Key Techniques and Applications of Adaptive Growth Method for Stiffener Layout Design of Plates and Shells

The application of the adaptive growth method is limited because several key techniques during the design process need manual intervention of designers. Key techniques of the method including the ground structure construction and seed selection are studied, so as to make it possible to improve the effectiveness and applicability of the adaptive growth method in stiffener layout design optimization of plates and shells. Three schemes of ground structures, which are comprised by different shell elements and beam elements, are proposed. It is found that the main stiffener layouts resulted from different ground structures are almost the same, but the ground structure comprised by 8-nodes shell elements and both 3-nodes and 2-nodes beam elements can result in clearest stiffener layout, and has good adaptability and low computational cost. An automatic seed selection approach is proposed, which is based on such selection rules that the seeds should be positioned on where the structural strain energy is great for the minimum compliance problem, and satisfy the dispersancy requirement. The adaptive growth method with the suggested key techniques is integrated into an ANSYS-based program, which provides a design tool for the stiffener layout design optimization of plates and shells. Typical design examples, including plate and shell structures to achieve minimum compliance and maximum bulking stability are illustrated. In addition, as a practical mechanical structural design example, the stiffener layout of an inlet structure for a large-scale electrostatic precipitator is also demonstrated. The design results show that the adaptive growth method integrated with the suggested key techniques can effectively and flexibly deal with stiffener layout design problem for plates and shells with complex geometrical shape and loading conditions to achieve various design objectives, thus it provides a new solution method for engineering structural topology design optimization.

Explicit Topology Optimization Design of Stiffened Plate Structures Based on the Moving Morphable Component(MMC)Method

This paper proposes an explicit method for topology optimization of stiffened plate structures.The present work is devoted to simultaneously optimizing stiffeners’shape,size and layout by seeking the optimal geometry parameters of a series of moving morphable components(MMC).The stiffeners with straight skeletons and the stiffeners with curved skeletons are considered to enhance the modeling and optimization capability of the current approach.All the stiffeners are represented under the Lagrangian-description framework in a fully explicit way,and the adaptive ground structure method,as well as dynamically updated plate/shell elements,is used to obtain optimized designs with more accurate analysis results.Compared with existing works,the proposed approach provides an explicit description of the structure.Thus,a stiffened plate structure with clear stiffener distribution and smooth geometric boundary can be obtained.Several numerical examples provided,including straight and curved stiffeners,hierarchical stiffeners,and a stiffened plate with a cutout,validate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed approach.

MPS Method for Interaction Between Solitary Waves and Submerged Horizontal Plate

The interaction between structure and wave is a typical phenomenon in naval architecture and ocean engineering.In this paper,numerical simulation is carried out to study the interaction between a two-dimensional submerged,fixed,horizontal rigid plate and solitary wave with our in-house meshless particle CFD solver MLParticle-SJTU.First,the in-house CFD solver is verified by experimental results conducted at the State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering,Dalian University of Technology.During the verification,the plate is submerged under water and the solitary wave with a given amplitude is generated by a piston-type wave maker.Free surface elevation of the wave and the pressure impacting on the plate is recorded and compared with experimental data respectively.The predicted pressure and surface elevation agree well with the experimental results.Then in order to further investigate factors affecting wave-structure interaction,wave height,submerged depth and plate length are analyzed.

THE LAYOUT OPTIMIZATION OF STIFFENERS FOR PLATE-SHELL STRUCTURES

The plate-shell structures with stiffeners are widely used in a broad range of engineering structures. This study presents the layout optimization of stiffeners. The minimum weight of stiffeners is taken as the objective function with the global stiffness constraint. In the layout optimization, the stiffeners should be placed at the locations with high strain energy/or stress. Conversely, elements of stiffeners with a small strain energy/or stress are considered to be used inefficiently and can be removed. Thus, to identify the element efficiency so that most inefficiently used elements of stiffeners can be removed, the element sensitivity of the strain energy of stiffeners is introduced, and a search criterion for locations of stiffeners is presented. The layout optimization approach is given for determining which elements of the stiffeners need to be kept or removed. In each iterative design, a high efficiency reanalysis approach is used to reduce the computational effort. The present approach is implemented for the layout optimization of stiffeners for a bunker loaded by the hydrostatic pressure. The numerical results show that the present approach is effective for dealing with layout optimization of stiffeners for plate-shell structures.

Study on Interaction Between Two Parallel Plates with Iteration Method in Functional Theory

由介绍功能的理论进电的双层(EDL ) 的计算相互作用，二个平行盘子的相互作用精力在低、中等、高的潜力分别地是计算的。与二存在方法的结果相比， Debye-H 湲獥？

Analysis of Dynamic Structure-Fluid Interaction Response of a Floating Laminated Composite Plate

In consideration of the effects of transverse shear deformation and structure-fluid interaction, the analytical expression of fluid force between a floating laminated composite plate and liquid surface is obtained. By expanding the displacements into Fourier series, the structure-fluid coupling dynamic response is solved. The effects of lamination angle, layer number, depth of fluid region and loading forms on dynamic response are investigated.

Fluid-Structure Interaction Analysis of Flexible Plate with Partitioned Coupling Method

The development and rapid usage of numerical codes for fluid-structure interaction(FSI) problems are of great relevance to researchers in many engineering fields such as civil engineering and ocean engineering. This multidisciplinary field known as FSI has been expanded to engineering fields such as offshore structures, tall slender structures and other flexible structures applications. The motivation of this paper is to investigate the numerical model of two-way coupling FSI partitioned flexible plate structure under fluid flow. The adopted partitioned method and approach utilized the advantage of the existing numerical algorithms in solving the two-way coupling fluid and structural interactions. The flexible plate was subjected to a fluid flow which causes large deformation on the fluid domain from the oscillation of the flexible plate. Both fluid and flexible plate are subjected to the interaction of load transfer within two physics by using the strong and weak coupling methods of MFS and Load Transfer Physics Environment, respectively. The oscillation and deformation results have been validated which demonstrate the reliability of both strong and weak method in resolving the two-way coupling problem in contribution of knowledge to the feasibility field study of ocean engineering and civil engineering.

A VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLE ON MAGNETOELASTIC INTERACTION OF FERROMAGNETIC THIN PLATES

The key to revealing the behaviors of magnetoelastic interaction is how to express the magnetic forces applying on a ferromagnetic elastic body. In this paper, a functional for a ferromagnetic thin plate in magnetic fields is proposed by taking the summation of the magnetic energy of the magnetic system and the strain energy of the elastic plates. We present a variational principle for the problem by choosing the variations of magnetic potential and deflection as independent variates each other. Based on the principle, not only are the simultaneous governing equations for magnetic fields and deformation of structures deduced, but also a general expression of magnetic force acting on the plates is gained, which makes it possible to commonly simulate the distinct two experiments of magnetoelastic interaction in a theoretical model. Thus, it can be used to theoretical prediction of the magnetoelastic interaction of ferromagnetic plates in a complex environment of applied magnetic fields.

WEAK SOLUTION TO THE INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLUID AND A THERMOELASTIC PLATE INTERACTION PROBLEM IN 3D

In this paper we deal with a nonlinear interaction problem between an incompressible viscous fluid and a nonlinear thermoelastic plate.The nonlinearity in the plate equation corresponds to nonlinear elastic force in various physically relevant semilinear and quasilinear plate models.We prove the existence of a weak solution for this problem by constructing a hybrid approximation scheme that,via operator splitting,decouples the system into two sub-problems,one piece-wise stationary for the fluid and one time-continuous and in a finite basis for the structure.To prove the convergence of the approximate quasilinear elastic force,we develop a compensated compactness method that relies on the maximal monotonicity property of this nonlinear function.

A study of the perforation of stiffened plates by rigid projectiles

In the present paper, a four-stage perforation model that accurately predicts the residual velocity is developed by adopting an energy method. The four stages are plug formation, dishing formation, petal formation and projectile exit. In addition, some important experimental results are presented and analyzed to validate the present perforation model. In the experiments, high speed camera system is used to record the perforation process. Observations on target damage and measurements of initial velocities and residual velocities with the aid of the system are presented. Numerical simulations are carried out for projectiles against single and layered plates adopted in the experiments. The perforation process is studied and the deformation and failure modes are obtained. The predictions of numerical simulations and analytical model are found in reasonably good agreement with those of experiments, and can be used to predict the ballistic limit and residual velocity of stiffened plates perforated by rigid projectiles.

3D numerical simulation on fluid-structure interaction of structure subjected to underwater explosion with cavitation

In the underwater-shock environment, cavitation occurs near the structural surface. The dynamic response of fluid-structure interactions is influenced seriously by the cavitation effects. It is also the difficulty in the field of underwater explosion. With the traditional boundary element method and the finite element method （FEM）, it is difficult to solve the nonlinear problem with cavitation effects subjected to the underwater explosion. To solve this problem, under the consideration of the cavitation effects and fluid compressibility, with fluid viscidity being neglected, a 3D numerical model of transient nonlinear fluid-structure interaction subjected to the underwater explosion is built. The fluid spectral element method （SEM） and the FEM are adopted to solve this model. After comparison with the FEM, it is shown that the SEM is more precise than the FEM, and the SEM results are in good coincidence with benchmark results and experiment results. Based on this, combined with ABAQUS, the transient fluid-structure interaction mechanism of the 3D submerged spherical shell and ship stiffened plates subjected to the underwater explosion is discussed, and the cavitation region and its influence on the structural dynamic responses are presented. The paper aims at providing references for relevant research on transient fluid-structure interaction of ship structures subjected to the underwater explosion.

B-Spline Wavelet on Interval Finite Element Method for Static and Vibration Analysis of Stiffened Flexible Thin Plate

A new wavelet finite element method(WFEM)is constructed in this paper and two elements for bending and free vibration problems of a stiffened plate are analyzed.By means of generalized potential energy function and virtual work principle,the formulations of the bending and free vibration problems of the stiffened plate are derived separately.Then,the scaling functions of the B-spline wavelet on the interval(BSWI)are introduced to discrete the solving field variables instead of conventional polynomial interpolation.Finally,the corresponding two problems can be resolved following the traditional finite element frame.There are some advantages of the constructed elements in structural analysis.Due to the excellent features of the wavelet,such as multi-scale and localization characteristics,and the excellent numerical approximation property of the BSWI,the precise and efficient analysis can be achieved.Besides,transformation matrix is used to translate the meaningless wavelet coefficients into physical space,thus the resolving process is simplified.In order to verify the superiority of the constructed method in stiffened plate analysis,several numerical examples are given in the end.

SPH Numerical Modeling for the Wave–Thin Structure Interaction

In this paper, a numerical model of 2D weakly compressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics(WCSPH) is developed to simulate the interaction between waves and thin structures. A new color domain particle(CDP)technique is proposed to overcome difficulties of applying the ghost particle method to thin structures in dealing with solid boundaries. The new technique can deal with zero-thickness structures. To apply this enforcing technique, the computational fluid domain is divided into sub domains, i.e., boundary domains and internal domains. A color value is assigned to each particle, and contains the information of the domains in which the particle belongs to and the particles can interact with. A particle, nearby a thin boundary, is prevented from interacting with particles, which should not interact with on the other side of the structure. It is possible to model thin structures, or the structures with the thickness negligible with this technique. The proposed WCSPH module is validated for a still water tank, divided by a thin plate at the middle section, with different water levels in the subdomains, and is applied to simulate the interaction between regular waves and a perforated vertical plate. Finally, the computation is carried out for waves and submerged twin-horizontal plate interaction. It is shown that the numerical results agree well with experimental data in terms of the pressure distribution, pressure time series and wave transmission.

Polar interaction of polymer host-solvent enables stable solid electrolyte interphase in composite lithium metal anodes

The lithium(Li) metal anode is an integral component in an emerging high-energy-density rechargeable battery.A composite Li anode with a three-dimensional(3 D) host exhibits unique advantages in suppressing Li dendrites and maintaining dimensional stability.However,the fundamental understanding and regulation of solid electrolyte interphase(SEI),which directly dictates the behavior of Li plating/stripping,are rarely researched in composite Li metal anodes.Herein,the interaction between a polar polymer host and solvent molecules was proposed as an emerging but effective strategy to enable a stable SEI and a uniform Li deposition in a working battery.Fluoroethylene carbonate molecules in electrolytes are enriched in the vicinity of a polar polyacrylonitrile(PAN) host due to a strong dipole-dipole interaction,resulting in a LiF-rich SEI on Li metal to improve the uniformity of Li deposition.A composite Li anode with a PAN host delivers 145 cycles compared with 90 cycles when a non-polar host is employed.Moreover,60 cycles are demonstrated in a 1:0 Ah pouch cell without external pressure.This work provides a fresh guidance for designing practical composite Li anodes by unraveling the vital role of the synergy between a 3 D host and solvent molecules for regulating a robust SEI.

Dynamic Response of Stiffened Plates with Holes Subjected to Shock Waves and Fragments

The power field of shock waves and fragments is analyzed and set up, and the damage modes of stiffened plates are put forward. According to the structural characters of the stiffened plates investigated and the properties of the shock waves and fragments, the experiments on the shock waves acting on the stiffened plates (penetrated and non-penetrated by fragments) are mainly conducted. The dynamic response rules of stiffened plates with holes under shock waves and fragments loading are obtained. The results show that the penetration of fragments into stiffened plates hardly affects their deformation produced by shock waves..

Buckling and large deflection behaviors of radially functionally graded ring-stiffened circular plates with various boundary conditions

The buckling and large deflection behaviors of axis-symmetric radially functionally graded （RFG） ring-stiffened circular plates are investigated by the dynamic relaxation （DR） method combined with the finite difference discretization technique. The material properties of the constituent components of the RFG plate are assumed to vary continuously according to the Mori-Tanalka distribution along the radial direction. The nonlinear governing equations are obtained in the incremental form based on the firstorder shear deformation plate theory （FSDT） and the von Karman relations for large deflection. In the buckling analysis, an external in-plane load is applied to the plate in- crementally so that, in each load-step, the incremental form of the governing equations can be solved by a numerical code prepared based on the DR method. After converging the DR code in the first increment, the latter load-step is added to the previous one, and the program is repeated again. The critical buckling load is determined from the compressive load-displacement curve obtained by solving the incremental form of the governing equations. Based on the present incremental form of formulation, a bending analysis can also be conducted if the whole load is applied simultaneously. Finally, a detailed parametric study is carried out to investigate the influences of various boundary conditions, grading indices, thickness-to-radius ratios, stiffener＇s positions and depths on the critical buckling load, and displacements and stresses resulted from the bending analysis. It is observed that the effect of the stiffener on the results is much greater in the functionally graded plate with higher material grading indices. The results also reveal that, by increasing the depth of the stiffer, the values of ascending the critical buckling load are approximately identical for both simply supported and clamped boundary conditions.

Host-guest supramolecular interaction behavior at the interface between anode and electrolyte for long life Zn anode

The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and dendrite growth associated with Zn anode have become the main bottlenecks for the further development of zinc ion batteries (ZIBs).In this work,the electrochemical activity of H_(3)O^(+) is inhibited by the supramolecular host–guest complex composed of H_(3)O^(+) as guest and 18-crown-6 as host.The even Zn plating is induced by the host–guest complex electrostatic shielding layer on Zn anode,as detected by in-situ optical microscopy.The lamellar Zn is plated which profits from the improved Zn plating behavior.Density functional theory (DFT) calculation presents the stable structure of complex.The less produced H_(2) content is monitored online by a mass spectrometer during Zn plating/stripping,which indicates HER can be hampered by the host–guest behavior.Thus,the ZIBs with long life and high Coulombic efficiency are achieved via introducing 18-crown-6.The proposed host–guest supramolecular interaction is expected to facilitate the furthermore development of Zn batteries.

Inverse Load Identification in Stiffened Plate Structure Based on in situ Strain Measurement

For practical engineering structures,it is usually difficult to measure external load distribution in a direct manner,which makes inverse load identification important.Specifically,load identification is a typical inverse problem,for which the models(e.g.,response matrix)are often ill-posed,resulting in degraded accuracy and impaired noise immunity of load identification.This study aims at identifying external loads in a stiffened plate structure,through comparing the effectiveness of different methods for parameter selection in regulation problems,including the Generalized Cross Validation(GCV)method,the Ordinary Cross Validation method and the truncated singular value decomposition method.With demonstrated high accuracy,the GCV method is used to identify concentrated loads in three different directions(e.g.,vertical,lateral and longitudinal)exerted on a stiffened plate.The results show that the GCV method is able to effectively identify multi-source static loads,with relative errors less than 5%.Moreover,under the situation of swept frequency excitation,when the excitation frequency is near the natural frequency of the structure,the GCV method can achieve much higher accuracy compared with direct inversion.At other excitation frequencies,the average recognition error of the GCV method load identification less than 10%.

Distribution of Welding Residual Stress of Mixed Steel U-Rib-Stiffened Plates

To analyze the effects of width and thickness of each composition element of mixed steel U-rib-stiffened plates on the welding residual stress distribution, the distribution of the U-rib and the plate residual stress was calculated using a simplified calculation method. The method involved welding the mixed steel U-rib-stiffened plates for a structure with different sizes and different strength ratios of U-rib to plate. Based on a welding residual stress numerical simulation method validated by the blind hole method test, the distribution law of the mixed steel U-rib stiffened plate was studied. The results showed that the change of plate width has little impact on the welding residual stress and that the ratio of the thicknesses of the plate to U-rib stiffeners, the thickness of the plate, and the thickness of the U-rib has a great influence on the distribution of the welding residual stress. The thickness of plate and steel strength also greatly influenced the distribution width of the residual tensile stress. While analyzing the compression capacity of U-rib-stiffened plates, the simplified distribution of welding residual stress was used.