Species and Distribution Characteristics of Alien Invasive Plants in Garden Greenbelt of Shijiazhuang City

[Objectives]The paper was to investigate the garden greenbelt in 30 sample plots such as parks,roads,communities,etc.in Shijiazhuang City.[Methods]The species,abundance and frequency of weeds in the greenbelt of public gardens were recorded through point-line-surface investigation,and typical plants were sampled.[Results]There were 56 species of alien invasive plants in garden greenbelts of Shijiazhuang City,belonging to 44 genera and 20 families.In terms of life form,herbaceous plants were absolutely dominant,accounting for 92.8%of the total.The most alien invasive plants were native to America,accounting for 66.1%of the total.In terms of introduction path,the plants introduced artificially and unintentionally accounted for almost half.The species and quantity of alien invasive plants were related to the size of greenbelt area,the length of the build time of the surveyed plot,the composition structure of greenbelt and the level of green management and protection.There was larger distribution of alien invasive plants in the sample plots with large greenbelt area,long build time,herbaceous-dominated greenbelt and low level of green management and protection.Among the 56 alien invasive plants,3 plants were toxic.From the perspective of invasiveness,the alien invasive plants in the garden greenbelt of Shijiazhuang City could be divided into 5 levels:invasive alien species of malignant consequences,invasive alien species of severe consequences,invasive alien species of partial consequences,invasive alien species of average consequences,and invasive alien species to be observed.[Conclusions]This study will provide a reference for the prevention and control of alien plant invasion,and lay a foundation for the prevention and control of existing invasive plants.

Artful Application of Garden Plants in Classical Suzhou Gardens

Defi nition of plant landscaping and features of plant landscaping in classical Suzhou gardens were introduced, the forms of combining plants and buildings, rockeries and waterscapes were analyzed by elaborating selection of plant species and plant furnishings. In addition, manifestation of artistic beauty of the classical Suzhou gardens was explored, and protective measures were given.

Study on the Ground Cover Plant in Tibetan Herb Garden

This paper conducts a comprehensive survey of the ground cover plant in Tibetan herb garden for the first time using " five-point sampling method". Survey results show that:(i) A total of 46 families,95 genera,119 species of ground cover plants in herb garden are applied in Tibet,and Asteraceae,Gramineae,Leguminosae,Labiatae,Iridaceae and Liliaceae are used most,with the species number of 22,15,8,7,6 and 5,respectively,accounting for 18. 49%,12. 61%,6. 72%,5. 88%,5. 04% and 4. 20% of the plants surveyed,respectively.(ii) In terms of importance value for the herbaceous layer,the top three plants are Poa pratensis L.,Festuca arundinace and Lolium multiflorum L.,with the importance value of 45. 950,34. 610 and 29. 880,respectively; in terms of importance value for the non-turf ground cover herb plants,the top three plants are Trifolium L.,Cosmos bipinnata Cav. and Althaea rosea(Linn.) Cavan.,with the importance value of4. 372,3. 437 and 2. 062,respectively.(iii) The overall level of greening is low and uneven in the region,with large regional differences. In terms of ground cover plant abundance,Nyingchi > Lhasa > Shannan > Changdu > Xigaze > Ali > Nagqu.

Thoughts about Plant Landscape Forms of Urban Gardens

Landscape presents nature to us in another way through artificial transformation. At the same time of rapid development,cities should attach great importance to setting of urban green landscape. Plant landscape of urban gardens is an essential part of urban green landscape. To study plant landscape of urban gardens,it is necessary to find out growth habits and characteristics of plants,and ornamental benefits of plants. Different plants can be combined together to produce different space forms and generate different aesthetic effects. Through enriching plant landscape forms of urban gardens,it is feasible to increase the interest of urban landscape.

Distribution of Aluminum and Fluoride in Tea Plant and Soil of Tea Garden in Central and Southwest China

The distribution of Al and F contents and the relationship between Al and F in tea plants and soils of 12 tea gardens in Central and Southwest China were investigated from October 31 to November 14, 2006. The results show that there were differences in pH, CEC, the contents of organic matter (OM), Al and F in the different soils of the tea gardens. The Al content ranged from 1196 to 7976mg/kg for old leaf, 370 to 2681mg/kg for young leaf and 285 to 525mg/kg for stem, whereas the content of F ranged from 221 to 1504mg/kg for old leaf, 49 to 602mg/kg for young leaf and 13.5 to 77.5mg/kg for stem. The concentrations of labile Al varied obviously in the different soils, but the distribution law of labile Al content for the same garden was Alexchangeable≈AlFe-Mn oxide>Alorganic>Alwater-soluble. The contents of different labile F fractions varied slightly in the different soils and the different soil layers, though the exchangeable F content was lowest among the labile F in the soils. The concentrations of Al and F in tea plants increased with increasing amount of water-soluble Al or F, especially the amount of water-soluble fractions in the soil layer of 0-20cm.The correlation between Al content and F content in the tea leaf was more significant than that in the tea stem. Furthermore, the correlation between Al content and F content in whole tea plant was strongly significant (r=0.8763, p<0.01, n=36). There were evident tendency that Al concentration increased with the increase of F concentration in different soil layers. The correlation of water-soluble Al with water-soluble F in all soils was also strongly significant (r=0.7029, p<0.01, n=34). The results may provide a proof that Al and F are jointly taken up by tea plants to some extent in natural tea gardens.

The future of plant conservation and the role of botanic gardens

1.Introduction The papers included in this special issue are mostly based on presentations made at the IABG international conference held at Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden.China,November 2016,which addressed the roles that botanic gardens,both in China and elsewhere,can play in national biodiversity conservation stra-

Current Plant Landscaping in Southern Gardens and Suggestions for the Optimized Configuration

Abundant lands of China such as Suzhou, Hangzhou, Sichuan and Chongqing are all located in the basin of the Yangtze River, and subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest belt, enjoy mild climate, sufficient rainfall, rich ornamental plant resources and diversifi ed landscaping techniques. In the long-term landscaping practices, plant furnishing arts characterized by diversifi ed layer division, elegant styles, delicate and vivid images have been formed, but are still limited in combination of plant species and selection of varieties. In accordance with personal experience in plant landscaping in recent years, the author provided a few suggestions for the optimized confi guration of plant landscapes in southern regions.

Occurrence and Prevention of Garden Plant Sunscald

To explore the occurrence laws of garden plant sunscald in summer,the authors investigated occurrence of garden plant sunscald systematically in Suzhou classical gardens and some other gardens in the downtown areas and outskirt of the city,classifi ed the severity of sunscald into"severe","moderate"and"slight".The study aims at offering references for garden landscape planning and management departments.

Effects of Different Cultivation Time of Garden Plants on Soil Chemical Properties and Soil Enzyme Activities

Garden soil test was used to study the effects of different cultivation time of garden plants on soil chemical properties and soil enzyme activities in the garden. The results showed that with the extension of cultivation time,the activity of protease,urease and catalase in Ginkgo biloba soil increased significantly,while the activity of protease in other garden plants showed a certain degree of decline,and the activity of urease increased significantly in the soil cultivated Lagerstroemia indica for over 3 years. However,in the soil cultivated the garden plants for less than 3 years,the difference in the activity of urease was relatively small,and the difference in the activity of catalase was relatively significant.

Plant Selection and Application of Rain Garden in Southern China

Based on the basic principles of rain garden infrastructure, optimal species for rain facilities such as vegetated buffer strip, vegetated shallow groove, artificial wetland were selected, characteristics, configuration principles and methods were summarized.

Three-Dimensional Green Biomass and Environmental and Ecological Benefits of Plants in Yu Yam Ancestral Garden

Yu Yam Ancestral Garden is one of the four famous gardens in Lingnan,China.This study was carried out with the methods of survey and analysis,field measurement and selecting spatial samples methods,dividing Yu Yam Ancestral Garden into 11 plots,for undertaking initial quantitative research on the three-dimensional green biomass(TGB)and environmental ecological benefits(EEB)of the plants.The results showed thatthe arbor played a decisive role in TGB of the Yu Yam Ancestral Garden sample plot,in which the maximum contribution value was evergreen trees.And the Pearson correlation significance analysis was carried out on 11 indicators of the plant morphology and the TGB of the trees-shrubs,drawing a conclusion that the main influencing factor for TGB was the ratio of trees-shrubs,and the simulation equation was Y=2,357.67X3+176.707.EEB of the plants was positively correlated with TGB.A very good way of understanding of the correlation between the TGB of plants and their EEB was proposed,which could provide objective and quantitative theoretical reference data for the plant arrangement of arbor,shrubs and grasses in artificial garden green spaces.It is helpful to understand the importance of artificial garden green spaces ecological value.

Evaluation Indicator System of Low-carbon Landscape in Residential Areas: A Case Study of Garden Plant Landscape

Garden plant landscape is one of the main contents of low-carbon landscape design in residential areas. From the basic theory of garden plant landscaping, we put forth five principles and ideas concerning the building of evaluation indicator system of garden plant landscape, to establish the indicator system with ecological quality, recreational function and aesthetic effect as three layers. According to the characteristics of evaluation system, we use qualitative and quantitative integration method, coupled with analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and expert consulting method, to determine the weight of various factors. And we use fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to test this indicator system, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the research on evaluation indicator system of low-carbon landscape.

The Application of Plant Culture in Architectural Decorations of Classical Gardens of Yangzhou

Investigations were made on the various plant patterns which appeared in the decorations of the two types of gardens, namely private gardens and temple gardens in Yangzhou. Analysis was made of the application of plant elements in each location, their implication of the traditional culture, and the relationship between the garden style, theme and artistic conception, aiming to provide a reference for the application of plant culture in the future garden decorations design.

Construction of Spatial Pattern of Garden Plant Landscape in Urban Waterfront

The spatial pattern of urban waterfront landscape is an important factor affecting the quality of urban culture and improving the recognition of the city.As the core material of urban landscape design,garden plants play a very important role in the construction of spatial pattern of urban waterfront landscape.The spatial pattern of garden plant landscape can be divided into three types:two-dimensional,vertical and special.The two-dimensional spatial pattern focuses on the construction of"meaning and form".The vertical spatial pattern focuses on the construction of"image".The special spatial pattern of garden plants focuses on the construction of"artistic conception".The three types are used to create a spatial pattern of urban waterfront landscape with rich spatial and temporal changes and artistic connotation.

Applicable Garden Ground Cover Plants in Arid Valleys of Ganzi Tibetan Area

The native and introduced ground cover plants were screened by field survey,cultivation test and configuration effect evaluation in arid valleys of Ganzi Tibetan area.A total of 205 species belonging to 140 genera,67 families were selected as applicable types.Among them,there were 53 species of evergreen shrubs,36 species of deciduous shrubs,17 species of woody vines,99 species of herbaceous plants;27 species of color-leafed plants,8 species of succulent plants.And 79 species were recommended as the best ground cover plants.Higher plants in Ganzi Tibetan area were increased to 5,362 species,1147 genera,244 families through screening.

Naturalistic,Harmonious,and Emotional:An Aesthetic Study of Plants of Chinese Gardens in the Qing Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty was the mature period of traditional Chinese gardens,and the construction of royal gardens reached its peak.Using the method of image and text analysis,the landscape features of different seasons in the Chinese gardens were probed,the layout of its spatial elements and the method of plant landscaping was analyzed,and the artistic characteristics of the gardens in the Qing Dynasty was studied.The aesthetic conception of the gardens have been discussed from the following aspects,the integration of time and space,the harmonious relationship between the garden elements and the fusion of scenery and feelings.

Significance of Implementing ISO9001 and ISO14001 Standards in Tourism Service Enterprises——the Practice at xin Long Tropical Plants Garden

As a China national comprehensive tropical plants garden, the Xin Long Tropical Plants Garden undertakes multiple tasks of scientific research, species protection, popular science education and tourism reception. Same as a global tropical plants garden, it also faces the strategic tasks of reasonable utilization of biological resources & environmental protection, international exchange & international cooperation and upgrading the level of management. How to upgrade the level of services; how to provide the society with high quality tourism services; how to achieve both resources exploitation and environmental protection; how to match with the international practice; how to eliminate technical barrier of trade and ensure fair competition etc; all these are the problems of common concern of both domestic and foreign enterprises of tourism service. The Xin Long Tropical Plants Garden has taken a trial implementation of ISO9001:2000 and ISO14001:1996 dual standard system since 2001 and passed the certification of CQM (China Certification Center for Quality Mark) in 2002 and gained the certificate of IQNet, so set an example in implementing standardized management for both domestic and foreign enterprises of tourism service.

Garden Egg (Solanum melongena L.) Performance under Different Sources of Animal Manure as a Sustainable Alternative Fertilizer for Farmers

To ensure food security, continuous intensive farming systems with limited fallowing periods and other farming systems like crop rotation have led to poor soil health with extremely low organic matter, especially in tropical regions with high organic matter mineralization. Small-scale farmers in developing countries cannot afford intensive agricultural systems with heavy chemical inputs, which have not improved soil health. Inorganic fertilizers are harmful to the environment, so farmers should use cheap, locally available organic fertilizers like animal manure, which supports organic agricultural systems and soil health. Animal manure is used as a soil amendment to improve soil health, fertility, and crop yields, but data on how different manures affect specific crops is scarce. Poultry, cattle, and goat manure were compared to no fertilizer and mineral fertilizer on garden egg phenology, vegetative growth, and yield. Poultry manure improved garden egg vegetative growth, phenology, yield, and yield components compared to the negative control and the other treatments. Poultry manure yielded the most fruit at 0.921 kg∙ha-1, followed by cattle and goat manure at 0.709 kg∙ha-1 and 0.698 kg∙ha-1. In conclusion, poultry manure may be a better alternative to synthetic NPK with yield performance similar to garden eggs and long-term soil health benefits similar to other manure sources.

Were Herod the Great’s Palace Gardens Unique?

Herod the Great built palaces and complexes with innovative excellence.This article explores his success in creating unique and luxurious gardens in desert areas.It does this by discussing the interaction between Herodian architecture already excavated by archaeologists and the newer science of garden archaeology.The investigation gives a realistic knowledge,through laboratory analysis of the plants grown in Herod’s gardens and how inventive he was.