Mechanism of Diabatic Heating on Precipitation and the Track of a Tibetan Plateau Vortex over the Eastern Slope of the Tibetan Plateau

Existing studies contend that latent heating(LH)will replace sensible heating(SH)to become the dominant factor affecting the development of the Tibetan Plateau vortex(TPV)after it moves off the Tibetan Plateau(TP).However,in the process of the TPV moving off the TP requires that the airmass traverse the eastern slope of the Tibetan Plateau(ESTP)where the topography and diabatic heating(DH)conditions rapidly change.How LH gradually replaces SH to become the dominant factor in the development of the TPV over the ESTP is still not very clear.In this paper,an analysis of a typical case of a TPV with a long life history over the ESTP is performed by using multi-sourced meteorological data and model simulations.The results show that SH from the TP surface can change the TPV-associated precipitation distribution by temperature advection after the TPV moves off the TP.The LH can then directly promote the development of the TPV and has a certain guiding effect on the track of the TPV.The SH can control the active area of LH by changing the falling area of the TPV-associated precipitation,so it still plays a key role in the development and tracking of the TPV even though it has moved out of the main body of the TP.

Simulation on slope uncertainty derived from DEMs at different resolution levels:a case study in the Loess Plateau

Slope is one of the crucial terrain variables in spatial analysis and land use planning, especially in the Loess Plateau area of China which is suffering from serious soil erosion. DEM based slope extracting method has been widely accepted and applied in practice. However slope accuracy derived from this method usually does not match with its popularity. A quantitative simulation to slope data uncertainty is important not only theoretically but also necessarily to applications. This paper focuses on how resolution and terrain complexity impact on the accuracy of mean slope extracted from DEMs of different resolutions in the Loess Plateau of China. Six typical geomorphologic areas are selected as test areas, representing different terrain types from smooth to rough. Their DEMs are produced from digitizing contours of 1:10,000 scale topographic maps. Field survey results show that 5 m should be the most suitable grid size for representing slope in the Loess Plateau area. Comparative and math-simulation methodology was employed for data processing and analysis. A linear correlativity between mean slope and DEM resolution was found at all test areas, but their regression coefficients related closely with the terrain complexity of the test areas. If taking stream channel density to represent terrain complexity, mean slope error could be regressed against DEM resolution (X) and stream channel density (S) at 8 resolution levels and expressed as (0.00158+0.031S-0.0325)X-0.0045S2-0.155S+0.1625, with a R2 value of over 0.98. Practical tests also show an effective result of this model in applications. The new development methodology applied in this study should be helpful to similar researches in spatial data uncertainty investigation.

Anthropogenic Aerosol Pollution over the Eastern Slope of the Tibetan Plateau

In this study, a combination of satellite observations and reanalysis datasets is used to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution, classification and source of pollutants over the eastern slope of the Tibetan Plateau(ESTP). The aerosol optical depth(AOD) over the ESTP is extremely large and even larger than some important industrialized regions and deserts. The main aerosol component over the ESTP is sulfate, followed by carbonaceous and dust aerosols. Local emissions related to human activity directly contribute to the accumulation of sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols over the Sichuan Basin. In addition, in spring, abundant carbonaceous aerosols emitted from forest, grassland and savanna fires in Southeast Asia can be transported by the prevailing southwesterly wind to southern China and the ESTP. The dust AOD over the ESTP peaks in spring because of the transport from the Taklimakan and Gobi deserts. Additionally, the high aerosol loading over the ESTP is also directly related to the meteorological background. Due to the special topography, the terrain-driven circulation can trap aerosols in the Sichuan Basin and these aerosols can climb along the ESTP due to the perennial updraft. The aerosol loading is lowest in summer because of effective wet deposition induced by the strong precipitation and better dispersion conditions due to the larger vertical temperature gradients and ascending air movement enhanced by the plateau heat pump effect. In contrast,the aerosol loading is greatest in winter. Abundant anthropogenic aerosols over the ESTP may generate some climatic and environmental risks and consequently greatly influence the downstream regions.

Main Detrainment Height of Deep Convection Systems over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Southern Slope

Deep convection systems (DCSs) can rapidly lift water vapor and other pollutants from the lower troposphere to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The main detrainment height determines the level to which the air parcel is lifted. We analyzed the main detrainment height over the Tibetan Plateau and its southern slope based on the CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar 2B_GEOPROF dataset and the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Level 2 cloud ice product onboard the Atrain constellation of Earth-observing satellites. It was found that the DCSs over the Tibetan Plateau and its southern slope have a higher main detrainment height (about 10-16 km) than other regions in the same latitude. The mean main detrainment heights are 12.9 and 13.3 km over the Tibetan Plateau and its southern slope, respectively. The cloud ice water path decreases by 16.8% after excluding the influences of DCSs, and the height with the maximum increase in cloud ice water content is located at 178 hPa (about 13 km). The main detrainment height and outflow horizontal range are higher and larger over the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau, the west of the southern slope, and the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau than that over the northwestern Tibetan Plateau. The main detrainment height and outflow horizontal range are lower and broader at nighttime than during daytime.

Deriving the slope-mean shielded astronomical solar radiation spectrum and slope-mean possible sunshine duration spectrum over the Loess Plateau

Solar radiation is often shielded by terrain relief, especially in mountainous areas, before reaching the surface of the Earth. The objective of this paper is to study the spatial structures of the shielded astronomical solar radiation(SASR) and the possible sunshine duration(PSD) over the Loess Plateau. To this end, we chose six test areas representing different landforms over the Loess Plateau and the software package of Matlab was used as the main computing platform. In each test area, 5-m-resolution digital elevation model established from 1:10,000 scale topographic maps was used to compute the corresponding slope, SASR and PSD. Then, we defined the concepts of the slope-mean SASR spectrum and the slope-mean PSD spectrum, and proposed a method to extract them from the computed slope, SASR and PSD over rectangular analysis windows. Using this method, we found both spectrums in a year or in a season for each of the four seasons in the six test areas. Each spectrum was found only when the area of the corresponding rectangular analysis window was greater than the corresponding stable area of the spectrum. The values of the two spectrums decreased when the slope increased.Furthermore, the values of the stable areas of the spectrums in a year or in a season were positively correlated with the variable coefficients of the slope or the profile curvature. The values of the stable areas of the two spectrums in a year or in a season may represent the minimum value of test areas for corresponding future research on the spatial structures of the SASR or PSD. All the findings herein suggest that the spatial structures of the PSD and the SASR are caused by the interactions between solar radiation and terrain relief and that the method for extracting either spectrum is effective for detecting their spatial structures. This study may deepen our understanding of the spatial structure of solar radiation and help us further explore the distribution of solar energy in mountainous regions.

Optimal Scale Selection for DEM Based Slope Segmentation in the Loess Plateau

Optimal scale selection is the key step of the slope segmentation. Taking three geomorphological units in different parts of the loess as test areas and 5 m-resolution DEMs as original test date, this paper employed the changed ROC-LV (Lucian, 2010) in judging the optimal scales in the slope segmentation process. The experiment results showed that this method is effective in determining the optimal scale in the slope segmentation. The results also showed that the slope segmentation of the different geomorphological units require different optimal scales because the landform complexity is varied. The three test areas require the same scale which could distinguish the small gully because all the test areas have many gullies of the same size, however, when come to distinguish the basins, since the complexity of the three areas is different, the test areas require different scales.

青藏高原东坡地形对影响云南降水的高原涡的作用机理

利用常规观测资料、FNL分析资料及经质控后的自动站小时降水数据,诊断分析了青藏高原东坡地形在2017年7月2-3日高原涡影响云南降水过程中的作用,并利用数值模式WRFv4.0对此次过程进行了地形敏感性试验。结果表明:高原涡是此次云南强降水的重要影响系统;低涡中心及附近区域中高层维持暖心结构,并呈现显著的上升、下沉运动交替的分布;过程累积雨量分布表现为两条明显的与山脉走向平行的西北-东南向雨带,且具有强弱交错的分布特征,强降水集中出现在午后至傍晚及前半夜两个时段内,中心均位于地形边坡,并随着低涡向下游传播;南亚高压、西北辐散气流、西太平洋副热带高压及滇缅高压为低涡的东移发展提供了有利的高空环流场,500 hPa正涡度及700 hPa水汽通量辐合中心对强降水落区具有较好指示意义;低涡降水期间存在β中尺度重力波,波动由青藏高原东坡地形激发,沿着300~200 hPa的气层传播,高空的非地转平衡运动及垂直风切变为重力波的发展及传播提供了有利条件,重力波先于低涡及降水向下游方向移动及发展,波脊处对应上升运动及辐散中心,波槽处对应下沉运动及辐合中心,强降水及波脊均位于低涡西南侧强辐合上升运动区;地形高度降低后,其机械阻挡抬升作用减弱,重力波和高原低涡消失,雨带强度及空间分布特征发生显著改变。高原东坡地形对高原涡的形成和发展,以及高原涡影响下的云南降水具有重要作用。

黄土高原高速公路边坡草本群落植被特征及其与土壤的关系

研究黄土高原高速公路边坡不同年限喷播混合草种草本群落植被特征和物种多样性,探讨草本群落特征、物种多样性与土壤物理化学性质之间的关系。以空间代替时间方法,研究黄土高原高速公路边坡草本群落分别恢复15 a、12 a、8 a、4 a和2 a草本群落特征、α物种多样性及其与土壤物理化学性质Mantel检验相关性。边坡恢复15 a共调查到8科13属13种,恢复12 a共调查到7科10属10种,恢复8 a共调查到3科5属5种,恢复4 a共调查到3科5属5种,恢复2 a共调查到4科6属6种;Patric物种丰富度恢复15 a>12 a>8 a>2 a>4 a,Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数恢复15 a>12 a>2 a>8 a>4 a,Pielou均匀度指数恢复15 a>2 a>8 a>12 a>4 a;Patric物种丰富度与总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度、有机质、全氮、全磷呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),Shannon-Wiener指数与有机质、全磷呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。边坡不同年限喷洒混合草种后,草本群落多为多年生草本植物组成,但群落物种组成、数量上存在差异;Patric物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener、Simpson指数随着恢复年限的增长呈上升趋势;土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、有机质、全氮、全磷等是Patric物种丰富度与Shannon-Wiener指数的关键环境因子。

暴雨条件下黄土高原荞麦地的沟蚀特征——以陕西省定边县为例

[目的]探究暴雨条件下黄土高原荞麦地的侵蚀特征,分析影响荞麦地沟蚀的可能影响因素,为黄土高原坡耕地的治理提供参考依据。[方法]以陕西定边2022年7月10日暴雨事件为例,采用遥感和实地测量相结合的方法,分析了荞麦地的沟蚀特征,探讨了影响荞麦地的主要因素。[结果](1)暴雨条件下的荞麦地侵蚀沟沟头多从与其他地类交接处发育。(2)细沟平均宽度和平均深度范围分别为5.2~29.5 cm和2~19.6 cm,宽深比和沟密度分别介于0.88~3.782 m/m^(2),0.028~1.56 m/m^(2),细沟侵蚀强度最大为20 294.66 t/km^(2)。(3)浅沟平均宽度和平均深度范围分别为37.3~173 cm和8~30.7 cm,宽深比和沟密度分别介于2.161~18.750 m/m^(2),0.003~0.142 m/m^(2),浅沟侵蚀强度最大为31 629.83 t/km^(2)。(4)荞麦地沟蚀过程同时受到坡度、坡长、上方汇水面积以及相邻地块措施因素的影响。[结论]与草地、覆膜玉米地等其他地类相比,暴雨条件下荞麦坡耕地沟蚀土壤侵蚀较为严重,达到了剧烈侵蚀强度。

渭北黄土台塬区水库水下岸坡稳定形态预测模型研究

黄土地区水库塌岸预测仍以卡丘金法等经验图解法为主,此类方法预测结果的准确性取决于对岸坡剖面形态的准确描述。为了提高黄土地区水库塌岸宽度预测的准确性,选取渭北黄土台塬区选择典型水库进行现场调查,对原河道岸坡形态与蓄水后岸坡形态进行对比分析,在此基础上建立了水下岸坡形态预测模型。结果表明,渭北黄土台塬区水库岸坡塌岸稳定后,水上岸坡呈直立状,高度可达30 m以上,水下岸坡呈曲线形,受水深和岸坡高度共同影响,塌落物可能露出水面。在此基础上基于对数螺线方程建立了水下岸坡形态预测模型,并与经典图解法所用直线型岸坡进行对比,误差分析结果表明采用对数螺线方程进行水下岸坡形态预测时堆积体积误差为4.50%~39.70%,均值为12.64%,而直线型岸坡的预测误差为25.75%~124.69%,均值为75.69%。即采用对数螺线方程可以更好的测水下岸坡形态及水下堆积量。相关研究成果对黄土台塬区水库塌岸预测方法的改进,以及黄河流域的渭北黄土台塬区的环境保护与高质量发展具有实际意义。

气候变化影响下多年冻土区铁路路基热稳定性分析

全球气候变暖加剧了青藏高原气候暖湿化,威胁着高原铁路路基及下伏多年冻土的热稳定性,但以往研究缺乏综合考虑铁路沿线气候、多年冻土及路基稳定性的系统分析。针对这一研究的不足,基于铁路沿线气象和多年冻土路基地温监测数据,分析铁路沿线多年冻土区气温降水、天然场地年平均地温与天然上限、路基人为上限及路基左右路肩沉降变化,揭示气候暖湿化背景下铁路多年冻土路基热稳定性变化,为多年冻土区铁路建设和维护提供参考。结果表明:近20年来,铁路沿线年均气温和年均降水量的平均值分别增加了1.2℃和80mm;相较于2007年,2020年铁路沿线天然场地多年冻土年均地温平均升高0.1℃,多年冻土天然上限平均下降0.58 m,路基人为上限平均抬升2.34 m,路基左路肩平均沉降大于右路肩,存在阴阳坡效应。整体而言,铁路多年冻土路基状态稳定,运行状态良好,建设运营期间采取的一系列工程措施有效,但面向未来气候加剧变化趋势,应提前谋划多年冻土保护新技术。

产生青海“22·8”极端强降水的三维环流结构分析

利用探空资料、台站逐时观测资料和ERA5逐时再分析资料,以包含对流层高层气温特征的三维环流结构为切入点,系统分析了2022年8月17—18日引发青海省西宁市大通县山洪灾害的短时极端强降水的精细化特征。结果表明,强降水发生前,中国西北地区上空300 hPa存在明显暖异常,随着时间推移暖异常略向东南方向移动且强度逐渐增强,并在降水峰值时刻达到最强。在静力平衡的调控作用下,对流层高层暖异常上层出现位势高度正异常,下层出现位势高度负异常。与这种配置相对应,对流层高层出现反气旋式环流异常,为高层辐散创造了有利条件。随着暖异常移动增强,高空西风急流异常向东南移动增强。另外,对流层中、低层出现气旋式切变,低层偏东气流转变为气旋前部偏南气流,为降水地区低层暖湿条件增强、大气不稳定度增大创造了有利条件。这种三维环流结构不仅为强降水形成提供了有利的高、低层环流条件与水汽条件,还为不稳定能量的积蓄奠定了基础。同时,在大通县西北高、东南低的喇叭口地形影响下,低层偏南气流携带的丰富水汽在此处聚集,配合较强的不稳定能量,共同促成了此次短时极端强降水过程。

RUSLE模型对黄土高原退耕植被恢复坡面土壤侵蚀的模拟效果分析

[目的]为了探究RUSLE模型对黄土高原退耕植被恢复坡面土壤侵蚀模拟的效果。[方法]基于陕北安塞区坊塌小流域内10个径流小区2016-2022年的降雨产流产沙监测资料,通过RUSLE模型中各因子在黄土高原的不同常用算法之间的变换组合,模拟144种因子组合下各退耕植被恢复坡面的土壤侵蚀量,采用纳什效率系数(NSE)和均方根误差(RMSE)评价模型模拟结果的有效性。[结果]利用RUSLE模型144种因子组合模拟的退耕植被恢复坡面土壤侵蚀量,NSE范围为-38.47~0.19,RMSE范围为1.92~12.65 t/(hm 2·a),模拟效果较差,所选各因子算法难以适应退耕植被恢复坡面上的土壤流失量的评估,还需要对RUSLE模型各因子进一步改进。运用RUSLE模型对黄土高原退耕植被恢复坡面土壤侵蚀模拟时,建议尽可能采用时间分辨率高的数据减小对R因子的计算误差,综合考虑土壤有机质含量、土壤粒径与团粒结构组成和容重等土壤理化性质对K因子的影响,以及植被覆盖度、植被高度、枯落物、生物结皮等对C因子的影响,充分考虑10°以上的坡度,细化其LS因子的算法。[结论]RUSLE模型无法很好地适用于黄土高原退耕植被恢复坡面土壤侵蚀的模拟。研究结果为土壤侵蚀模型的研发及RUSLE模型在黄土高原植被恢复坡面的应用提供一定参考依据。

间作模式下不同带宽对土壤含水量的影响

为探究间作模式下不同带宽对台塬坡耕地土壤含水量的影响,本研究选取在小偉河流域彭家底村,连续两年在不同坡度(5°、10°、15°)下的坡耕地布设不同宽度的玉米与苜蓿间作试验,使用中子水分测定仪和便携式时域反射仪(TDR)相结合,对不同带宽下的苜蓿条带、玉米条带的土壤含水量进行监测及分析。结果表明:玉米苜蓿间作下,地表含水量均小于深层土壤含水量;苜蓿条带内表层储水量略大于玉米,但深层土壤上,玉米的储水量大于苜蓿;在各带宽中,以5m带宽储水量较高,利于作物生长。研究结果对探求坡耕地粮草间作套种的最优模式,以及坡耕地管理技术提供参考。

胫骨平台骨折术后后倾角对膝关节功能的影响

目的探讨胫骨平台骨折术后后倾角的改变以及其与膝关节功能的关系。方法收集83例行-胫骨平台骨折手术的病例,测出患者健侧、术后患侧及最后一次随访患侧胫骨平台后倾角(PTS),评价并记录Lysholm、HSS及Rasmussen等三种系统的膝关节评分数据,根据术后PTS角度将患者分为PTS<9°组和PTS≥9°组。将两组三种膝关节功能评分均数行统计学分析,同时也将术后与最后随访PTS均数进行统计学处理。计算最后随访与健侧PTS的差值,将差值与最后一次随访膝关节功能数据进行相关性分析。结果两组患者一般情况方面未见明显差异。PTS<9°组膝关节Lysholm、HSS、Rasmussen评分数据均明显高于PTS≥9°组(P<0.05)。两组患者术后PTS与最后一次随访PTS相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。最后一次随访与健侧PTS之间的差值(b)与Lysholm、HSS及Rasmussen膝关节评分数据均具有相关性(P<0.05)。结论术后康复锻炼导致PTS角度发生改变。PTS<9°组患者膝关节功能好于术后PTS≥9°组患者,最后一次随访PTS与健侧PTS的差值与膝关节功能有相关性。因此手术中尽可能恢复平台骨折的解剖对位或控制术后PTS<9°。

坡谱信息熵与区域水土流失关系研究

坡谱信息熵可以在宏观上反映地形起伏特征和地貌组合差异,且计算相对便捷。为探索坡谱信息熵与区域水土流失之间的关系,文章以西北黄土高原水土保持区为例,基于ALOS数字高程模型(空间分辨率12.5 m)计算研究区内的坡谱信息熵、土壤侵蚀模数,构建坡谱信息熵与土壤侵蚀模数之间的函数关系。研究结果表明:研究区内坡谱曲线主要为“L”形、“S”形,坡谱信息熵值在0.67~1.72nat之间;平均土壤侵蚀模数为1940t/(km^(2)·a)。在流域尺度、二级尺度和三级尺度上,构建坡谱信息熵与土壤侵蚀模数的函数模型,均呈极显著的多项式函数关系,但在流域尺度上,坡谱信息熵与土壤侵蚀模数的关系存在较大不确定性。

不同工况下高原特长隧道洞口边坡稳定性分析

高原冻土区隧道边坡常常发生边坡滑塌、洞口开裂等病害,严重影响隧道施工运营。以圭嘎拉隧道为工程依托,对不同工况下高原地区特长隧道洞口边坡力学稳定性进行了研究。研究结果表明:增加自进式锚杆、钢筋网挂网、喷射C25水下防冻混凝土等施工措施后工况3的边坡塑性值增加32.85%、水平位移增加量有所降低、边坡喷混最大主应力增加25.46%,边坡防护结构层后对边坡抵抗土层冻融循环影响效果显著。研究成果可为相关隧道边坡防护施工提供理论支持。

黄土丘陵沟壑区典型小流域沟道类型和坡面组成对重力侵蚀的影响

重力侵蚀是黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域发生水土流失和地质灾害的重要原因之一,但对其存在和发生环境的研究仍不充分。为探究沟道形态和坡面组成对重力侵蚀的影响,基于无人机摄影测量、遥感解译、现场调查等方法,系统研究山西省吕梁市王家沟流域内78处滑坡、26处崩塌和108处泻溜的空间分布、侵蚀数量特征及与沟坡的关系。结果表明:1)沟道类型影响重力侵蚀危害程度。沟道分类有助于识别重力侵蚀活跃区域,冲沟和干沟的重力侵蚀量及面积分别占研究区总量的88.5%和81.4%。2)重力侵蚀与沟道坡度存在紧密关系,在不同类型沟道中的表现差异显著。坡度30°~60°区域分别是切沟和冲沟中重力侵蚀最严重区域,发生率约是其他区域的2.57倍和1.19倍;干沟和河沟的重力侵蚀主要发生在坡度0~30°区域。3)坡面组成方式对重力侵蚀危害程度和发生类型存在显著影响,土壤类型及其空间分布特征是重要影响因素。该研究可为黄土丘陵沟壑区重力侵蚀精准防治提供理论依据。

Medial tibial plateau morphology and stress fracture location:A magnetic resonance imaging study

AIM To determine the location of medial tibial plateau stress fractures and its relationship with tibial plateau morphology using magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).METHODS A retrospective review of patients with a diagnosis of stress fracture of the medial tibial plateau was performed for a 5-year period. Fourteen patients [three female and 11 male, with an average age of 36.4 years(range, 15-50 years)], who underwent knee MRI, were included. The appearance of the tibial plateau stress fracture and the geometry of the tibial plateau were reviewed and measured on MRI.RESULTS Thirteen of 14 stress fractures were linear, and one of them stellated on MRI images. The location of fractures was classified into three types. Three fractures were located anteromedially(AM type), six posteromedially(PM type), and five posteriorly(P type) at the medial tibial plateau. In addition, tibial posterior slope at the medial tibial plateau tended to be larger when the fracture was located more posteriorly on MRI.CONCLUSION We found that MRI showed three different localizations of medial tibial plateau stress fractures, which were associated with tibial posterior slope at the medial tibial plateau.

Effects of land-use pattern change on rainfall-runoff and runoff-sediment relations:a case study in Zichang watershed of the Loess Plateau of China

The purpose of this article is to identify the effect of land use pattern on rainfall runoff and runoff sediment relations in Zichang Watershed of the Loess Plateau. From 1986 to 1997, many farmlands changed into grassland or woodland, especially the farmland in steep slope positions or far away from the river. The change of land use pattern altered the rainfall runoff and runoff sediment relationships, and led to higher slope of trend curves(STCs) of annual rainfall runoff mass curve and runoff sediment mass curve in 1990s than that in 1980s. It is implied that more soil and water loss yielded in 1990s. In order to reduce soil loss, more attentions should be paid to land use pattern and some grass or other herbaceous filter strips should be built along rivers.