Plant Variety Protection and DUS Testing Technique

DUS testing technique used for plant variety protection was reviewed in the paper, and some suggestions were made on how to establish the appropriate technology system in China. Meanwhile, the potential exploitation of the technique was discussed.

Impact of Implementing 1991 Act of the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants in China

The Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants is abbreviated as UPOV. The Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants has 1961/1972 Act ,1978 Act and 1991 Act. China is member of UPOV and its regulations of protection of new varieties of plants conform to 1978 Act. At present, there is big debate whether China accedes to 1991 Act. This paper mainly discussed advantages and possibilities that China accedes to 1991 Act, and concluded that it is highly desirable that China should consider acceding to 1991 Act in order to contribute to development of system on protection of new varieties of plants.

Farmers' Privilege under the Protection of New Plant Varieties

This paper studies farmers'privilege under the protection of new plant varieties,and points out that farmers'privilege is given to balance interests of plant breeders and relevant public.Based on this,it analyzes shortcomings of farmers'privilege regulations,and puts forward that it is required to improve farmers'privilege regulations in subjects,objects and contents of rights on the basis of learning from advanced legislation experience of foreign countries,and build the interest sharing mechanism between breeders and farmers.

Research on Intellectual Property Rights Protection of Agricultural Plant Genetic Resources in China

On the basis of definition of agricultural plant genetic resources,this paper takes the two most important forms of intellectual property protection regarding agricultural plant genetic resources-patent rights and new plant variety rights as an example,to expound the current situation of intellectual property protection of agricultural plant genetic resources in China.It reveals the problems of intellectual property protection as follows:the awareness of intellectual property protection of agricultural plant genetic resources is weak;the system of laws and regulations is not sound;the protection system is not perfect;the management system lacks standardization.It further puts forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions as follows:promote the protection awareness of agricultural plant genetic resources in whole society;enact special law system to protect agricultural plant genetic resources;improve the management system of agricultural plant genetic resources;strengthen the international protection of agricultural plant genetic resources in China.

红豆草品种特异性、一致性和稳定性测试指南的研制

植物品种DUS(Distinctness,Uniformity and Stability)测试是植物新品种审定、登记的必要环节。DUS测试指南是品种审定机构开展DUS测试的基本依据。本研究按照国际植物新品种保护联盟(UPOV)技术文件《TGP/7植物新品种测试指南的研制》规定的程序要求,以90份红豆草(Onobrychis viciifolia)品种资源为试验材料,在新疆乌鲁木齐开展了两年的田间试验,经过多次同行专家论证修订,完成了红豆草DUS测试指南报批稿。指南规定了红豆草DUS测试的31个测试性状及其观测方法和判定标准,13个标准品种,并详细介绍了红豆草DUS测试指南研制的过程及指南的主要内容。指南的制订为国内红豆草新品种特异性、一致性和稳定性的判定提供了技术依据,对加强我国红豆草新品种保护具有重要意义,为红豆草产业健康发展提供技术保障。

小麦条锈病胁迫下冬小麦品种天选57号产量方程的构建

小麦条锈病一直以来都是小麦植保工作的重中之重,进一步明确小麦条锈病在甘肃陇南地区发病程度与冬小麦产量之间的相关性,为制定天水地区小麦条锈病防控指标提供科学依据。选取当地主栽冬小麦品种天选57号为研究对象,在人工接种诱发后,通过田间喷施20%三唑酮乳油135 g/hm^(2)兑水450 kg防控1~2次,并造成一定的病情梯度,实地调查田间病情并测产,得到冬小麦品种天选57号的小麦条锈病最终病情(x)与平均折合产量(y产量)间的回归方程为:y_(产量)=-8.5714x^(2)-488.57x+7512(R^(2)=0.9872)。同时通过理论折合产量计算出冬小麦品种天选57号使用20%三唑酮乳油防控1次时,产量损失率为20.13%~29.71%,挽回产量损失4.79~14.37个百分点。防控2次时产量损失率为7.35%~12.14%,挽回产量损失为22.36~27.15个百分点。得到冬小麦品种天选57号采用20%三唑酮乳油防控1次和防控2次后的植保贡献率分别为6.82%~18.00%、25.45%~29.31%。

The Analysis of the Influencing Factors on the Implementing Effects of Plant Breeders' Rights(PBR)System in China

The implementing effects of plant breeders＇ rights（PBR）system is influenced by many factors,such as knowledge of the PBR system,the expense of time for the application and approval,the cost of the applying case,etc..Statistical analysis was carried out based on the above influencing factors by means of questionnaire to find out specific reasons.The result suggests that weak propagandizing;inappropriate propagandizing patterns and obstructed approaches for new regulations are all negatively contributing to the PBR.Meanwhile,current PBR system in China which has been found with many irrational aspects affected the impractical design of regulatory operation and the examining efficiency.Lastly,several suggestions were offered on the base of the results.

植物育种繁殖材料商业秘密保护研究

粮食是社稷之本,种业是国家粮食安全的关键。2022年11月2日,最高人民法院审理首起涉及植物育种繁殖材料(杂交种亲本)商业秘密保护的案件,认定武威市搏盛种业有限责任公司侵犯河北华穗种业有限公司商业秘密,案件的焦点为玉米杂交种亲本属于商业秘密保护的对象,不为公众知晓且具有秘密性。玉米作为国家粮食安全保障的主要贡献者,其育种的主流技术是杂种优势育种。育种繁殖材料(杂交种亲本)侵权案件中,判断杂交种亲本基因型是否实质等同是关键,因其从杂交种反推亲本的基因型存在很大的难度,成本高、程序复杂,所以实质性等同的判断是难题。文章以华穗种业案为例,分析育种繁殖材料的商业秘密保护问题,建议我国应明晰法律责任归口,综合运用专利、植物新品种保护权和商业秘密手段共同保护育种繁殖材料商业秘密,构建多元化的农作物育种成果综合法律保护体系,从源头遏制非法者利用法律“钻空子”侵犯玉米育种繁殖材料商业秘密牟取利益,净化种子市场,实现种业科技自立自强,保障粮食安全。

北方气候下苹果树的种植技术与管理策略

苹果是一种富含多种营养成分的水果,被誉为“水果之王”,是我国重要的经济作物之一。我国的苹果种植范围广泛,主要分布在北方和西部的多个省份。该文对适宜北方气候的苹果树品种选择、种植地点和土壤准备、栽培技术、防寒措施、病虫害防治,以及苹果树的管理策略进行详细阐述。旨在通过科学的品种选择、合理的种植技术和有效的管理策略,保证苹果树在寒冷和干燥的气候条件下健康生长,实现高产优质的目标。研究结果可以为果农提供全面的技术指导,提升苹果种植的经济效益和生产效率。

Preparation of the UPOV Guidelines for the Conduct of Tests for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability–Tea Plant [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]

Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability （DUS） testing is the technical base of Plant Variety Protection （PVP） and the scientific basis for the approval of Plant Breeder＇s Rights （PBR）. DUS Test Guidelines are not only the technical manuals for the DUS testing authorities to conduct the testing, but also the technical standards for the competent authorities to examine the DUS of new varieties of plants. Tea plant, originated from Yunnan Province, China, is a very important woody cash species in the world. The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants （UPOV） DUS Test Guidelines for tea plant is the first Test Guidelines prepared by China for the UPOV. In this article, the subject, selection, and determination of characteristics, states of expression of characteristics and the selection of example varieties, assessment of the UPOV DUS Test Guidelines for tea plant were elucidated in detail. Finally, the proposal of PVP for tea plant in China was also proposed. The preparation of UPOV DUS Test Guidelines for tea plant will have important significance both for promoting the development of PVP and increasing the status of international PVP fields for China.

NEW PLANT VARIETY PROTECTION IN CHINA FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF FOOD SECURITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

China is facing increasing challenges in food security and environmental protection, and the plant breeding has made enormous contribution to solving the problems. The legal protection of new plant varieties has the important function of encouraging innovations in the field of plant breeding. However, the widely use of modem biotechnology has caused great controversy in society, and some people propose to limit the scope of plant variety right, especially for Genetically Modified Organisms （hereinafter ＂GMOs＂）. When designing and interpreting the regulations on the protection of new plant varieties, we should keep in mind that the plant variety right is a private right aiming to encourage innovation, and take the principles and relationships in the field of innovation into consideration. Proper regulation and incentives for innovation are both the essential themes in the fields of modem technologies. Intellectural property （hereinafter ＂IP＂） laws should focus on encouraging innovation, while the law system, including the Seed Law, the Food Safety Law and the Environmental Protection Law, should provide systematic, scientific and strict regulations on the research, propagation and marketing of new plant varieties. The whole law system and the market can function together to guide the plant breeders to be committed to breeding new varieties that meet the needs of food security, food safety and environmental protection.

FDI技术溢出对农作物区域育种创新的影响——基于植物新品种保护的调节效应分析

采用1999—2019年我国29个省份的面板数据,在评估各省份植物新品种保护水平的基础上,定量分析FDI技术溢出对我国农作物区域育种创新的影响及植物新品种保护的调节效应。研究表明,FDI技术溢出能够促进农作物区域育种创新,植物新品种保护能强化这一效应;且上述结论在农作物区域育种创新高、中等水平地区作用更为显著,低水平地区的FDI技术溢出对农作物区域育种创新未产生显著影响并对植物新品种保护具有抑制作用,但二者共同作用能有效提升农作物区域育种创新。

黑龙江省甘南县野生药用植物资源调查与评价

调查黑龙江省甘南县野生药用植物资源的分布、种类,分析该县域现有药用植物资源现状,为甘南县中药资源开发、保护和合理利用提供相应依据。依据全国中药资源普查技术规范和中药资源普查信息管理系统划分调查代表区域,结合样地调查、线路调查和访问调查等方法进行外业调查,样本收集,标本制作与鉴定,并对调查结果进行处理与分析。共调查了38个样地190个样方套,记录野生药用植物49科128属179种,其中含有重点药材品种15科27种。结论:黑龙江省甘南县药用植物资源种类较为丰富,应制定适宜的计划,加强管理,实现甘南县县域内中药资源的合理开发与可持续发展。

福建省农业植物品种权保护现状与剖析

为了明确福建省植物新品种保护现状,深入了解福建省新品种保护存在的问题并提出建议。通过整理中国种业大数据平台和农业农村部科技发展中心发布的福建省植物新品种权申请、授权信息,从申请品种数、授权品种数、审查时长、不同植物种类和不同主体几个方面对福建省植物新品种保护现状进行分析。结果表明:截至2022年底,福建省共有植物新品种申请1 737件,授权602件,授权率34.7%;授权品种平均审查时长为1 280.5 d,约3.51年;福建省大田作物申请占比39.9%,蔬菜、花卉等园艺作物的申请量稳步提升;企业已经确立育种创新的主体地位,但授权率较低。目前福建省农业植物新品种保护还存在保护意识较差、植物种类相对不平衡、授权率较低、审查周期长等问题,建议从完善法律法规、加强宣传培训、提高育种积极性和加强测试体系建设等多方面逐步优化,推动种业良性发展。

我国苦瓜新品种选育与保护现状分析

通过分析自2013年苦瓜纳入《中华人民共和国农业植物品种保护名录》之后文献报道的60个苦瓜品种,发现苦瓜瓜形以珍珠瓜为主,主要育种目标包括抗性、产量和成熟期,选育方式以杂种优势育种为主。截至2022年8月,我国苦瓜新品种权申请量130件,其中文献报道的60个品种中仅5个申请了新品种权;新品种权授权量30件,繁殖材料提交不及时或不合格是影响授权审查速度的主要原因,通过提前委托DUS测试能大幅缩短授权时间。

中国蝴蝶兰属植物新品种保护现状与发展趋势分析

为了明确蝴蝶兰属植物新品种保护现状,深入了解蝴蝶兰属植物新品种保护存在的问题并提出建议。通过整理中国种业大数据平台和农业农村部科技发展中心发布的植物新品种申请、授权信息,统计蝴蝶兰属植物的申请、授权品种数和申请、授权时间,从不同年份、不同主体和不同地区3个方面对蝴蝶兰属植物新品种保护现状进行分析。结果表明:11批植物新品种保护名录内包括43个观赏植物属(种),其中蝴蝶兰属植物申请量已经跃居第1。截至2022年底,接收申请的蝴蝶兰品种为1 116个,获得授权的蝴蝶兰品种为361个,授权品种的审查时长平均为3.00年;共有90家(位)单位或个人作为申请主体提交过蝴蝶兰属植物新品种保护申请,其中,企业是申请人和品种权人的主体,企业、科研院所、高校和个人的申请量占比分别为79.7%、11.8%、0.8%和7.7%;47家(位)单位或个人作为品种权人获得过蝴蝶兰属新品种授权,其中,企业、科研院所、高校和个人的授权量占比分别为73.7%、10.5%、1.4%和14.4%。国内14个省份以及国外2个国家(荷兰、日本)在中国申请了蝴蝶兰属植物新品种保护,申请人和品种权人主要集中在我国东南沿海以及荷兰,国外只有荷兰安祖公司获得授权。

自贸港建设背景下海南农业植物新品种保护浅析

植物新品种保护制度是种子法中的重要构成部分,对保护育种者权益和促进育种创新具有重要的意义。自植物新品种保护制度实施以来,海南品种权申请量为632件,其中大田作物占比83%,申请人以种业企业和科研院所为主。通过总结海南农业植物新品种保护现状和特点,发现不足并提出发展建议,为今后海南自贸港农业植物新品种保护工作提供参考。

茶树品种权保护与乡土特色种植茶产业振兴——基于供给需求匹配视角

做精特色种植产业是乡村产业振兴的重要途径之一。特色种植产业开发中的品种权对培育保护种植产业“特色”具有无可替代的作用。地方特色植物品种的适种区域、繁殖利用和权利结构与种植产业特色选择、特色培育和特色保护的现实需求不匹配,是导致种植产业特色开发困境的主要原因。本文基于供给需求匹配的视角,探讨茶树新品种权保护对特色茶叶产业振兴的意义。认为规定特色茶树新品种适种区域的法律效力,加强特色茶叶产业的府际合作,实施繁殖利用的分类管理,制定地方特色茶树种苗(种子)推广销售的地方标准,加强新品种权的执法保护,签订茶树新品种权排他独占的特许协议等,是振兴特色茶产业的有效策略。

我国中药材新品种保护现状与优化建议

我国的植物新品种保护工作起步较晚,中药材新品种作为植物新品种中具有特殊生物活性的重要组成部分,受到的保护相对薄弱。基于国家林业和草原局以及农业农村部公布的资料信息,筛选出植物新品种保护名录中直接涉及中药材的种(属),分析中药材新品种育种与推广的现状,发现我国在中药材新品种保护方面存在审查程序不完善、侵权认定困难且处罚力度小、中药材DUS测试指南不健全、中药材新品种权保护意识薄弱等问题。为此,建议修订《植物新品种保护条例》以实现与现有专门性法律的衔接、完善行政执法程序并加大对侵权行为的惩罚力度、加快中药材新品种保护技术体系建设、增强中药材新品种权保护意识。

由“丹某红”梨树新品种侵权案看合法来源抗辩规则的适用

“丹某红”梨树新品种侵权案是最高人民法院种业知识产权司法保护十大典型案例之一,它对我国植物新品种侵权案中的合法来源抗辩规则适用作出了有益尝试。从“丹某红”梨树新品种侵权案出发并结合当前我国其他主要植物新品种侵权案例,剖析了合法来源抗辩规则的适用。未来我国应从加快制定植物新品种保护法、统一司法解释具体术语的词义、遵循相应法律原则、并积极参照现行相关法律文件来完善植物新品种侵权案中合法来源抗辩规则的具体适用。