by LI-3000, and estimated indirectly by LAI-2000 during vegetative growth period. Group and individual plant characters （e.g., tiller number （TN） and plant height （H）） were investigated simultaneously. Two N indicators of plant N accumulation （NA） and N nutrition index （NNI） were measured as well. A calibration equation （LAI=1.7787LAI2o00-0.8816, R2=0.870＂） was developed for LAI-2000. The linear regression analysis showed a significant relationship between NA and actual LAI （R2=0.863^＊＊）. For the NNI, the relative LAI （R2=0.808-） was a relatively unbiased variable in the regression than the LAI （R^2=0.33^＊＊）. The results were used to formulate two LAI-based N diagnostic models for irrigated lowland rice （NA=29.778LAI-5.9397; NNI=0.7705RLAI＋0.2764）. Finally, a simple LAI deterministic model was developed to estimate the actual LAI using the characters of TN and H （LAI=-0.3375（THxHx0.01）2＋3.665（TH×H×0.01）-1.8249, R2=0.875＊＊）. With these models, the N status of rice can be diagnosed conveniently in the field.

Optimization of Green Space Plant Configuration in Residential Areas of Chongqing Central Business District Based on Green Plot Ratio—A Case Study of Xuhui City Residential Community

The current urban green space construction was guided by a two-dimensional index evaluation system, resulting in weak ecological benefits of green space. Green plot ratio (GPR), as a three-dimensional indicator, can characterize the ecological benefits of green areas and the ability of green areas to participate in the operation and regulation of urban ecosystems. As an important component of urban green space, the GPR index was added to the two-dimensional index evaluation system to optimize the green space, which can promote the development of low-carbon, healthy and ecological green space. Based on the research of 22 residential districts in the central city of Chongqing, the Leaf area index (LAI) index of common native garden plants in Chongqing was formed to improve the accuracy of green capacity index measurement in Chongqing. The study also took the residential community of Sunrise City in Banan District of Chongqing as an example, and carried out the optimization design practice from four types of residential community green areas: green areas next to houses, road green areas, concentrated green areas, and green areas attached to public service facilities.

Analysis and Simulation of Plant Type on Canopy Structure and Radiation Transmission in Rice

Three typical hybrid rice cultivars, together with three artificially modified plant types by the application of N fertilizer during the elongation of the two uppermost leaves were used to analyze how the plant type affected the layered leaf area and radiation transmission. Plant type factors, layered leaf area and radiation distribution were measured at the full heading, 10 d and 25 d after full heading stages, respectively. A model for calculating the layered leaf area from plant type factors was established and validated to determine the effects of plant type factors on the layered leaf area for the three hybrids. Furthermore, the relationship between layered leaf area and radiation transmission was established by using the radiation transmission model. The effects of the plant type factors on the radiation transmission for the three hybrids were evaluated by using this model. Finally, a method was established to describe the canopy structure, such as the layered leaf area index and the radiation distribution in the rice canopy.

种植技术和种植密度对吉花2号主要农艺性状和产量的影响

研究不同种植技术和种植密度对吉林省多粒型花生吉花2号主要农艺性状和产量的影响,筛选适宜吉林省生态环境的种植技术和最佳种植密度,完善吉花2号配套高效栽培技术。采用2种种植技术及5个种植密度(1.79×10^(5)、2.02×10^(5)、2.30×10^(5)、2.69×10^(5)、3.23×10^(5)株/hm^(2)),研究特定时期花生光合指标及产量变化。结果显示,吉花2号采用小垄双行种植技术、种植密度为2.02×10^(5)株/hm^(2)时生育期最短,较双粒穴播种植技术生育期提前1~2 d;植株的株高最小,有利于地下部干物质积累;叶面积系数最大,总光合势最大;产量最高(3651.15 kg/hm^(2)),较双粒穴播种植技术增产10.17%。小垄双行种植技术在不同密度下,吉花2号产量都高于双粒穴播种植技术。因此,小垄双行种植技术在生产上应大力推广。

Studies on Plant Population and Stand Establishment Techniques for Increasing Productivity of Rice in Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan

Rice production in Pakistan is constraint by many factors pertaining to prevalent planting techniques. A research on the feasibility of new planting techniques （direct seeding on flat, transplanting on flat, direct seeding on ridges, transplanting on ridges and parachute planting） in transplanted and direct wet-seeded rice was undertaken at Dera Ismail Khan region of Pakistan＇s North West Frontier Province during 2002 and 2003. Among the planting techniques, the best performance for the yield formation and economic evaluation was noted for transplanting on flat during both years. Chinese parachute planting technology also showed very promising results in most of the parameters. Direct seeding on ridges could not excel transplanting on flat and parachute planting during both cropping seasons. The findings concluded the feasibility of parachute planting technology along with traditional rice transplanting on flat over all other planting techniques being practiced in the area.

基于图像处理的水培生菜冠层图像叶面积估测研究

为实现精准、高效、无损地获取植物工厂环境下水培生菜相关长势参数叶面积(Leaf area,LA),基于数字图像处理和机器学习回归方法建立单株水培生菜冠层图像LA估测模型。首先,通过智能手机获取2个生菜品种不同生长期的冠层可见光图像,利用Photoshop图像处理软件将原始图像统一剪裁为900像素×900像素大小,采用中值滤波(MedianBlur)法对剪裁后的图像进行去噪运算,将RGB图像转化为HSV颜色空间,再采用mask掩膜法分割彩色图像;然后,利用图像法获取单株生菜LA实测值,构建以LA实测值为因变量,以生菜冠层投影面积(Projected leaf area,PLA)为自变量的线性回归(Linear regression,LR)模型和以全局图像特征(颜色、形状、纹理等)为自变量的支持向量回归(Support vector regression,SVR)、多元线性回归(Multiple linear regression,MLR)和随机森林(Random forest,RF)等LA估测模型进行对比分析;最后,采用决定系数(Coefficient of determination,R^(2))和均方根误差(Root mean square error,RMSE)评估模型的准确性。结果表明:RF模型估测效果最好,对于生菜品种‘绿萝’单株LA估测结果的R^(2)为0.9714、RMSE为8.89 cm2,对于品种‘碧霄’估测结果的R^(2)为0.9201、RMSE为23.34 cm2。本研究验证了RF回归模型能够较准确地估测生菜单株叶面积,可为植物工厂水培生菜LA无损估测提供新的解决方案和研究基础。

基于无人机影像的冬小麦株高提取与LAI估测模型构建

株高和叶面积指数(Leaf Area Index,LAI)反映着作物的生长发育状况。为了探究基于无人机可见光遥感提取冬小麦株高的可靠性,以及利用株高和可见光植被指数估算LAI的精度,本文获取了拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期的无人机影像,提取了冬小麦株高与可见光植被指数,使用逐步回归、偏最小二乘、随机森林、人工神经网络四种方法建立LAI估测模型,并对株高提取及LAI估测情况进行精度评价。结果显示:(1)株高提取值Hc与实测值Hd高度拟合(R^(2)=0.894,RMSE=6.695,NRMSE=9.63%),株高提取效果好;(2)与仅用可见光植被指数相比,基于株高与可见光植被指数构建的LAI估测模型精度更高,且随机森林为最优建模方法,当其决策树个数为50时模型估测效果最好(R^(2)=0.809,RMSE=0.497,NRMSE=13.85%,RPD=2.336)。利用无人机可见光遥感方法,高效、准确、无损地实现冬小麦株高及LAI提取估测可行性较高,该研究结果可为农情遥感监测提供参考。

基于便携式作物生长监测诊断仪的红壤花生叶片氮积累量和叶面积指数监测

通过分析红壤花生不同生育期的生长指标动态变化特征及其与冠层光谱植被指数间的定量关系,以赣花5号和航花2号这2个花生品种为试验对象,设置4个施氮水平,在花生关键生育期(苗期、花针期、结荚期和饱果期)利用便携式作物生长监测诊断仪(CGMD-402)采集冠层光谱植被指数,并同步取样测定各处理的地上部生物量、叶片氮积累量(LNA)和叶面积指数(LAI),构建基于CGMD-402的红壤花生LNA和LAI监测模型。结果表明:施氮水平会对红壤花生植株的生长产生影响,地上部植株的生物量会随着施氮量的增加而增大;叶片氮积累量和叶面积指数均随生育进程的推进整体上表现为先升后降的动态变化特征;花针期与结荚期的花生冠层归一化植被指数(NDVI)与LAI和LNA均具有较好的相关性。因此,可利用便携式作物生长监测诊断仪CGMD-402监测红壤花生的LAI和LNA,为江西省红壤花生的精确施氮管理提供技术支撑。

夏直播棉花产量与冠层微环境的关系

夏直播棉花能够在较短生育期内获得与常规模式相当的产量,但其产量高效形成的机理及其与冠层微环境的关系仍不清楚。因此,本试验采用完全随机区组设计,设置6个种植密度(7.50株m^(–2)、8.25株m^(–2)、9.00株m^(–2)、9.75株m^(–2)、10.50株m^(–2)和11.25株m^(–2)),于2022-2023年在湖北武汉进行了大田试验。采用温湿度仪记录从现蕾到拔杆期间冠层温度和湿度,冠层分析仪测定结铃期冠层不同高度光辐射强度,手工收获计产。结果表明,棉花产量随种植密度增加先升后降,其中9.75株m^(–2)最高(籽棉3246.5 kg hm^(–2)、皮棉1203.2 kg hm^(–2)), 2年平均较7.50株m^(–2)提高(15.0%和17.8%)。冠层日均温、最高温、最低温随种植密度增加而降低,而冠层相对湿度、最高湿度、最低湿度随种植密度增加而增加。冠层透光率,水平方向呈“V”型分布,棉行中间最大;垂直方向中下部(离地10^50cm)随种植密度增加而减小,上部(离地50^70cm)随种植密度增加而增大。群体叶面积指数随种植密度增加先升后降,其中9.75株m^(–2)最高,2年平均为2.6。相关分析表明,棉花产量随冠层日均温和最高温升高而降低,随冠层相对湿度和最高湿度增加而增加;随冠层中下部透光率增大而减小,随上部透光率增加而增大。综上,棉花夏直播种植模式,适当增加种植密度(9.75^11.25株m^(–2))有利于提高单位面积成铃数,改善冠层微环境,如冠层透光率70cm处85%以上,50 cm处37%^40%,30 cm处14%^16%,10 cm处9%以下,冠层温度26.5^27.0℃,冠层湿度74%^77%,从而提高棉花产量。

六盘山华北落叶松人工林叶面积指数的校准

为了提高植物冠层分析仪在测量森林叶面积指数时的精度和适用范围,在宁夏六盘山北部,选取不同林分特征的华北落叶松人工林,应用凋落物收集法测量华北落叶松人工林真实的叶面积指数,从而确定植物冠层分析仪测量的叶面积指数的误差范围,并进行校准。结果表明:(1)六盘山华北落叶松人工纯林的叶面积指数为0~2.96,在8—10月呈现减小的趋势。(2)在生长季中期(7—9月)植物冠层分析仪测得的叶面积指数偏小,误差范围在0.03~0.38(1.41%~15.89%),而在生长季末期(10月)的测量值则偏大,误差范围在0.04~0.86(1.67%~90.87%)。(3)植物冠层分析仪测量产生误差与林分郁闭度、林分密度、树高、胸径等密切相关。因此,可通过构建林分特征与叶面积指数的多因素耦合模型,从而提高植物冠层分析仪的测量精度和适用范围。

滴灌密植技术对不同玉米品种部分生理指标的影响

以黄金粮MY73(MY73)、安科985(AK985)和郑单958(ZD958)为材料,探讨滴灌密植技术对不同玉米品种叶绿素、叶面积和干物质积累量的影响。结果表明:AK985、MY73、ZD958在滴灌施肥(SF)和常规施肥(CF)两种方式下,吐丝期叶绿素含量SF较CF增加15.0%~18.1%、8.3%~12.8%、8.2%~9.0%,叶面积指数SF较CF增加5.0%~30.9%、22.7%~36.4%、10.9%~65.9%;成熟期,叶绿素含量SF较CF增加25.7%~35.4%、11.3%~17.4%、20.3%~26.5%,叶面积指数SF较CF增加20.9%~64.5%、35.5%~57.1%、21.6%~128.6%;地上部干物质积累量SF较CF分别平均增加19.5%、29.2%、28.2%。综上所述,滴灌密植技术能有效提高不同玉米品种的叶绿素含量和干物质积累量,减少生育后期植株叶片早衰,这为促进玉米生长发育、提高资源利用效率以及增加作物产量等提供了一定的参考依据。

肉豆蔻科国家重点保护植物叶片功能性状的研究

为探究重点保护植物在热带地区的生态适应策略,本研究以肉豆蔻科9种木本植物(5种国家重点保护植物和4种非国家重点保护植物)为研究对象,测定了它们的叶片形态、光合、养分含量及养分重吸收率等22个性状。结果显示:与非重点保护植物相比,重点保护植物的叶片干物质含量、叶片密度和碳含量更低,但叶片更厚、单位叶面积光合速率更高;比叶重、叶脉密度、气孔导度、元素含量、养分重吸收率等多个性状在重点和非重点保护植物间差异不显著。氮含量与氮重吸收率显著正相关。镁含量与比叶重在重点保护植物间显著负相关,镁重吸收率与叶脉密度在重点保护与非重点保护植物间均显著负相关。主成分分析结果表明,对第1主成分贡献较大的性状主要是叶片密度、光合氮利用效率和叶片干物质含量;对第2主成分贡献较大的性状主要是N、P含量和N:P比值。肉豆蔻科植物叶片的N:P比值低于14,说明其生长主要是受N限制而不是P限制。研究结果表明,基于功能性状的研究可以揭示重点保护植物和非重点保护植物间生态适应策略的差异。因此,未来需加强重点和非重点保护植物的生理生态学比较研究。

基于δ^(13)C估算水分利用效率的2种模型比较——以峨眉山雷洞坪植物为例

【目的】通过对基于碳稳定同位素值(δ^(13)C)估算水分利用效率(iWUE)的2种模型(是否考虑叶肉导度,gm)之间差异的研究,有助于进一步理解gm对植物iWUE的影响。【方法】选择峨眉山雷洞坪针阔混交林中不同生长型植物,采集了48个物种的117个叶片样品,通过测定其叶片δ^(13)C,对比了早期估算iWUE模型(iWUEsim模型,将gm看作无穷大)与包含gm效应的iWUE模型(iWUEmes模型)之间的iWUE差异(iWUE_(difference)),以及这种差异随植物生长型变化的趋势。【结果】结果显示,iWUEsim的平均值(42.23±1.33μmol·mol^(-1))显著高于iWUEmes的平均值(28.10±0.65μmol·mol^(-1)),高估比例为3.64%~72.11%(平均49.58%±1.30%)。不同生长型植物的iWUEsim均显著大于iWUEmes,其中草本植物高估比例3.64%~48.00%(平均29.20%±5.16%),灌木高估比例13.68%~67.73%(平均48.44%±1.83%),乔木高估比例32.04%~72.11%(平均54.08%±1.47%)。此外,叶片功能性状对iWUE_(difference)有显著影响,相比于叶片厚度、叶片干物质含量和单位质量叶片氮含量,单位面积叶片氮含量和比叶重是影响iWUE_(difference)变化的主要因素。【结论】将gm看作无穷大会造成对基于δ^(13)C估算的iWUE的高估,未来估算植物iWUE时应考虑gm的影响。

施肥水平对烟株长势及烟叶质量的影响

施肥是对烟株生长及烟叶品质影响较大的一个栽培因子，随施肥量的增加，烟株的株型发生变化由塔型→筒型→倒塔型；烟株养分积累不平衡，总糖含量降低，总氮和烟碱含量增加。试验表明，优质烤烟在云南烟区的适宜施肥量为纯氮８ ～１０ｋｇ／ 亩（ Ｋ３２６ 品种） ，株型为筒型，株高９０ ～１００ｃｍ ，叶片长度为６０ ～８０ｃｍ ，田间最大叶面积系数为３ ．０ ～３ ．５ ，最大采烤叶面积系数为３ ．５ 左右，大田生长期为１１５ ～１２０ 天，田间叶面积系数的变化符合Ｓ 型曲线方程。

植物叶面积无损测量方法及仪器开发

为了快速、无损、准确地测量植物叶面积,设计了一种利用多晶硅光电感应板与平板均匀发光光源照射系统构成的叶面积测量装置。通过试验,建立了植物叶片叶面积与光源光强、光源对叶片透射率、环境温度、光电感应板的光电感应电压值间的BP神经网络关系。结果表明:该仪器可测量不同形状、厚度、软硬程度、叶片大小的植物叶片面积,模型预测值与实际值决定系数R2为0.98,测量精度为94.8%,为叶片叶面积测量提供了一种新的测量方法和装置。

基于高光谱和连续投影算法的棉花叶面积指数估测

为实现快速、无损、实时监测不同灌溉处理下棉花植株叶面积指数,借助高光谱遥感技术获取了棉花植株4个生育期的冠层反射率,同时获取每株棉花的叶面积指数,用一阶导数、二阶导数、标准正态变换,多元散射校正、小波分析等光谱预处理方法,经过连续投影算法提取特征波段,用偏最小二乘法建立4个生育期(总体)和各生育期的高光谱估算模型。对比6种预处理方法在4个生育期和各生育期建模精度表明,4个生育期(总体)、蕾期、花期、花铃期的小波分解尺度为4、2、8、2,模型分别为CWT-SPA-PLS、CWT-FD-SPA-PLS、CWT-SPA-PLS、CWT-FD-SPA-PLS时可取得较好的精度;经二阶导数处理后,铃期可取得较好的结果,R^(2)和RPD分别0.973、5.3295,优于其他预处理。试验结果表明,利用预处理方法尤其是小波分析方法得到的光谱信息可有效估测棉花4个生育期(总体)和各生育期的叶面积指数。

不同株型粳稻品种的冠层特征和物质生产关系的研究

对不同株型粳稻品种的冠层特征与群体物质生产和产量的关系进行了研究。结果表明,品种的株型不同,对肥力的反应不同,冠层发展动态和干物质生产速度亦有明显差异。表现为随着肥力水平的提高,不同株型品种间抽穗前叶面积增长速度的差异减小,抽穗后叶面积衰减速度的差异增大。抽穗期的LAI与抽穗后群体干物质生产速度和产量之间呈二次曲线回归关系,获得最高产量的最适LAI与获得最大干物质生产速度的最适LAI基本上是一致的。抽穗后群体干物质生产速度与产量之间亦呈现出极显著的正相关。