Water Consumption Processes of Different Planting Models in Rice Production of Northeast China

Different irrigation schemes have different effects on water consumption in rice production.However,few studies have been conducted on the water consumption processes between dry direct seeding rice and transplanting rice under different irrigation schemes.Water consumption process,water use efficiency and correlation effect of water consumption on yield under different planting models in rice production were investigated in northeast China in 2018.Seven treatments were implemented:drip irrigation dry direct seeding rice(DDSR),wet irrigation dry direct seeding rice(WDSR),flooded irrigation dry direct seeding rice(FDSR),transplanting flooded rice(TFR),controlled irrigation transplanting rice(CTR),intermittent irrigation transplanting rice(ITR)and wet irrigation transplanting rice(WTR).Among them,TFR was the control.The results showed that the peaks of the water consumption amount,intensity and its modulus coefficient of the seven treatments all appeared in the middle tillering and the jointing booting stages.The total water consumption amount(ET)and average water consumption intensity of DDSR,WDSR,FDSR and WTR were lower than those of TFR,CTR and ITR.The maximum water use efficiency of yield(WUEy)occurred in DDSR with a value of 3.8 kg·m^(-3).WUEy of DDSR,WDSR and FDSR were significantly higher than those of TFR,CTR and ITR.In the middle tillering and the heading and flowering stages,the water consumption amount of each treatment had a positive effect on yield formation,and the water consumption amount in the late tillering stage had a negative effect on yield formation.The relationship between ET and yield(Y)of dry direct seeding and transplanting planting models showed a quadratic function curve.ET of transplanting planting model had a significant positive impact on Y,and ET of dry direct seeding planting model had no impact on Y.DDSR had the least total water consumption of 199.8 mm·m^(-2),the lowest water consumption intensity of 2.0 mm·d^(-1) and the greatest water use efficiency of 3.8 kg·m^(-3),which suggested that DDSR had the most significant water saving effect.The combination of dry direct seeding planting model and drip irrigation scheme would be a good option for determining a water-saving rice planting model in northeast China.

3D Visual Plant Models in Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Ambient Wind Flow around an Isolated Tree

Plants can reduce the velocity of wind and wind erosion and prevent the movement of sand.But it may be extremely difficult to measure directly the aerodynamic characteristics of the airflow near the real vegetation in field experiments on account of restriction by many objective factors.Therefore,numerous investigations have been carried out to study the efficiency of windbreaks by conducting wind tunnel experiments on simulated models or using computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulation instead of field measurements.Plant models are simplified at some level to be used for numerical simulation in existing literatures.It is a little distortion of leaves in details if the tree canopy is regarded as a whole region which can have a certain influence on the CFD simulation.Hence,one modeling approach that combines Visual Basic for applications(VBA) and computer aided design(CAD) technology is proposed to design 3D virtual plant models.The tree models used for numerical simulation of wind flow around trees are more lifelike.In addition,this method can be applied for creating a 3D virtual vegetation library.It is also more convenient to get the diversified biological indicators by digital plants in computer.

Improvement in winter wheat productivity through regulating PSⅡ photochemistry,photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence under deficit irrigation conditions

Deficit irrigation is critical to global food production,particularly in arid and semi-arid regions with low precipitation.Given water shortage has threatened agricultural sustainability under the dry-land farming system in China,there is an urgent need to develop effective water-saving technologies.We carried out a field study under two cultivation techniques:(1) the ridge and furrow cultivation model(R);and(2) the conventional flat farming model(F),and three simulated precipitation levels(1,275 mm;2,200 mm;3,125 mm) with two deficit irrigation levels(150 and 75 mm).We demonstrated that under the ridge furrow(R) model,rainfall harvesting planting under 150 mm deficit irrigation combined with 200 mm simulated precipitation can considerably increase net photosynthesis rate(P_(n)),quantum yield of PSII(ΦPSⅡ),electron transport rate(ETR),performance index of photosynthetic PSII(F_(v)/F_(m)′),and transformation energy potential of PSII(F_(v)/F_(o)).In addition,during the jointing,anthesis and grain-filling stages,the grain and biomass yield in the R model are 18.9 and 11.1% higher than those in the flat cultivation model,respectively,primarily due to improved soil water contents.The winter wheat fluorescence parameters were significantly positively associated with the photosynthesis,biomass and wheat production.The result suggests that the R cultivation model with irrigation of 150 mm and simulated precipitation of 200 mm is an effective planting method for enhancing P_(n),biomass,wheat production,and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in dry-land farming areas.

Research on the Architecture of Computer Integrated Production System in Thermal Power Plant (TPP-CIPS)

This paper presents an architecture of Computer Integrated Production System in Thermal Power Plant(TPP-CIPS). This architecture is a successful model with a three-dimensional space based on hierarchial dimension,view dimension and life period dimension. Hierarchial view includes Management Information System (MIS), SupervisoryInformation System (SIS) and process automation systems such as Distributed Control System (DCS). View dimensionincludes function view, resource view, organization view and information view. Life period view includes system analyses,system design, system implementation, operation maintenance and system optimization.[

Numerical Analysis of Stochastic Vector Borne Plant Disease Model

We are associating the solutions of stochastic and deterministic vector borne plant disease model in this manuscript.The dynamics of plant model depends upon threshold number P^(∗).If P^(∗)<1 then condition helpful to eradicate the disease in plants while P^(∗)>1 explains the persistence of disease.Inappropriately,standard numerical systems do not behave well in certain scenarios.We have been proposed a structure preserving stochastic non-standard finite difference system to analyze the behavior of model.This system is dynamical consistent,positive and bounded as defined by Mickens.

Genetic control of flowering time in woody plants： Roses as an emerging model

Genetic control of the timing of flowering in woody plants is complex and has yet to be adequately investigated due to their long life-cycle and difficulties in genetic modification.Studies in Populus,one of the best woody plant models,have revealed a highly conserved genetic network for flowering timing in annuals.However,traits like continuous flowering cannot be addressed with Populus.Roses and strawberries have relatively small,diploid genomes and feature enormous natural variation.With the development of new genetic populations and genomic tools,roses and strawberries have become good models for studying the molecular mechanisms underpinning the regulation of flowering in woody plants.Here,we review findings on the molecular and genetic factors controlling continuous flowering in roses and woodland strawberries.Natural variation at TFL1 orthologous genes in both roses and strawberries seems be the key plausible factor that regulates continuous flowering.However,recent efforts suggest that a two-recessive-loci model may explain the controlling of continuous flowering in roses.We propose that epigenetic factors,including non-coding RNAs or chromatin-related factors,might also play a role.Insights into the genetic control of flowering time variation in roses should benefit the development of new germplasm for woody crops and shed light on the molecular genetic bases for the production and maintenance of plant biodiversity.

Phosphorus Biogeochemical Cycle Research in Mountainous Ecosystems

Phosphorus(P),as a limiting nutrient,plays a crucial role in the mountainous ecosystem development.Its biogeochemical cycle in mountainous ecosystems determines the bioavailability and sustainable supply of P,and thus becomes a crucial process which needs to be fully understood and described for ecological and environmental conservation.However,most of research about P biogeochemical processes has been carried out in aquatic environment and agronomic field,but rare researches have been done in mountain ecosystem.In the present review,we summarize researches on P biogeochemical cycle concerning mountain ecosystem in recent decades,including rock weathering,the release,transformation and bioavailability of P,interactions between the P biological cycle and microbial and plant life,as well as the development of models.Based on the state of art,we propose the future work on this direction,including the integration of all these research,the development of a practical model to understand the P biogeochemical cycle and its bioavailability,and to provide a reference for ecological and environmental conservation of mountainous ecosystems and lowland aquatic systems.

Evaluation of the stability of vegetated slopes according to layout and temporal changes

Vegetation in slopes can effectively improve slope stability.However,it is difficult to estimate the effects of vegetation on slope stability because of variations in plant species and environmental conditions.Moreover,influences of plant growth on slope stability change with time,resulting in changes in the safety factor.This study was conducted to evaluate the stability of vegetated slopes with time and investigate the effects of different layouts of plant species on slope stability.Here,we used a plant growth model and slope stability analysis to build an evaluation model.To accomplish this,one species of tree,shrub and grass was chosen to set six layout patterns.A slope with no vegetation served as a control.The safety factors of the seven slopes were then calculated using the developed evaluation model and differences in the safety factors of slopes were compared and discussed.The slope vegetated with Platycladus orientalis reached the most stable state at the age of 60 years.Shrub slope(Vitex negundo)had the maximum safety factor after 20 years.Overall,the safety factor of vegetated slopes increased from 12.1%to 49.6% compared to the slope with no vegetation.When wind force was considered,the safety factor value of the slope changed from 3.5%to 43.5%.Vegetation mixtures of trees and grasses resulted in the best slope stability.Planting grasses on slopes can improve slope stability of trees to a greater degree than that of slopes with shrubs in the early stage of growth.

Middle Cretaceous pCO_2 Variation in Yumen, Gansu Province and its Response to the Climate Events

The palaeo-atmospheric CO2 concentration （pCOz） variation in the Yumen, Gansu Province during the middle Cretaceous has been reconstructed using the newly established plant photosynthetic gas exchange mechanistic model, and the results show that the pCO2 values are in the range of about 550 -808 ppmv. The present pCO2 values are higher than the pCO2 results （531-641 ppmv） of the previous study according to the Recent standardization of the stomatal ratio method, and much lower than the pCO2 results （882-1060 ppmv） according to the Carboniferous standardization of the stomatal ratio method. The present pCOz variation is not only within the error range of GEOCARB II and GEOCARB Ill but also is similar to the reconstructed results based on the biochemistry and carbon isotope models. Besides, the present Brachyphyllum specimens were collected from four consecutive horizons of the upper Zhonggou Formation of the Hanxia Section, and the reconstructed pCO2 exhibits the reconstructed pCO2 exhibits a decline trend during the late Aptian to early Albian. This decline variation is probably associated with the Oceanic Anoxic Events （OAElb） and the Cold snap event. With the combination of pCO2 during the Albian to Cenomanian recovered by the plant photosynthetic gas exchange mechanistic model, the pCO2 showed a prominent increase during the late Aptian to early Cenominian, which indicates a response to the greenhouse warming during the middle Cretaceous. Therefore, the mechanical model of the plant photosynthetic gas exchange shows a relatively strong accuracy in the reconstruction of thepCO2 and can reflect a strong relation between the atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climatic events.

What are the differences in yield formation among two cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivars and their F1 hybrid?

To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the differences in yield formation among two parents(P1 and P2) and their F1 hybrid of cucumber, biomass production and whole source–sink dynamics were analyzed using a functional–structural plant model(FSPM) that simulates both the number and size of individual organs. Observations of plant development and organ biomass were recorded throughout the growth periods of the plants. The GreenLab Model was used to analyze the differences in fruit setting, organ expansion, biomass production and biomass allocation. The source–sink parameters were estimated from the experimental measurements. Moreover, a particle swarm optimization algorithm(PSO) was applied to analyze whether the fruit setting is related to the source–sink ratio. The results showed that the internal source–sink ratio increased in the vegetative stage and reached a peak until the first fruit setting. The high yield of hybrid F1 is the compound result of both fruit setting and the internal source–sink ratio. The optimization results also revealed that the incremental changes in fruit weight result from the increases in sink strength and proportion of plant biomass allocation for fruits. The model-aided analysis revealed that heterosis is a result of a delicate compromise between fruit setting and fruit sink strength. The organlevel model may provide a computational approach to define the target of breeding by combination with a genetic model.

Demarcation of Seabuckthorn Plantations in Three Northern Areas of China

Seabuckthorn （Hippophae rhamnoides） planting areas in the three northern areas （north, northeast and northwest） of China are divided into five planting zones： the semi-humid forest prairie climate zone for ecological and economic types of seabuckthorn plantations in the southern part of the Loess Plateau; the semi-arid steppe climate zone for similar types of plantations in the central part of the Loess Plateau; the arid desert steppe climate zone for ecological type of seabuckthorn plantations in the northern part of the Loess Plateau; the semi-arid and semi-humid steppe climate zone again for ecological and economic types of plantations in northern Hebei and western Liaoning and the cold humid steppe climate zone for economic types of plantations in the northern part of northeast China. The aim of this demarcation is to avoid a random introduction of seabuckthorn. In each of the five zones, objectives should be set and suitable seabuckthorn species, subspecies and varieties should be planted according to site conditions, seed sources and methods of tree breeding. The cultivation centers, bases, stations, or units should be established and successful models of seedling and planting methods should be encouraged. The principle of matching trees with suitable site conditions and adjusting measures to local conditions should be practiced. From a strategic viewpoint of solving ecological and economic problems of seabuckthorn development in the three northern areas, every seabuckthorn center must have its own germplasm nursery, standard plantation for popularizing, excellent seed and seedling nurseries and sufficient afforestation areas for demonstration and propaganda purposes. These measures would improve the ecological environment and promote economic and social development in the three northern areas of China.

Numerical simulation of vegetated mine dump slope with reference to small plants

The present paper discusses the effects of small plants on the dump mass reinforcement and slope stability.The roots of smaller plants(such as grasses and shrubs)do not go deep.However,they stabilize the slope by binding the upper layer of dump slope.Shear strength of the dump mass with and without root reinforcement is determined by laboratory shear box instrument.The increased cohesion(apparent cohesion)of upper layer of the dump mass due to plants is determined by fabricated shear box.The kinetic behavior of the dump has been investigated using the FLAC software.The factor of safety has been calculated in order to determine the possible effect of small plants on the stability of the dump slope.It is observed that the small plants do not significantly improve the factor of safety(FOS)of slope.However,it could be useful for early stabilization.The grasses quickly bind the upper surface,whereas shrubs too immensely strengthen the stability of the dump in the initial stage.

Pathogenicity of Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae on Brachypodium distachyon

Inoculation methods for rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae to Brachypodium distachyon were developed to investigate the infection process and symptom development in comparison with those on rice （Oryza sativa） and barley （Hordeum vulgare）.M.oryzae could infect leaves,sheathes,stems and panicles of B.distachyon and cause blast disease.Spraying conidial suspension on either intact seedlings or leaf segments induced typical symptoms on B.distachyon.During the intact seedling inoculation,the symptom developed on B.distachyon leaves closely resembled that on rice;but the lesions on B.distachyon had better uniformity in shapes and sizes than those on rice or barley.In the leaf segments inoculation,only initial and low-developed lesions could be found on rice,while normal symptoms on B.distachyon and barley.Inoculated with low-virulent mutants of M.oryzae,B.distachyon produced low-level symptoms.The symptom level of each mutant on B.distachyon corresponded well to that on rice.In addition,typical infection processes presented on B.distachyon leaves：forming melanized appressoria,penetrating into host epidermis and then forming hyphae in epidermal cells.According to these results,B.distachyon can be used as a candidate for studying fungus-plant interactions and as a probable source of disease resistance.

A Functional-Structural Model of Rice Seedling Coupled with Nitrogen Metabolism

With the ability of representing the association and inner-feedback between plant morphological structure and physiological functions, functional-structural plant modeling （FSPM） approach has been used in many works, trying to better understand the mechanisms of integrating plant functions and its structure, and their communication with environmental factors. To do so, an FSPM of rice seedling was developed in this study, including structural morphogenetic model, photosynthetic model and biomass partitioning module. It can thus describe the developmental course of the rice structure dynamically based on the processes of biomass producing and partitioning. Furthermore, the processes of nitrogen metabolism, which influence the N content and growth dynamics of the virtual rice, were also considered. The model was developed with L-system on a platform established with Java programming language, which took over the parsing and visualization of the L-system strings to 3D objects using Java 3D extended library. The physiological processes in the model can be modified and further improved to gradually meet the needs for modeling the whole life cycle of rice, e.g., considering the respiration, and interaction with other environmental factors like CO2, temperature, etc.. The model was developed to provide a platform to systematically study and understand how plant systems like rice seedling work. The model and the virtualization platform can be expanded to provide decision support on N fertilizer application for the rice seedling and the other crops.

Predictive Inverse Neurocontrol:an experimental case study

To increase predictive behaviors of neural network dynamic model, an experimental case study of a new approach to systems controller design is presented. The experiment is based on neural networks inverse plant model. Special rules for network training are developed. Such system is close to model-based predictive control, but needs much less computational resources. The approach advantages are shown by the control of laboratory complex plants.

A Review for Model Plant Mismatch Measures in Process Monitoring

Model is usually necessary for the design of a control loop. Due to simplification and unknown dynamics, model plant mismatch is inevitable in the control loop. In process monitoring, detection of mismatch and evaluation of its influences are demanded. In this paper several mismatch measures are presented based on different model descriptions. They are categorized into different groups from different perspectives and their potential in detection and diagnosis is evaluated. Two case studies on mixing process and distillation process demonstrate the efficacy of the framework of mismatch monitoring.

Persistence and Extinction of a Non-Autonomous Plant Disease Model with Roguing^*

On the basis of analyzing the shortages of present studies on plant disease model for autonomous phenomenon, and considering the actual situation, this paper applies the joint factors of environmental change and the infectivity for latent plants into the system;therefore we deal with a non-autonomous plant disease model with roguing. Some sufficient conditions are established for extinction of diseases and permanence of the system in this paper.

A model solar energy power plant will be built in Shandong Province

A US-China jointly owned model solar energy power plant, with an ultimate installed capacity of 2 000 MW, will be built in Shandong Province.

Design and test of the plant-correcting reel for harvesting lodging garlic plants

Crops are prone to lodging with the decline of stem moisture and the intervention of other factors in the mature harvest period,such as garlic,which is difficult to harvest mechanically.To solve this problem,the plant-correcting reel for harvesting lodging garlic plants,bumped and deformed with plants many times to pull and lift them into a conveyor,is proposed in this study.We analyzed the motion trajectory equation and key influencing factors of the reel and defined the lifting and plant-correcting stages as three processes of contact,stirring and release.For example,the contact deformation model and system energy equations were established in the contact process.Besides,in the stirring process,the garlic plant-correcting conditions were established through the dynamic simulation test analysis of garlic seedling trajectories and the deflection model of garlic stem was constructed.Furthermore,in the release process,the expressions of rubber bars rotation and garlic plant offset bending curvature were constructed and the optimal number and distribution form of bars were determined.Meanwhile,the mechanism and key operating parameters of the auxiliary lifting mechanism of the divider were established.Through the single-factor test,the influence of reel speed,forward speed and reel height on the success feeding rate was analyzed under different bars distribution forms;Through multi-factor experiments,the interaction contour map of various factors was constructed.When reel speed,forward speed and reel height were 3 rad/s,3.5 m/s,and 540 mm,the feeding success rate was 98.73%.The optimization factors were tested and verified,which met the operational requirements of a high feeding success rate and low loss rate of garlic harvest.This study combines laboratory virtual as well as field experiments and analyzes of trajectory of bars,contact deformation and deflection model of garlic plant,and reel rotation and garlic plant offset bending curvature to solve the problem of garlic lodging mechanized harvest and yield reduction.

Thermodynamics of Cascaded Waste Heat Utilization from Flue Gas and Circulating Cooling Water

A detailed thermal power plant model was developed to evaluate power plant waste heat usage in terms of the operating parameters,energy consumption,water consumption,and pollutant emissions.This model was used to analyze the bypass flue gas energy cascade utilization design which provides excellent energy savings and emission reductions.This paper then presents a design to use the low-temperature waste heat and to extract water from the flue gas.The low-grade heat can be recovered from a coal-fired unit using absorption heat pumps to increase the air preheating.This method significantly reduces the turbine steam extraction in the low pressure stages which increases the turbine power and reduces the coal consumption.This design has a small heat transfer temperature difference between the air preheater and the air warmer,resulting in a smaller exergy loss.The power output of the present design was 1024.28 MW with a coal consumption savings of 3.69 g·(kWh)^(−1).In addition,the present design extracts moisture out of the flue gas to produce 46.48 t·h^(−1)of water.The main goal of this work is to provide a theoretical analysis for studying complex thermal power plant systems and various energy conservation and CO_(2)reduction options for conventional power plants.