AN INVESTIGATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION IN PLASMA BY SHOCK TUBE

This paper presents the electromagnetic wave propagation characteristics in plasma and the attenuation coefficients of the microwave in terms of the parameters n_e,v,ω,L,ω_b.The φ800 mm high temperature shock tube has been used to produce a uniform plasma.In order to get the attenuation of the electromagnetic wave through the plasma behind a shock wave,the microwave transmission has been used to measure the relative change of the wave power.The working frequency is f=(2～35)GHz(ω=2πf,wave length λ=15 cm～8 mm).The electron density in the plasma is n_e=(3×10^(10)～1×10^(14))cm^(-3).The collision frequency v=(1×10~8～6×10^(10))Hz.The thickness of the plasma layer L=(2～80)cm.The electron circular frequency ω_b=eBo/m_e,magnetic flux density B_0=(0～0.84)T.The experimental results show that when the plasma layer is thick (such as L/λ(?)10),the correlation between the attenuation coefficients of the electromagnetic waves and the parameters n_e,v,ω,L determined from the measurements are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions of electromagnetic wave propagations in the uniform infinite plasma.When the plasma layer is thin(such as when both L and λ are of the same order),the theoretical results are only in a qualitative agreement with the experimental observations in the present parameter range, but the formula of the electromagnetic wave propagation theory in an uniform infinite plasma can not be used for quantitative computations of the correlation between the attenuation coefficients and the parameters n_e,v,ω,L.In fact,if ω<ω_p,v^2(?)ω~2,the power attenuations K of the electromagnetic waves obtained from the measurements in the thin-layer plasma are much smaller than those of the theoretical predictions.On the other hand,if ω>ω_p,v^2(?)ω~2(just v≈f),the measurements are much larger than the theoretical results.Also,we have measured the electromagnetic wave power attenuation value under the magnetic field and without a magnetic field.The result indicates that the value measured under the magnetic field shows a distinct improvement.

Extended Anode Effect for Tube Inner Coating of Non-Conductive Ceramics by Pulsed Coaxial Magnetron Plasma

For uniform tube inner coating of non-conductive thin films, the double-ended coaxial magnetron pulsed plasma (DCMPP) method was investigated. In this study, coating of TiN and TiO2 was performed. It was clearly shown that the extended anode effect was strongly influenced by the electric resistance of the coated thin films on the inner surface of an insulator tube. Additionally, high frequency (100 kHz) was better for relatively high plasma density. On the other hand, in the case of titanium oxide deposition, negative ion productions drastically decrease the deposition rate and the shifting velocity of plasma main position for coated TiO2 films.

Study on Propagation Characteristics of Plasma Surface Wave in Medium Tube

Axial propagation characteristics of the axisymmetric surface wave along the plasma in the medium tube were studied. The expressions of electromagnetic field inside and outside the medium tube were deduced. Also, the impacts of several factors, such as plasma density, signal frequency, inner radius of medium tube, collision frequency, etc., on plasma surface wave propa- gation were numerically simulated. The results show that, the properties of plasma with higher density and lower gas pressure are closer to those of metal conductor. Furthermore, larger radius of medium tube and lower signal frequency are better for surface wave propagation. However, the effect of collision frequency is not obvious. The optimized experimental parameters can be chosen as the plasma density of about 10^17 m^-3 and the medium radius between 11 mm and 19 mm.

Analysis of the axial electric field in a plasma-loaded- helix travelling wave tube

A helix type slow wave structure filled with plasma is immersed in a strong longitudinal magnetic field. Taking into account the effect of the plasma and the dielectric, the system is separated radially into three regions. By means of the sheath model and Maxwell equation, the distribution of the electromagnetic field is established. Using the boundary conditions of each region, the dispersion relation of the slow wave structure is derived. The trend of change for the radial profile of the axial electric field is analysed respectively in different plasma densities, plasma column radius and dielectric constant by numerical computation. Some useful results are obtained on the basis of the discussion.

Influences of the inner diameter of the solid shielding tube on the characteristics of the radio-frequency cold atmospheric plasma jet

Active control of the local environment of the cold atmospheric plasma(CAP) jet is of great importance in actual applications since the CAP operates in an open atmosphere with the inevitable entrainment of the surrounding cold air. In this paper, the solid shielding effects of the cylindrical quartz tubes with different inner diameters on the characteristics of the CAP jets driven by a radio-frequency(RF) power supply are studied experimentally. The experimental results show that the total length of the shielded plasma jet can be increased significantly by an appropriate combination of the quartz tube inner diameter and that of the plasma generator nozzle exit with other parameters being unchanged. This phenomenon may be qualitatively attributed to the loss of diffusion of the charged particles in the radial direction under different inner diameters of the quartz tubes. Compared with the plasma free jet, the plasma shielding jet is produced with optimized parameters including longer plasma jet length, higher concentrations of chemically reactive species, higher rotational, vibrational, and electron excitation temperatures when the inner diameters of the solid shielding tube and the generator nozzle exit are the same. A maximum plasma jet length of 52.0 cm is obtained in contrast to that of 5.0 cm of the plasma free jet in this study. The experimental results indicate that the solid shielding effect provides a new method for the active control of the local environment of the RF-CAP jet operating in an open atmosphere.

TP2铜管精整工序喷墨质量不良原因分析及改进措施初探

在精密铜管精整复绕工序中,涡流探伤装置检测到伤点后会向喷墨装置发送信号,以对铜管表面缺陷进行喷墨标记,但是该过程普遍存在喷墨不良,严重影响了对缺陷的判断。本文介绍了TP2铜管生产线中涡流探伤仪器的工作原理,对原有的涡流探伤仪器、喷墨装置以及喷枪结构进行调研,分析了原有喷墨装置喷墨时存在的漏墨和拖墨问题,探讨了等离子技术与激光刻蚀技术作为喷墨技术替代方案的可能性。文献调研、现有技术分析及其他替代试验的结果表明,采用等离子体表面处理技术对已喷墨铜管进行处理后,可以一定程度地改善铜管拖墨的问题;采用功率为300 W的激光对铜管表面进行刻蚀处理,激光头速度分别为80 mm/s和200 mm/s时,对铜管表面刻蚀呈现出的不同效果,均能够进行缺陷的有效标识。因此,铜管表面激光刻蚀技术可以作为喷墨技术的替代方案。

Treatment of Dye Wastewater by Using a Hybrid Gas/Liquid Pulsed Discharge Plasma Reactor

A hybrid gas/liquid pulsed discharge plasma reactor using a porous ceramic tube is proposed for dye wastewater treatment. High voltage pulsed discharge plasma was generated in the gas phase and simultaneously the plasma channel was permeated through the tiny holes of the ceramic tube into the water phase accompanied by gas bubbles. The porous ceramic tube not only separated the gas phase and liquid phase but also offered an effective plasma spreading channel. The effects of the peak pulse voltage, additive gas varieties, gas bubbling rate, solution conductivity and TiO2 addition were investigated. The results showed that this reactor was effective for dye wastewater treatment. The decoloration efficiency of Acid Orange II was enhanced with an increase in the power supplied. Under the studied conditions, 97% of Acid Orange II in aqueous solution was effectively decolored with additive oxygen gas, which was 51% higher than that with argon gas, and the increasing 02 bubbling rate also benefited the decoloration of dye wastewater. Water conductivity had a small effect on the level of decoloration. Catalysis of TiO2 could be induced by the pulsed discharge plasma and addition of TiO2 aided the decoloration of Acid Orange II.

Scale-Up Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide from H_2/O_2 with Multiple Parallel DBD Tubes

The scale-up synthesis of H2O2 from H2/O2 via a dielectric barrier discharge （DBD） under ambient conditions was studied. A plasma reactor consisting of multiple parallel DBD tubes was designed to scale up the H2O2 synthesis. The number of tubes had no significant effect on the discharge mode, and no decay occurred in H2O2 selectivity during the scale-up process. These advantages made this technology more stable and efficient. The reactor＇s energy efficiency increased with the number of tubes and reached 136 g H2O2/kWh in the four-tube reaction. The total energy efficiency was limited by the extremely low energy transfer efficiency of power supply, and might be enhanced by optimizing the impedance matching between the power supply and the reactor load. As a result, an assembly of multiple DBD tubes may provide a viable route for the scale-up synthesis of H2O2 by a non-equilibrium plasma.

Transmission characteristics of EM wave in a finite thickness plasma

One of the key factors for solving the problems of re-entry communication interruption is electromagnetic（EM） wave transmission characteristics in a plasma.Theoretical and experimental studies were carried out on specific transmission characteristics for different plasma sheath characteristic under thin sheath condition in re-entry state.The paper presents systematic studies on the variations of wave attenuation characteristics versus plasma sheath thickness L,collision frequency ν,electron density n e and wave working frequency f in a φ 800 mm high temperature shock tube.In experiments,L is set to 4 cm and 38 cm.ν is 2 GHz and 15 GHz.n e is from 1×10 10 cm（-3） to 1×10 13 cm（-3）,and f is set to 2,5,10,14.6 GHz,respectively.Meanwhile,Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin（WKB） and finite-difference time-domain（FDTD） methods are adopted to carry out theoretical simulation for comparison with experimental results.It is found that when L is much larger than EM wavelength λ（thick sheath） and ν is large,the theoretical result is in good agreement with experimental one,when sheath thickness L is much larger than λ,while ν is relatively small,two theoretical results are obviously different from the experimental ones.It means that the existing theoretical model can not fully describe the contribution of ν.Furthermore,when L and λ are of the same order of magnitude（thin sheath）,the experimental result is much smaller than the theoretical values,which indicates that the current model can not properly describe the thin sheath effect on EM attenuation characteristics.

钛管高速双枪TIG焊电弧和熔池动态行为的数值模拟

采用高速双枪TIG焊制造钛焊管。建立双钨极、双电弧和熔池耦合数学模型,研究温度场分布、电弧等离子体和熔池液态金属流动以及双枪TIG焊系统能量传输行为。电弧极性相同,在电磁力作用下,前后电极下方的电弧等离子体相向流动。熔池Marangoni力远高于电弧剪切力,是熔池上表面液态金属后向流动的主要驱动力。计算的双钨极电弧热效率为79.8%。高速双枪TIG焊可以提高钛焊管的制造效率和质量。

Energy spectrum of multi-radiation of X-rays in a low energy Mather-type plasma focus device

The multi-radiation of X-rays was investigated with special attention to their energy spectrum in a Mather-type plasma focus device （operated with argon gas）. The analysis is based on the effect of anomalous resistances. To study the energy spectrum, a four-channel diode X-ray spectrometer was used along with a special set of filters. The filters were suitable for detection of medium range X-rays as well as hard X-rays with energy exceeding 30 keV. The results indicate that the anomalous resistivity effect during the post pinch phase may cause multi-radiation of X-rays with a total duration of 300 ± 50 ns. The significant contribution of Cu-Kα was due to the medium range X-rays, nonetheless, hard X-rays with energies greater than 15 keV also participate in the process. The total emitted X-ray energy in the forms of Cu-K and Cu-K/3 was around 0.14 ± 0.02 （J/Sr） and 0.04 ±0.01 （J/Sr）, respectively. The total energy of the emitted hard X-ray （〉 15 keV） was around 0.12± 0.02 （J/Sr）.

Inconel625合金波纹管的微束等离子焊接

为了解决Inconel625合金波纹管的原材料问题,采用微束等离子焊接方法,研究了Inconel625合金带材焊接Φ25×0.2管坯的焊接工艺,通过焊管胀形试验,验证了不同工艺参数焊接的管坯焊缝的力学性能;通过金相分析了不同工艺参数焊接的管坯焊缝的组织状态;通过波纹管成形试验,验证了采用最佳工艺参数焊接的Inconel625合金管坯,焊缝力学性能指标与母材相当,满足波纹管成形要求。

爆轰驱动惰性气体磁流体发电试验研究

磁流体发电装置作为一种特殊的高功率脉冲电源,具有效率高、容量大、启动快的优点,制约其发展的关键在于如何获得高电导率的发电工质.爆轰驱动具有远超常规方式的驱动能力,在提供高温、高电导率气体方面独具优势.将爆轰驱动激波管技术应用于磁流体发电,有利于突破磁流体发电技术瓶颈,故据此开展了基于爆轰驱动激波管技术的惰性气体磁流体发电试验研究.爆轰驱动根据激波管点火位置不同分为反向和正向两种运行模式,反向爆轰驱动可提供时间较长、状态稳定的试验气流,而正向爆轰优势在于产生高焓试验气流.试验系统由爆轰驱动激波管、拉瓦尔喷管、发电通道、电磁铁和真空罐等组成,试验中分别以反向爆轰和正向爆轰驱动激波管产生发电工质,利用激波将惰性气体压缩至高温从而发生电离,形成的等离子体经喷管加速后,最终在法拉第直线型发电机内切割磁感线输出电能.磁场强度0.9 T的条件下,反向爆轰在负载3.5Ω时获得了较稳定的1.9 kW输出功率,持续时间1.5 ms;外接35 mΩ负载时,正向爆轰在0.3 ms内短时输出功率高达212 k W,功率密度为0.2 GW/m^(3).试验成功验证了基于爆轰驱动激波管技术的惰性气体磁流体发电方案的可行性,为高功率脉冲电源的应用与发展提供了新的方法.

工作气压对管内壁沉积Si/O-DLC薄膜结构与性能的影响

目的探讨工作气压对管内等离子体放电光学现象以及Si/O-DLC(Si and O Incorporated DLC,Si/O-DLC)薄膜结构与性能的影响,为获得管内高质量、均匀的Si/O-DLC薄膜制备工艺技术提供指导。方法利用空心阴极等离子体增强化学气相沉积(Hollow Cathode Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition,HC-PECVD)技术,通过改变工作气压在管内沉积Si/O-DLC薄膜。利用高速摄像机记录并对比不同工作气压下管内等离子体放电光学现象。通过SPM、XPS和Raman光谱仪表征不同工作气压下薄膜的三维立体表面形貌和微观结构,并利用SEM、纳米压痕仪以及划痕测试系统,对比研究管内Si/O-DLC薄膜的硬度、弹性模量、膜基结合力以及沿管轴向的薄膜厚度分布。结果随着工作气压的上升,管径向中心处亮斑面积和光强先增大增强后趋于缩小暗淡。在不同工作气压下,均能够在管内获得表面光滑的Si/O-DLC薄膜,粗糙度为3~10 nm。随着工作气压的上升,管内Si/O-DLC薄膜的平均厚度从1.42μm增大到2.06μm,且沿管轴向的薄膜厚度分布均匀度从24%显著提高到65%;不同工作气压下管内Si/O-DLC薄膜沿管轴向平均硬度呈先增大后减小的趋势,总体平均硬度可达(14±1)GPa。管内Si/O-DLC薄膜在工作气压上升到25 mTorr时获得较高的平均膜基结合力。结论改变工作气压能够显著影响管内壁Si/O-DLC薄膜的结构与性能,当工作气压为25 m Torr时,在管内获得均匀性最优、结合力较高的Si/O-DLC薄膜。

10m长管道内壁类金刚石薄膜沉积及性能

工业生产过程中管道内壁经常受到输送物质的腐蚀和磨损,对管道内壁进行涂层防护十分必要,而目前鲜有在大长径比管道内壁镀膜的报道,且缺乏对大长径比管道内壁膜层性能的研究。采用等离子体增强化学气相沉积(PECVD)技术在直径100 mm、长10 m管道内壁沉积类金刚石(DLC)薄膜,并研究管道内工作气体的等离子体放电辉光光谱、膜层表面亮度、水静态接触角、硬度、摩擦因数和拉曼光谱等。结果表明:管道内等离子体光谱显示管内等离子体中有Ar^(+)和乙炔分解成的C_(2)、H和CH;膜层表面的亮度L*最高达到37.4和色差ΔE^(*)最大1.9,膜层拉曼光谱结果表明靠近管道两端和中间位置膜层的I_(D)/I_(G)均匀,膜层水静态接触角显示靠近管道两端的膜层接触角略小;靠近管道两端膜层硬度相比中间位置的膜层硬度高,并且磨损测试中膜层均未出现破损剥落,膜层具有高的耐磨性。试验实现了在大长径比的管道内壁沉积耐磨损的DLC膜层,为长管道内壁均匀镀膜提供了理论支持和技术指导。

直流双管式电弧等离子体发生器性能研究

利用实验手段研究了双管式电弧等离子体发生器的特性,包括旋流进气特性、伏安特性和运行热效率等,建立了基于双管式电弧等离子体发生器的数学模型。结果表明,旋流流速对电极烧蚀速率有较大影响,电弧电压降和发生器热效率随电流增加而下降,发生器热效率随气流量增大而增大。根据相似理论建立的数学模型能够准确模拟等离子体发生器的负电弧动态电阻伏安特性。以上研究可为大功率、长寿命双管式电弧等离子体发生器的开发及其在材料制备和环境保护领域的应用提供参考。

催化剂协同脉冲放电等离子体处理甲硫醚气体的实验研究

为了探讨催化剂与脉冲放电等离子体共同作用来处理恶臭气体的效果,采用V2O5/γ-Al2O3催化剂与脉冲放电等离子体共同作用来处理了恶臭气体甲硫醚,并探讨了反应中催化剂与脉冲放电等离子体的协同性及工艺参数对降解反应的影响。实验结果表明:电晕放电具有改变催化剂气-固相吸附平衡、减少吸附容量的作用,处理恶臭气体时可通过添加催化剂吸附-气体浓缩环节来提高降解反应的能量利用率;催化剂与脉冲放电等离子体共同作用比单一脉冲放电等离子具有更高的甲硫醚去除率,同时催化剂的填充通过改变介电性及电场强度使反应获得更大的能量,催化剂颗粒表面发生的强烈放电促进了降解反应的进行;在一定电压范围内,通过提高峰值电压、增加气体停留时间可有效提高甲硫醚去除率;当峰值电压为22 k V、甲硫醚体积分数为315×10-6、体积流量为550 m L/min时,甲硫醚去除率可达84.12%。催化剂协同脉冲放电等离子体能够有效处理恶臭气体甲硫醚。

等离子喷涂工艺对锅炉管束用Fe基非晶涂层组织结构和耐蚀性能的影响

目的研究等离子喷涂功率和喷涂时间对锅炉管束用Fe基非晶涂层的相组成、微观组织结构及涂层耐蚀性能的影响。方法通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和三电极电化学研究进行分析。结果涂层主要由非晶相组成,表面较为平整致密;随着喷涂功率和喷涂时间的增加,涂层非晶相含量降低,孔隙率降低,致密性升高。非晶涂层在0.5mol/L H2SO4溶液和在3.5%(质量分数)NaCl溶液中均表现出良好的钝化作用,在0.5mol/L H2SO4溶液中钝化区较宽,在3.5%NaCl溶液中自腐蚀电流密度较低。随喷涂功率和时间的增加,阳极极化曲线钝化区加宽,电流密度降低。结论喷涂功率升高会导致涂层孔隙率下降,喷涂时间增加则致使涂层厚度增加,腐蚀介质渗透到基体的表面路径和阻力增加,从而可以进一步改善Fe基非晶涂层的耐蚀性能。

肝素化医用高分子抗凝管的研究

肝素经低温等离子体接枝处理固定在医用高分子（例如聚氨酯、聚乙烯）管内壁。获得了内壁光滑的且具有抗凝血功能的新颖材料。经凝血时间（ＣＴ）和凝血因子（ＫＰＴＴ、ＰＴ、ＴＴ）时间的测定，这种抗凝管具有显著的抗凝血功能，并且管壁上固定着的肝素不脱落。鼠血流经抗凝管后２４小时以上仍不会形成血栓，切口处也不渗血。经接触角测定和复钙时间测得，氩等离子体轰击并完成肝素接枝在高分子表面的最佳合成时间是１２秒。

介质管内等离子体表面波传播特性研究

研究了同轴对称表面波沿介质管内的等离子体轴向传播的特性,导出了介质管内外的电磁场表达式,数值计算并仿真模拟了等离子体密度、信号频率、介质管内径、碰撞频率等因素对表面波在等离子体中传播的影响。结果显示,密度在1016m-3~1017m-3量级的等离子体更接近金属导体,介质管半径在11 mm^19 mm之间更有利于表面波的传播,而碰撞频率的影响并不明显。此结果对实验具有重要的指导意义。