Plastic zone distribution laws and its types of surrounding rock in large-span roadway

In order to study the distribution laws and types of plastic zone of surrounding rock in large-span roadway, we analyzed the distribution laws with different spans and lateral pressures using FLAC3D numerical calcu- lation software. Based on the roadway support difficulty and distribution laws of the plastic zone of sur- rounding rock, we defined the large-span roadway and classified the types of large-span rectangular roadways. As a result, the distribution laws of the plastic zone on surrounding rock in a rectangular roadway with different spans and lateral pressures were obtained. The results show that the area of the plastic zone on surrounding rock increased with the increase of the spans and lateral pressures, and the plastic zone was symmetrical to the center line of roadway. At λ=0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0, the plastic zone presented ＂addle- shape＂ distribution, ＂ellipse＂ distribution, ＂thin and high＂ distribution and ＂inverse trapezium＂ distribu- tion, respectively. In addition, we classified the roadways into four types according to the different lateral pressures and spans, including small-span, moderate-span, large-span and extreme-large-span roadways.

Dilation angle variations in plastic zone around tunnels in rocks-constant or variable dilation parameter

Dilation angle is a significant parameter needed for numerical simulation of tunnels.Even though dilation parameter is physically variable and dependent on confinement and experienced shear plastic strain based on the existing dilation models,numerical simulations of tunnels and underground openings with constant dilation parameter usually lead to satisfactory results in practical use.This study aims to find out why constant dilation angle is enough under practical conditions to simulate numerically tunnels and underground excavations in spite of the fact that dilation angle is variable in laboratory and experimental scale.With this aim,this work studies how mobilized dilation angle varies in a plastic zone surrounding a tunnel.For the circular tunnel under uniform in situ stress field,the stepwise finite difference approximation analytical solution considering strain softening rock mass behavior with mobilized dilation angle was used to study how mobilized dilation angle varies in plastic zone around tunnel under very different conditions.In practical conditions determined in this study,dilative behavior of all over the plastic zone around the tunnel can be approximated to constant dilation angle in the middle region of the plastic zone.Moreover,the plastic zone displacements for mobilized and constant dilation angle models are compared with each other.Further investigation under more general non-uniform in situ stress conditions and non-circular tunnels is performed by using the commercial finite difference software to numerically simulate the Mine-by experimental tunnel of AECL(Atomic Energy of Canada Limited)and the arched tunnel.Although the Mine-by and arched tunnels were numerically simulated based on the mobilized dilation angle model,the variability associated with dilation angle around the simulated Mine-by and arched tunnels is insignificant,and dilation angle is approximately constant in the plastic zone.

Rules of distribution in a plastic zone of rocks surrounding a roadway affected by tectonic stress

In order to study the rules of distribution in a plastic zone of rocks, surrounding a roadway, affected by tectonic stress, we first analyzed the mechanics of a roadway affected by tectonic stress and derived a theoretical formula for the plastic zone of rocks surrounding a roadway. We also analyzed the distribution characteristics of the plastic zone under different levels of tectonic stress, vertical pressure, cohesion and friction angle of the surrounding rock. Secondly, we used numerical simulation to analyze the range and shape features of the plastic zone of rocks surrounding the roadway, given different tectonic stress levels. Finally we used a rock drilling detector to carry out field measurements on the broken state of rock surrounding the roadway at the –700 substation and channels in the Xinzhuang mine of the Shenhuo mining area. Given the measured ground stress, we analyzed the relationship between tectonic stress and the distribution of this plastic zone. Our results show that the range of the plastic zone at the top and bottom of the roadway increases with an increase in tectonic stress and this increase is especially obvious at the roadway corner.

Prediction of plastic zone size around circular tunnels in non-hydrostatic stress field

This paper discusses the calculation of plastic zone properties around circular tunnels to rock-masses that satisfy the Hoek–Brown failure criterion in non-hydrostatic condition,and reviews the calculation of plastic zone and displacement,and the basis of the convergence–confinement method in hydrostatic condition.A two-dimensional numerical simulation model was developed to gain understanding of the plastic zone shape.Plastic zone radius in any angles around the tunnel is analyzed and measured,using different values of overburden(four states)and stress ratio(nine states).Plastic zone radius equations were obtained from fitting curve to data which are dependent on the values of stress ratio,angle and plastic zone radius in hydrostatic condition.Finally validation of this equation indicate that results predict the real plastic zone radius appropriately.

PLASTIC ZONE OF SEMI-INFINITE CRACK IN PLANAR KAGOME AND TRIANGULAR LATTICES

The fracture investigations of the planar lattices made of ductile cell walls are currently limited to bending-dominated hexagonal honeycomb. In this paper, the plastic zones of stretching-dominated lattices, including Kagome and triangular lattices, are estimated by analyzing their effective yield loci. The normalized in-plane yield loci of these two lattices are almost identical convex curves enclosed by 4 straight lines, which is almost independent of the relative density but is highly sensitive to the principal stress directions. Therefore, the plastic zones around the crack tip of Kagome and triangular are estimated to be quite different to those of the continuum solid and also hexagonal lattice. The plastic zones predictions by convex yield surfaces of both lattices are validated by FE calculations, although the shear lag region caused by non-local bending effect in the Kagome lattice enlarges the plastic zone in cases of small ratio of rp/l.

INTERACTION BETWEEN A SCREW DISLOCATION AND A PLASTIC ZONE OF AN ARBITRARY SHAPE

A plastic deformation zone near a screw dislocation is treated as an equivalent transformation inclusion by means of the Eshelby inclusion theory. A closed form solution for determining the interaction between a screw dislocation and a plastically deformed zone of an arbitrary shape is obtained by using the solution between a dislocation and an equivalent transformation inclusion.

Determination of Two-Dimensional Plastic Zone Shape and SIF at Crack-Tip Using RKPM

Reproducing kernel particle Method （RKPM） is a meshless technology which has proven very useful for solving problems of elastic plastic fracture mechanics. The mode I plastic zone shape at the crack-tip in a work-hard ening material is obtained using RKPM. Ramberg-Osgood stress-strain relation is assumed and the crack-tip stress intensity factor （SIF） before and after formation of the plastic zone are examined. To impose the essential boundary conditions, penalty method is used. To construct the shape functions in the vicinity of the crack and crack-tip, both the diffraction and visibility criteria are employed. A comparison between two conventional treatments, visibility and diffraction, to crack discontinuity is conducted. The effects of different dilation parameters on SIF under plane-stress and plane-strain conditions are ~tudied. Results including plastic zone shape are compared with finite element method （FEM） to show the accuracy of RKPM. The main objective is to study the effects of different dilation parameters on SIF under plane stress and plane strain conditions and to obtain the mode I plastic zone shape at the crack-tip in a work hardening material using RKPM.

Role of plastic zone porosity and permeability in sand production in weak sandstone reservoirs

Sand production is often characterized as a two-stage process,in which material failure occurs near the cavity,leading to the formation of a plastic zone,from which particles are detached and transported out because of continuous hydrodynamic erosion under the effects of the produced fluid flow.The plastic zone porosity is affected by coupled processes,while the plastic zone permeability has a significant impact on the performance of sand production prediction,especially in weak sandstone reservoirs.Large-scale sand production experiments were conducted using a customized high-pressure consolidation apparatus.The results show that specific stress-fluid pressure conditions may create a plastic zone around a hole,which has lower permeability than the intact zone.The plastic zone comprises two subzones:a high-permeability shear band zone and a low-permeability compaction zone.During sand production,sand migrates from the compaction zone through the shear band zone to the perforation hole.Thus,sand production is associated with the increased permeability and porosity in the compaction zone.Existing sand prediction models were modified according to the new findings,resulting in a modified model with improved performance.The modified model was validated using the sanding data from a weak sandstone reservoir in Kazakhstan.

Factors Influencing High Temperature Thermo Plasticity of BNbRE Steel at the Third Brittle Zone

In view of fine cracks occurred on the surface of BNbRE continuous casting slabs for heavy rail in the practical production, the effect of two factors, i.e. deformation temperature, deformation velocity, on thermo plasticity of BNbRE steel at the third brittle zone was quantitatively investigated on GLEEBLE-1500D thermal-mechanical simulator after measuring the RA-T curve of BNbRE steel. The results provide experimental data for optimizing the technology of continuous casting secondary cooling zone and avoiding the occurrence of fine surface cracks.

DISLOCATION DISTRIBUTION IN PLASTIC ZONE AT A CRACK TIP WHILE THE HARD SECOND PHASE EXISTS

Recent observations by electron microscopy have shown that a dislocation-free zone (DFZ) exists between the crack tip and the pile-up of dislocations in the plastic zone. Shang, S. J., Ohr, S. M. and Majumdar, B. S., Burns, S. J. have discussed the problem of the plastic zone at a crack tip in isotropic elastic medium. We know that the hard second phase, which neither causes very large stress concentration nor leads to micrographic split, can improve the bearing capacity of the materials. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the problem of the plastic zone at a crack tip while the hard second phase exists.

掏土孔应力扰动法下的塑性区范围研究

针对普通浅层掏土法下倾斜建筑回倾速度慢、沉降不均匀的问题,提出掏土孔应力扰动法。在岩石力学的弹性圈和塑性圈应力解中引入修正系数,得到掏土孔应力扰动法下的塑性区半径计算公式。在进行现场掏土孔周应力扰动试验时,采用地锚反压的形式模拟上部建筑荷载,利用长钉在掏土孔周围进行深度为50 mm的螺旋扰动,通过测量应力扰动前后的孔周土体应力并结合有限元模拟结果,得到实际塑性区范围,验证了塑性区半径公式的正确性。结果表明:当掏土孔半径为100 mm,应力扰动范围为孔径的1/2时,塑性区范围扩大30%~40%,掏土孔应力扰动法对于扩大塑性区范围、加快建筑纠倾速度具有工程应用价值。

巷道蝶形破坏强度准则低敏感性研究及工程应用

巷道围岩的塑性区形态对巷道的破坏形式及破坏程度有重要影响。为探究三向应力场下塑性区形态演化过程,基于弹性力学推导了轴向应力表达式,并依据蝶形塑性区边界方程求解思路,确定了三维强度准则下三向塑性区近似解的求解方法。通过等球应力p、等偏应力q以及不同Lode角θσ来确定围岩应力加载方案,对不同三维强度准则下的围岩塑性区形态演化规律进行深入研究,论证了蝶形破坏的准则低敏感性。基于蝶形破坏理论对羊场湾160206回风巷道的非对称变形破坏机制及控制技术进行深入分析。研究结果表明:(1)在相同p、q及不同θσ的应力加载条件下,5种强度准则下的塑性区形态均呈现圆形、类椭圆及蝶形的演化规律,且每种强度准则在相同θσ的情况下围岩的塑性区形态基本一致。(2)相同应力大小、不同应力方向的加载方案下,围岩的塑性区形态大不相同。圆巷围岩的塑性区形态很大程度上由水平侧压比决定,轴向侧压对围岩的塑性区尺寸影响较大,对塑性区形态影响较小。(3)羊场湾160206回风巷道在叠加采动影响下顶板呈现非对称大变形破坏,基于蝶形塑性区支护思路,应用非对称锚杆索+超前单元支架+钻孔卸压的协同支护技术,取得了良好的支护效果。

近距离煤层下行采动应力场分布规律与巷道合理位置研究

上层位近距离煤层开采后,形成的残留煤柱和采空区将会影响下层位的巷道布置。以新柳矿231101工作面为工程背景,采用理论分析和数值模拟的综合研究手段,研究和分析了上煤层开采后采动应力场的应力演化规律,对下层煤巷道非对称变形破坏机理进行深入探究,从而得出下层煤巷道合理布置位置。研究结果表明:①上覆煤层开采改变巷道所处位置的主应力大小、主应力比值以及应力偏转角、应力矢量的变化是导致巷道呈非对称破坏的主要原因。②巷道在距离煤柱中心11 m处,巷道围岩最大主应力达到14.43 MPa,主应力比值为2.74,应力偏转角为52.33°,此时巷道处于较差的应力环境中,致使围岩产生蝶形破坏且蝶叶旋转至巷道顶板右侧,巷道顶板右侧易发生冒顶事故。③为使巷道处于相对稳定区域,依据3个主要影响因素将工作区域划分为4个分区,在考虑煤矿经济与安全因素后建议最佳布置区域为H–IV,主应力偏转角在0°~38°或45°~90°的范围内,通过综合分析对该巷道布置及支护提供合理建议,为类似工程条件提供了借鉴和参考。

三向非等压应力场下围岩主应力差与塑性区分布关系研究

首先,以弹性理论为基础推导出考虑巷道轴向应力影响的主应力差解析式,通过变化水平侧压比、轴向侧压比研究完全弹性条件时不同应力场下主应力差分布形态演化规律。其次,推导出考虑轴向应力作用的围岩塑性区近似解,研究不同应力环境下围岩的塑性区形态演化规律。最后,对比分析主应力差及塑性区形态特征,研究二者分布形态的对应关系,并通过数值模拟验证理论分析的正确性。研究结果表明:在弹性理论下,三向应力场条件的主应力差值分布会呈现圆形、椭圆形、蝶形3种形态的演化规律;在考虑巷道塑性破坏的情况下,主应力差值在σx、σz较小一侧形成峰值壳,在较大一侧形成卸压壳。在不同水平侧压比及轴向侧压比情况下,围岩塑性区形态会呈现圆形—椭圆形、椭圆形—蝶形、蝶形恶性扩展3个阶段的演化过程。巷道主应力差的分布形态在一定程度上可以反映塑性区形态,主应力差和塑性区在相同应力条件下的形态特征具有逐一对应关系,且二者形态在很大程度上由水平侧压比决定,轴向侧压比对塑性区形态影响较小。160206回风巷在偏转式主应力差集中区形成非对称异化特征。本文基于分析及现场破坏情况提出的联合协同支护技术在现场应用效果较好。

大倾角大采高工作面煤壁失稳机理分析

大倾角大采高工作面煤壁灾变易诱使支架-围岩系统失衡,导致围岩稳定性控制复杂化,故煤壁灾变防控对保障工作面安全生产十分关键,而科学化防控技术的前提是明晰煤壁失稳孕育机制,为此采用数值计算及理论分析法展开研究。研究结果表明:大倾角大采高工作面煤壁承压倾向分区异化,下部区域应力集中程度较中部、上部高,集中区范围由下至上减小,垂向中部应力值较低,应力极值及走向位置与回采距具有正相关性,煤壁揭露前后邻域承压环境会突变,且承压态随煤体破坏演变异化,煤体承压结构会由非连续态经压实过渡为类连续状,而后整体移动至阈值后发生破断结构离散化。煤壁前方塑性区随采动作用不同幅度扩展,其稳定性受制于回采距及速度,低速回采、回采距离增加时煤壁稳定性逐步降低,塑性破裂发育区煤体为支承压力等动载、静载主承体,煤壁失稳是支承压力与扰动区内煤体自身抗压性能动态失衡,由运移、变形等承压行为量变诱发煤体结构质变而破断失稳,承压非对称性及多向耦合造成煤壁失稳分区及范围倾向扩展。

基于物质点法的深部煤层水射流破岩成孔机制和影响因素

我国深部煤层气资源丰富,但深部煤层渗透率极低,高应力−压力环境下深部煤层气解吸困难,导致产量低下。水平井水射流冲孔造穴是一种大范围卸压增透煤层的新技术,但在深部赋存环境下其破岩成孔机制还有待研究。由于深部煤层赋存于高地应力、高应力差的地质环境,室内物理模拟实验难以开展。因此,首先基于黏弹塑性理论和物质点法建立了水射流冲孔破岩数值模型,该模型集成拉格朗日和欧拉算法的优势,能有效模拟射流破岩过程中的动量交换、煤岩大变形、破岩、流体剥蚀携岩反排等全过程。然后,通过该数值模型开展了深部煤层水射流破岩成孔机制和影响因素研究,得到结论如下:①深部煤层以高地应力荷载作用造成的剪切破坏为破岩的主导机制,射流主要起到冲蚀和携岩反排的作用,而无应力荷载时以水射流碰撞煤岩产生的应力波造成张拉破坏为破岩的主导机制,由于煤岩塑性较强,水楔效应不明显。②深部煤层高地应力荷载作用加速了破岩过程,冲出煤量比无应力荷载时高,同时应力荷载促使煤体向开孔方向移动,造成空腔体积减小,但塑性损伤区较无应力荷载时明显增大。③冲出煤量、塑性损伤区面积都随射流时间增加而增加,但增幅逐渐变缓。冲出煤量、塑性损伤区面积随入射角度的增加整体呈下降趋势,射流角度越小,水射流冲孔破岩效果越好,射流垂直入射并不是破岩的最佳方式。④冲出煤量、塑性损伤区面积随应力差、煤岩开孔宽度的增加而增加,但应力差的增加对深部煤层射流破岩的促进作用不大。煤层开孔宽度不宜过高,适当增加开孔宽度可以提高射流破岩效率。

海上风电单柱复合筒型基础复合加载条件下的承载特性

为研究新型海上风电单柱复合筒型基础在二维复合加载条件下的承载特性,利用有限元模型计算,首先得到模型在一维荷载空间下的极限承载力,随后通过施加不同的竖向荷载,得到在V-H、V-M、V-H-M荷载空间下的承载能力包络图,并分析不同二维荷载工况下的单柱复合筒型基础各位置处的土压力分布情况以及筒体底部等效塑性应变区的变化情况。结果表明:对于单柱复合筒型基础,在一定范围内,竖向荷载(0~0.15倍竖向极限承载力)的存在能够增大结构的水平及弯矩承载力;在V-H与V-M荷载空间中,基础各位置处的土压力变化、土体等效塑性应变变化具有一定的相似性,可互相对映参考;基础所承受的最大土压力位置与基础受力倾倒方向一致;随着竖向荷载的增加,结构达到极限承载力时,基础底部土体等效塑性应变区的范围与深度相应扩大。

基于塑性区控制的巷道围岩支护理论与技术研究进展

随着煤层开采深度的不断增加,深部巷道围岩稳定性控制已成为采矿领域的重大难题之一,深部巷道围岩控制效果直接关系煤矿井下的安全生产和人员健康。巷道开挖后,塑性区的出现是影响巷道围岩稳定的主要原因。从塑性区形成与扩展的视角出发,在整理和归纳现有巷道破坏机理和围岩塑性区理论等成果的基础上,探讨了巷道破坏模式与围岩塑性区分布的内在关系,认为巷道围岩控制从本质上来说就是控制围岩塑性区形成与扩展的过程。围岩塑性区扩展的时效特性以及锚杆支护对围岩塑性区的控制作用,成为科学有效控制巷道围岩的重要理论依据,并基于此提出巷道围岩稳定性的控制理论与技术。结果显示,塑性区是巷道开挖的产物,围岩塑性区的形成与扩展是矿山压力作用的结果,对于深部巷道,围岩塑性区的出现是必然的。科学控制塑性区需要全面认识塑性区在巷道围岩中所起的作用,既要让围岩通过塑性破坏释放体内能量,又要防止塑性区的无序扩展。因此,在巷道围岩控制过程中应以充分发挥围岩自承能力为主,支护干预为辅。深部巷道围岩塑性区的控制具有全局性和过程性,将对巷道全周期内围岩塑性区的控制划分为3个阶段,通过调控塑性区形态、抑制塑性区扩展,实现深部巷道围岩的稳定控制。

水压-应力作用下井筒围岩的破坏机理与控制研究

本研究结合曹家滩煤矿井筒围岩在穿越地层时受到了水压弱化作用的实际情况,采用查阅资料、现场查勘、理论分析、公式计算、数值模拟等研究方法,开展了该煤矿主斜井围岩在水压-应力作用下的变形破坏与控制研究。利用半圆拱形井筒断面等效表示的当量半径法,结合地层水压、侧压系数、埋深、内聚力、内摩擦角、巷道尺寸等因素,优化建立了井筒围岩塑性区分布的数学表达式,并进行了模型的数值模拟验证与公式的敏感性分析,针对层位岩性差异及水压弱化作用等主要控制因素,从抑制围岩剪切破坏发生、提高围岩内聚力及内摩擦角、开孔泄水降压、注浆驱替水源、加强原有支护的角度进行了井筒的水害治理与围岩控制。对掌握井筒周边围岩在水压-应力作用下的变形破坏规律、开展相关的数值模拟研究、进行井筒的加固与水害防治工作具有一定的参考意义。

采动影响下底板岩体及巷道破坏时空演化特征分析

明确工作面底板采动应力分布规律,实现采动影响下底板岩体及巷道破坏程度的精准把握,能有效防止底板巷道的变形失稳。为此,根据极限平衡理论,构建煤岩体超前采动应力力学模型,获得支承压力扰动阶段和采空区卸压阶段底板岩体的力学分布规律,并基于压剪破坏准则及岩体卸荷损伤机制,得到底板岩体及巷道围岩破坏时空演化特征,进一步采用数值模拟进行可靠性验证。结果表明:采高增大,工作面前方煤体塑性区范围增大,超前支承压力集中系数减小;超前采动支承压力越大,底板岩体内主应力差越小,莫尔应力圆半径小,对底板的影响强度减弱,具体表现为底板岩体压剪破坏深度的减小;卸荷后底板岩体受力状态相同,岩体卸荷起点的增大,卸荷量增加,卸荷张拉破坏加剧,底板岩体塑性区呈“马鞍形”;推进过程中巷道围岩塑性区发生由“椭圆形”−“蝶形”−“竖直椭圆形”时空演化特征,采动支承应力越大,巷道破坏越严重,破坏主要集中在顶板及肩角位置。设计初采高度为3.5 m,通过布设光纤测试系统,得到采动过程中底板岩体及巷道随工作面推进变形与破坏的时空演化规律,测得底板岩体破坏深度最大为16.7 m,巷道围岩破坏深度最大为5.2 m,巷道围岩体在整个监测期间内保持稳定,没有发生破坏性影响,满足生产安全需求。