Can soil organic carbon sequestration and the carbon management index be improved by changing the film mulching methods in the semiarid region?

Plastic film mulching has been widely used to increase maize yield in the semiarid area of China.However, whether long-term plastic film mulching is conducive to agricultural sustainability in this region remains controversial.A field experiment was initiated in 2013 with five different film mulching methods:(i) control method, flat planting without mulching (CK),(ii) flat planting with half film mulching (P),(iii) film mulching on ridges and planting in narrow furrows(S),(iv) full film mulching on double ridges (D), and (v) film mulching on ridges and planting in wide furrows (R).The effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) content, storage, and fractions, and on the carbon management index (CMI)were evaluated after nine consecutive years of plastic film mulching.The results showed that long-term plastic film mulching generally maintained the initial SOC level.Compared with no mulching, plastic film mulching increased the average crop yield, biomass yield, and root biomass by 48.38, 35.06, and 37.32%, respectively, which led to the improvement of SOC sequestration.Specifically, plastic film mulching significantly improved CMI, and increased the SOC content by 13.59%, SOC storage by 7.47%and easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC) by 13.78%on average,but it reduced the other labile fractions.SOC sequestration and CMI were improved by refining the plastic film mulching methods.The S treatment had the best effect among the four mulching methods, so it can be used as a reasonable film mulching method for sustainable agricultural development in the semiarid area.

Effects of Plastic Film Mulching on Physical Characters of Soil and Yield and Yield Components of Sweet Potato

Field experiments were carried out to study the effects of plastic film mulching on soil physical characters, including soil temperature, soil moisture content and soil bulk density, and yield and yield components of sweet potato. The results showed that plastic filming mulching increased soil temperature. Considering the soil temperature-increasing effect, the treatments ranked as black plastic film treatment 〉 white plastic film treatment 〉 control. However, with the deepening of soil layer, the warming effect of plastic film mulching was weakened. Black or white plastic film mulching was conducive to low T/R value, especially in the early growth stage of sweet potato. Plastic film mulching significantly improved the storage root yield of sweet potato. In terms of yield-improving effect, the treatments ranked as black plastic film treatment 〉 white plastic film treatment 〉 control. The storage root num- ber per plant showed a downward trend, but the weight of single storage root was increased.

Effects of Different Plastic films Mulching on Soil Temperature and Moisture, the Growth and Yield of Sugarcane

[Objective] The effects of different plastic films mulching on soil temperature and moisture, and growth and yield of sugarcane were discussed in order to provide references for using different plastic film in sugarcane pro-duction. [Method]Four kinds of plastic films viz., normal colorless transparent plastic film, milky photodegradation weeding plastic film, black plastic film and gray-black plastic film were used in sugarcane cultivation by using no film mulching as the control. Soil temperature and moisture were measured during plastic film mulching period, and sugarcane agronomic traits such as emergence rate, tillering rate, plant hight, stalk diameter and effective stalk number were investigated during growth period, the cane yield and economic benefits were calculated during harvest period. [Result] The results showed that plastic film mulching could significantly increase soil temperature and moisture. Com-pared with the control, soil temperature was increased by 0.3-0.8 ℃ in three plastic films mulching treatment except for gray-black plastic film mulching. The soil moisture of all mulching treatments was 10.1%-17.4% higher than the control. Furthermore, the seedling emergence rate, tillering rate, effective stalk number and cane yield also could be improved using plastic film mulching,which were increased by 0.8%-9.9%, 20.6%-34.9%, 5190-10980 stalks/hm^2and6.4%-14.9% as compared to the control,while plant height and stalk diameter were found to be no significant effect by plastic film mulching. The results of benefit analysis indicated that, milky photodegradation weeding film mulching had the highest economic benefit, the second were normal colorless transparent plastic film mulching and black plastic film mulching, which were 5 987.2, 1 876.5 and 1 813.5 Yuan/hm^2 higher than the control. The gray-black film mulching treatment had poor benefit.[Conclusion] The milky photodegradation weeding plastic film could be vigorously extended in sugarcane production. Normal colorless transparent plastic film and black plastic film could be ex-tended gradually as a new kind of plastic film. The grayblack film should not be used for its higher cost and more thickness.

Improving maize growth and development simulation by integrating temperature compensatory effect under plastic film mulching into the AquaCrop model

Temperature compensatory effect, which quantifies the increase in cumulative air temperature from soil temperature increase caused by mulching, provides an effective method for incorporating soil temperature into crop models. In this study, compensated temperature was integrated into the AquaCrop model to investigate the capability of the compensatory effect to improve assessment of the promotion of maize growth and development by plastic film mulching(PM). A three-year experiment was conducted from2014 to 2016 with two maize varieties(spring and summer) and two mulching conditions(PM and non-mulching(NM)), and the AquaCrop model was employed to reproduce crop growth and yield responses to changes in NM, PM, and compensated PM. A marked difference in soil temperature between NM and PM was observed before 50 days after sowing(DAS) during three growing seasons. During sowing–emergence and emergence–tasseling, the increase in air temperature was proportional to the compensatory coefficient, with spring maize showing a higher compensatory temperature than summer maize. Simulation results for canopy cover(CC) were generally in good agreement with the measurements, whereas predictions of aboveground biomass and grain yield under PM indicated large underestimates from 60 DAS to the end of maturity. Simulations of spring maize biomass and yield showed general increase based on temperature compensation, accompanied by improvement in modeling accuracy, with RMSEs decreasing from 2.5 to 1.6 t ha^(-1)and from 4.1 t to 3.4 t ha^(-1). Improvement in biomass and yield simulation was less pronounced for summer than for spring maize, implying that crops grown during low-temperature periods would benefit more from the compensatory effect. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of the temperature compensatory effect to improve the performance of the AquaCrop model in simulating maize growth under PM practices.

Effects of plastic film mulching on soil greenhouse gases(CO2,CH4 and N2O) concentration within soil profiles in maize fields on the Loess Plateau,China

To better understand the effects of plastic film mulching on soil greenhouse gases（GHGs） emissions,we compared seasonal and vertical variations of GHG concentrations at seven soil depths in maize（Zea mays L.） fields at Changwu station in Shaanxi,a semi-humid region,between 2012 and 2013.Gas samples were taken simultaneously every one week from non-mulched（BP） and plastic film-mulched（FM） field plots.The results showed that the concentration of GHGs varied distinctly at the soil-atmosphere interface and in the soil profile during the maize growing season（MS）.Both carbon dioxide（CO_2） and nitrous oxide（N_2O） concentrations increased with increasement of soil depth,while the methane（CH_4）concentrations decreased with increasement of soil depth.A strong seasonal variation pattern was found for CO_2 and N_2O concentrations,as compared to an inconspicuous seasonal variation of CH_4 concentrations.The mean CO_2 and N_2O concentrations were higher,but the mean CH_4 concentration in the soil profiles was lower in the FM plots than in the BP plots.The results of this study suggested that plastic film mulching significantly increased the potential emissions of CO_2and N_2O from the soil,and promoted CH_4 absorption by the soil,particularly during the MS.

Effects of Plastic Film Mulching on Soil Carbon Fixation Capacity and Fertility Level in Eastern Qinghai

[Objectives]To explore the effects of single application of chemical fertilizers on soil carbon fixation capacity and soil fertility under plastic film mulching conditions in eastern Qinghai,and to provide a theoretical basis for realizing the sustainable development of film mulching planting method in this area.[Methods]The effects of single application of chemical fertilizer cultivation mode under film mulching conditions on the soil organic carbon(SOC),labile organic carbon(LOC),carbon management index(CMI),extractable humus carbon(CHE),humic acid carbon(CHA),and fulvic acid carbon(CFA)in the cultivated layer(0-20 cm)were studied through three consecutive years of field experiments on dryland maize farmland in the eastern Qinghai.[Results]Under the film mulching condition,the SOC,LOC and CMI of the single application of chemical fertilizer cultivation mode were lower than that of the open field control.CHE,CHA and CFA increased with the increase of planting years,but the degree of increase was generally less than that of the open field control.With the increase of planting years,by 2020,the soil LOC/SOC value of film mulching decreased by 4.97%compared with before the start of the experiment,while the open field control increased by 1.11%;the organic carbon oxidation stability coefficient(KOS)of the film mulching was higher than that of the open field control;the soil CHA/CFA value and PQ value were higher than that of the open field control.[Conclusions]Under the condition of single application of chemical fertilizers,the continuous film mulching cultivation mode reduces the soil carbon fixation capacity,and soil organic carbon tends to be stable,which is not conducive to biological utilization and could reduce the soil fertility and degrade the soil quality,causing adverse effects on the stability of crop yield and sustainable production in the long run.

Effects of film mulching regime on soil water status and grain yield of rain-fed winter wheat on the Loess Plateau of China

Shortages and fluctuations in precipitation are influential limiting factors for the sustainable cultivation of rain-fed winter wheat on the Loess Plateau of China. Plastic film mulching is one of the most effective water management practices to improve soil moisture, and may be useful in the Loess Plateau for increasing soil water storage. A field experiment was conducted from July 2010 to June 2012 on the Loess Plateau to investigate the effects of mulching time and rates on soil water storage, evapotranspiration （ET）, water use efficiency （WUE）, and grain yield. Six treatments were conducted： （1） early mulching （starting 30 days after harvest） with whole mulching （EW）; （2） early mulching with half mulching （EH）; （3） early mulching with no mulching （EN）; （4） late mulching （starting 60 days after harvest） with whole mulching （LW）; （5） late mulching with half mulching （LH）; and （6） late mulching with no mulching （LN）. EW increased precipitation storage efficiency during the fallow periods of each season by 18.4 and 17.8%, respectively. EW improved soil water storage from 60 days after harvest to the booting stage and also outperformed LN by 13.8 and 20.9% in each growing season. EW also improved spike number per ha by 13.8 and 20.9% and grain yield by 11.7 and 17.4% during both years compared to LN. However, EW decreased WUE compared with LN. The overall results of this study demonstrated that EW could be a productive and efficient practice to improve wheat yield on the Loess Plateau of China.

Simulation of temperature distribution in double-row potato ridges mulched with plastic film covered with soil

In Northwest China,potatoes are cultivated on double-rows of each ridge which is mulched with plastic film,and the film is covered with some of soil.While effective in retaining soil moisture,this technique can render the potato seedlings prone to be burned if they are not released from the plastic film in time.In this study,the model of convective heat transfer of potato ridge under solar radiation and atmospheric radiation is established by the Fluent software.The processes of the heat transfer of potato ridge was simulated for a certain day,and the temperature distribution in the potato ridge was monitored over time.The temperature distribution of soil in the growth layer of potato plants was analyzed under different thickness and widths of the covering soil on the film.The results showed that with the increase of covering soil thickness and width,the time for soil at different depth to reach the peak-temperature was delayed,and the daily temperature change of soil where the different depths layer of potato plants growth was reduced.At that time,a binary regression equation of offset temperature was constructed by using the Response Surface Method.The best parameter combination for covering soil on the plastic film is a thickness of 50 mm and a width of 280 mm in the cold and arid areas of Northwest China.However,the offset temperature(PT)first decreased and then almost remained unchanged with the increase of covering soil thickness.Considering the operational efficiency and power consumption of soil covering devices in the field,the unchanged width of the covering soil is 200 mm.The field experiments have shown that a 50 mm thick of soil covering is beneficial for the growth of potato plants and a 200 mm width of soil covering is beneficial for the growth of potato plants.The height of potato plants was 21 cm,and the natural emergence rate of potatoes was 95.8%on June 9,2024.The environment of soil covered could provide theoretical support for the mechanized planting of potatoes.

Effects of mulch and planting methods on Medicago ruthenica seed yield and soil physical-chemical properties

Medicago ruthenica (L.) Trautv., a wild grass species, is commonly grown as a forage crop in arid and semi-arid areas of China. Herein, we explored mulch patterns and planting methods for optimizing M. ruthenica seed production in the loess plateau of the Gansu Province, China from 2017 to 2019. The experiments comprised of six treatments including (1) flat ground without mulch (F0, control);(2) flat ground with a transparent white 0.008 mm thick plastic film mulch (FP);(3) flat ground with 4500 kg/hm2 straw mulch (FS);(4) furrow with 10 cm ridges (R0);(5) furrow with plastic film mulch (RP);and (6) furrow with straw mulch (RS). Results showed that the harvested seed yield of M. ruthenica was the highest under RP treatment, followed by FP and FS treatments. Soil moisture content from mid-May to mid-August in 2017 was the highest under RP and FP treatments, followed by RS and FS treatments. In 2018, soil moisture content was the highest under RS and FS treatments. In 2017 and 2018, soil temperature was the highest under FP and RP treatments, followed by F0 and R0 treatments. Total and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents were the highest under RS and FS treatments, followed by RP and FP treatments. Comprehensive analysis result showed that surface mulch improved soil microenvironment and increased seed yield of M. ruthenica. Straw mulch also effectively recycled excess crop straw, thereby encouraging the sustainable development of agriculture in this area. In conclusion, FS treatment was considered the best mode for M. ruthenica seed production in this area.

不同种植方式对高寒旱区地膜小麦耗水特征和产量的影响

于2019—2022年在陇中高寒旱区以裸地条播为对照(CK),设置全膜覆土穴播(FM)和膜侧沟播(FS)两种覆盖方式,研究不同覆盖种植方式对冬小麦耗水特性、生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,FM和FS处理播种期~拔节期0~20 cm土层土壤温度分别平均提高3.1℃和2.1℃,灌浆期分别降低0.6℃和1.0℃。覆盖能不同程度提高冬小麦各生育期0~200 cm土层土壤含水量,其中出苗期、返青期、拔节期和灌浆期提高幅度均高于20%。与CK相比,FM处理返青后冬小麦耗水量平均显著提高29.2%,返青前显著降低42.4%;FS处理返青期~灌浆期耗水量提高12.6%,返青前降低25.7%。各处理冬小麦基本苗、分蘖数、公顷穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量均表现为FM>FS>CK,处理间差异显著,其中FM和FS处理产量分别较CK平均提高74.7%和45.4%;处理间耗水量差异不显著;FM处理水分利用效率最大,较CK平均提高67.3%,FS次之,较CK平均提高46.1%。综上,地膜覆盖可调节土壤水分状况,改善冬小麦生长发育和成穗情况,显著提高产量和水分利用效率,其中全膜覆土穴播调节效应优于膜侧沟播,是适宜在高寒旱区地膜小麦生产中推广应用的种植方式。

Degradability of biodegradable plastic films and its mulching effects on soil temperature and maize yield in northeastern China

Plastic film is an important resource in agricultural production,but it takes hundreds of years to degrade completely in natural environment.The large-scale use of plastic film will inevitably lead to serious environmental pollution.One way to solve the problem is to develop a substitutable mulching film,such as a biodegradable film that can ultimately be decomposed to water,carbon dioxide,and soil organic matter by micro-organisms.In this study,a 2-year experiment was conducted to determine the degradation properties of a biodegradable plastic film,including degradation rate,surface microstructure,tensile strength and elongation at break,and the effects of different mulching treatments on soil temperature and maize yield.The mulching experiment was conducted with three different biodegradable plastic films with different degradation rates,using a common plastic film and a non-mulched treatment as control.With the addition of the additives for degradation in the biodegradable plastic films,the degradation rates increased significantly,which were 7.2%-17.8%in 2017 and 18.1%-35.2%in 2018 after maize harvesting.However,the degradation occurred mainly on the ridge side.The decrease in tensile strength and elongation was proportional to the degradation rate of the degradable film.The SEM results indicated that the surface microstructures of the biodegradable films were loose and heterogeneous after maize harvesting.Biodegradable plastic film mulching increased the soil temperature at soil depths of 5 cm,15 cm,and 25 cm,over the maize’s entire growth period,by 3.1℃-3.2℃ in 2017 and 1.2℃-2.1℃ in 2018 compared with the non-mulched treatment.The biodegradable plastic film increased the maize yield by 10.4%-14.3%in 2017 and 11.6%-24.7%in 2018.The soil temperature and maize yield increases were statistically significant;however,with respect to maize qualities,there were no statistically significant increases among the five treatments.This study shows that biodegradable plastic film can be used as a substitute for common plastic film.However,the ingredients in biodegradable plastic films should be improved further to ensure that they can be degraded completely after crop harvest.

长期覆膜旱作和施用包膜尿素对水稻产量、氮肥利用率及土壤养分的影响

水稻覆膜旱作栽培(non-flooding plastic film mulching cultivation,PM)是以地膜覆盖为核心来实现水稻节水生产的综合集成创新技术。然而,在覆盖地膜后,氮肥只能在移栽前作为基肥一次性施用,导致水稻前期营养生长过盛和生育后期潜在缺氮,从而限制了水稻高产。聚合物包膜尿素(polymer coated urea,CR)是一种控释氮肥,在传统淹水栽培(traditional flooding cultivation,TF)模式下已成为提高作物产量和氮肥利用率的最佳管理措施之一,但尚未在PM模式下进行长期定位试验评估。本研究以高产中熟籼型杂交稻‘两优培九’为供试水稻品种,比较在PM和TF 2种栽培模式下施用CR和普通尿素(urea,UR)对水稻产量、氮肥利用率及土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明:与UR相比,在TF和PM模式下施用CR使水稻氮肥利用率分别提高9.2%和15.4%(P<0.05),使水稻产量分别提高8.6%和15.0%(P<0.05)。与TF模式相比,PM模式加速了土壤有机质的分解,降低了土壤全氮、碱解氮含量。与施用UR相比,在PM模式下施用CR能缓解土壤全氮、碱解氮含量的下降,并使经济效益提高16.8%。综上所述,施用CR是解决在PM模式下水稻生育后期缺氮问题的有效途径。

不同覆盖方式对旱地冬小麦土壤水热及光合特性的影响

为了探明不同覆盖方式对旱地冬小麦土壤水热、光合特性的影响,在陇中半干旱区,设置了露地无覆盖(CK)、秸秆带状覆盖(SM4、SM5)和地膜覆盖(PM),对不同处理下小麦田土壤水热状况、叶片光合指标和产量进行测定与分析。结果表明,与CK比较,SM4、SM5和PM处理均显著增加了冬小麦播种至收获期的土壤平均含水量,增幅分别为7.0%、9.0%和8.5%;SM4和SM5处理显著降低了冬小麦全生育期土壤平均温度,降幅分别为11.3%和13.7%,而PM处理显著增加了全生育期土壤平均温度,增幅为6.7%;SM4、SM5和PM处理使小麦净光合速率(P_(n))、蒸腾速率(T_(r))、气孔导度(G_(s))分别增加了16.3%、18.4%、2.6%,17.2%、19.2%、8.9%和26.0%、30.7%、8.9%,使胞间CO_(2)浓度(C_(i))分别降低7.2%、9.1%和3.1%,SM5处理较SM4处理的变幅更大。与CK相比,SM4、SM5、PM处理显著增加了冬小麦籽粒产量和生物产量,增幅分别为11.9%、18.0%、20.9%和16.7%、19.0%、25.5%。相关分析表明,冬小麦籽粒产量与旗叶P_(n)(r=0.539*)和T_(r)(r=0.633*)呈显著正相关;冬小麦开花期和灌浆前期旗叶光合生理特性对籽粒产量和千粒重的影响大于灌浆后期。可见,在旱地小麦种植中,秸秆带状覆盖能显著改善土壤水热情况,提高旗叶光合能力,使小麦产量显著增加。

秸秆还田和覆膜对旱作雨养农田土壤理化性质及春玉米产量的影响

【目的】研究干旱区不同秸秆还田方式与覆膜处理对农田土壤水分和养分含量及春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响,分析不同秸秆还田方式的农田培肥和增产效应,筛选西北旱区绿色高效的秸秆资源化利用方式,为旱区农业高质量发展提供科技支撑。【方法】于2019~2020年在甘肃省会宁县设计大田试验,设置秸秆不还田+无膜(CK)、秸秆粉碎还田(SS)、秸秆发酵还田(FS)、秸秆不还田+覆膜(MK)、秸秆粉碎还田+覆膜(MS)和秸秆发酵还田+覆膜(MFS)6个处理,测定不同秸秆还田与覆膜处理下土壤水分含量、贮水量和耗水量、土壤碳氮磷钾、作物水分利用效率、干物质累积量和产量。【结果】2种覆膜处理下,秸秆还田可使全生育期耕层贮水量增加7.33%~16.29%,水分利用效率提高10.73%~19.25%,其中,秸秆发酵还田的耕层贮水量和水分利用效率较秸秆粉碎还田平均增加了6.39%和7.38%。覆膜处理可进一步提高土壤贮水量和水分利用率,增幅分别为10.62%~16.29%、13.88%~18.87%;并增加了土壤养分含量,其中土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别增加0.70%~8.03%、1.63%~8.01%、7.75%~13.86%、9.19%~40.48%和4.06%~10.62%。与秸秆还田或覆膜相比,秸秆还田结合覆膜处理的干物质量和产量分别增加3.10%~15.35%、11.02%~17.08%,1.84%~12.81%、8.94%~14.83%;其中秸秆发酵还田增加最多,平均为12.04%和10.08%。【结论】秸秆还田和覆膜通过调控土壤水分和养分,提升了土壤供水供肥能力,进而促进作物干物质积累量和产量的同步增长。其中秸秆发酵还田(MFS)效果优于粉碎还田(MS),有利于春玉米抗旱、增肥、增效和高产。

旱地不同覆盖方式对春小麦土壤酸解有机氮含量的影响

【目的】探讨西北半干旱雨养区不同覆盖方式对春小麦土壤酸解有机氮含量及分布的影响。【方法】设玉米秸秆整秆带状覆盖(T_(SM))、地膜覆盖(T_(PM))与露地平作(CK)3个处理。测定分析了2019年收获期和2020年春小麦开花期和成熟期的秸秆带状覆盖(T_(SM))、秸秆种植带(T_(SM-d))、秸秆覆盖带(T_(SM-u))、地膜下(T_(PM))和露地(CK) 0~120 cm土层的酸解全氮、酸解氨态氮、酸解氨基酸态氮、酸解氨基糖态氮和酸解未知氮含量的变化。【结果】土壤中酸解全氮、酸解氨态氮和酸解氨基酸态氮含量均随着土层深度的增加而减少;在2019年成熟期、2020年开花期和2020年成熟期0~20 cm土层,T_(SM)处理酸解全氮含量较CK显著提高19.40%、7.26%和14.77%(P<0.05);3个时期0~20 cm土层T_(SM)处理较CK酸解氨态氮和酸解氨基酸态氮含量提高了17.95%和18.07%;与T_(PM)相比,T_(SM)处理降低了0~20 cm土壤酸解氨态氮、酸解氨基酸态氮占酸解全氮的比例。土壤中各酸解有机氮占酸解全氮的比例大小顺序为:酸解氨基酸态氮>酸解氨态氮>酸解未知氮>酸解氨基糖态氮。【结论】地膜覆盖降低了0~20 cm土壤酸解有机氮含量,而秸秆带状覆盖能够有效提高0~20 cm土壤酸解有机氮含量,秸秆带状覆盖有利于土壤氮素的积累,改善土壤供氮能力也是更有效的。

覆膜砂质农田土壤水分和CO_(2)分布特征及玉米根叶衰老响应

干旱区新垦绿洲沙地灌溉强度大,农田覆膜后往往出现春玉米早衰现象。为探讨土壤水分和通气性是否是引发早衰的原因,本研究在河西走廊绿洲春玉米农田设置不覆膜(NM)和覆膜(PFM)处理,探求覆膜条件下土壤水分和CO_(2)分压(pCO_(2))对玉米根系生长、绿叶面积衰减、光合生理以及籽粒产量与品质的影响。覆膜处理中,覆膜区域的土壤pCO_(2)较未覆膜区域高40%以上;未覆膜处理中,对应区域的土壤pCO_(2)差异为13.9%~24.0%。相比不覆膜处理的对应区域,覆膜处理覆膜区域过高的土壤pCO_(2)使玉米花期根系活力下降19.7%,但非覆膜区根长密度和根系活力分别增加22.7%和9.6%。覆膜提高了春玉米拔节期叶片光合速率(20.0%)和蒸腾速率(8.5%),但抑制了花后叶片光合速率(−40.0%)和蒸腾速率(−18.0%);覆膜处理相对绿叶面积衰减启动时间和衰减最大速率时间分别提前1.7 d和7.1 d,而平均衰减速率和最大衰减速率分别增加6.7%和21.7%。覆膜的上述效应未显著影响玉米籽粒产量,但使籽粒淀粉含量和蛋白质含量分别降低20.1%和22.1%。以上结果表明,在干旱区新垦绿洲沙地,覆膜根区土壤pCO_(2)过高可能是导致玉米花后早衰和籽粒品质下降的重要原因,后期建议开展适时揭膜、控制灌溉(如亏缺灌溉、分根交替灌溉)或加气灌溉对覆膜新垦绿洲农田土壤通气性的改善研究。

陕北风沙草滩区覆膜对土壤理化性质和春玉米产量的影响

试验旨在探究覆膜方式对陕北风沙草滩区土壤理化性质和春玉米产量的影响。试验选取当地主推玉米品种中榆968,设置膜上栽培、膜际栽培和无膜栽培3个处理,分析覆膜对土壤含水量、pH值、有机质、玉米农艺性状、产量和籽粒营养品质的影响。结果显示,在0~20、21~40 cm土层,膜际栽培土壤含水量高于无膜栽培(P<0.05);在41~60 cm土层,膜上栽培和膜际栽培土壤含水量高于无膜栽培(P<0.05)。随着土壤深度的增加,各处理的土壤pH值均呈现下降趋势,不同土层的土壤pH值排序均为无膜栽培>膜际栽培>膜上栽培;其中0~20 cm土层膜上栽培土壤pH值低于无膜栽培(P<0.05)。在0~20 cm土层,膜际栽培与膜上栽培土壤有机质含量高于无膜栽培(P<0.05);41~60 cm土层膜际栽培土壤有机质含量高于膜上栽培和无膜栽培(P<0.05)。膜际栽培玉米的株高、鲜穗重、穗粒数和产量高于其他处理(P<0.05),茎粗和百粒重高于无膜栽培(P<0.05)。膜际栽培的玉米籽粒粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量为8.22%和4.58%,均高于无膜栽培(P<0.05)。研究表明,膜际栽培更适于陕北风沙草滩区的春玉米种植,可在该地进一步推广应用。

跨越式膜上对行覆土装置设计与覆土性能研究

针对西北寒旱区马铃薯全膜覆盖种行覆土栽培农艺要求,研制一种跨越式膜上对行覆土装置。解析跨越式提土装置和侧向对行覆土装置作业机理,确定了各个部件的核心作业参数。运用离散单元法(DEM)进行了对行覆土仿真试验,结合Box-Behnken试验设计原理,采用三因素三水平响应曲面法,建立了覆土宽度和覆土厚度的回归模型,优化得到跨越式膜上对行覆土装置的最优作业参数组合为螺旋输土器转速135 r·min^(-1),覆土器开口长度100 mm,覆土器离地高度为233 mm。田间试验表明,设计的跨越式对行覆土装置满足马铃薯种植农艺要求,马铃薯幼苗自然出苗率达到92.5%,同时烧苗率为7%。

Quantification of pesticide residues on plastic mulching films in typical farmlands of the North China

Plastic debris as new pollutants attracts much attention in the recent years.The plastic mulching films is one of the most important plastic debirs source in the environment.The aim of this work was to investigate the current status of pesticide residues on the plastic mulching films.Based on the QuEChERS method,multi-residue methods for detection of pesticide residues with gas chromatography tandem mass spectrum(GC-MS)and high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrum(HPLC-MS)were developed for the analysis of the pesticides residues in plastic film and soil samples from Tianjin,Hebei and Shandong.The total concentrations of pesticide residues were in the range of 86.4-22213.2 ng/g in plastic film debris,which was about 20 times higher than that in soil(9.3—535.3 ng/g).Residual level of pesticides varied greatly in different samples.The historical usage and recent application of pesticides were the main sources for pesticide residues on plastic films and soil.In short,plastic mulching films could act as a sink for pesticides in farmland and the ubiquitous pesticide residues on plastic films should draw more attention.

不同地膜覆盖对土壤温度、杂草控制和甜玉米生长的影响

为探索地膜覆盖对上海浦东地区水果甜玉米的栽培效果,以‘申雪甜1号’为材料,对不同地膜覆盖下土壤温度、膜下杂草、玉米产量进行了研究。结果表明:与不覆膜(CK)相比,地膜覆盖显著提升了土壤温度,增加了玉米株高、穗位高、茎粗、玉米植株干重和果穗产量。在3种不同地膜处理中,黑膜处理(T2)对提升土壤温度效果最差,但杂草的抑制效果最好,平均防效接近100%;其次为黑白膜处理(T3),平均防效为45.5%;而白膜处理(T1)在玉米生长前期对杂草的生长起促进作用,但在提升土壤温度、玉米株高、穗位高、干物重、果穗性状和产量方面比其他处理好。在不同处理中,玉米果穗产量以白膜处理最高,比对照增产20.6%,其次为黑白膜处理和黑膜处理,分别比对照增产11.3%和6.6%。