Experimental Study of Integration and Polyblends Performance for Improved Mixing-Extruding Machine

One improved mixing-extruding machine was introduced as the second-generation product of the mixing-molding integrated technology. In the extruding system,the conventional single screw extruder was substituted by a special conical twin-screw extruder,resulting in stronger feeding ability,more stable extrusion pressure,and better quality of products. The integrated mathematical model of mixing-extruding process was also established by theoretical derivation and optimization according to the experimental results.Then its accuracy was verified by the influences of the pressure of floating weight and the cooling water temperature of extruder on the mixing-extruding integrated process. The results showed that the changes of both parameters could give rise to the fluctuation of the temperature and apparent viscosity of polyblends, thus further influencing the screw rotation speed.

Optimized Design for the Plow of a Submarine Plowing Trencher

The plow of the submarine plowing trencher is one of the main functional mechanisms, and its optimization is very important. The design parameters play a very significant role in determining the requirements of the towing force of a vessel. A multi-objective genetic algorithm based on analytical models of the plow surface has been examined and applied in efforts to obtain optimal design of the plow. For a specific soil condition, the draft force and moldboard surface area which are the key parameters in the working process of the plow are optimized by finding the corresponding optimal values of the plow blade penetration angle and two surface angles of the main cutting blade of the plow. Parameters such as the moldboard side angle of deviation, moldboard lift angle, angular variation of the tangent line, and the spanning length are also analyzed with respect to the force of the moldboard surface along soil flow direction. Results show that the optimized plow has an improved plow performance. The draft forces of the main cutting blade and the moldboard are 10.6% and 7%, respectively, less than the original design. The standard deviation of Gaussian curvature of moldboard is lowered by 64.5%, which implies that the smoothness of the optimized moldboard surface is much greater than the original.

Soil remediation of degraded coastal saline wetlands by irrigation with paper mill effluent and plowing

Combined with anti-waterlogging ditches, irrigation with treated paper mill effluent （TPME） and plowing were applied in this study to investigate the effects of remediation of degraded coastal sa- line-alkaline wetlands. Three treatments were employed, viz., control （CK）, irrigated with 10 cm depth of TPME （I）, and plowing to 20 cm deep before irrigating 10 cm depth ofTPME （IP）. Results show that both I-treatment and IP-treatment could improve soil structure by decreasing bulk density by 5% and 8%. Irrigation with TPME containing low salinity stimulated salts leaching instead of accumulating. With anti-waterlogging ditches, salts were drained out of soil. Irrigation with 10 cm depth of TPME lowered total soluble salts in soil and sodium adsorption ration by 33% and 8%, respective!y, but there was no significant difference compared with CK, indicating that this irrigation rate was not heavy enough to remarkably reduce so!l salinity and sodicity, Thus, in-i： gation rate should be enhanced in order to reach better effects of desalinization and desodication. Irrigation with TPME significantly increased soil organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus due to the abundant organic matter in TPME. Plowing increased soil air circulation, so as to enhance mineralization of organic matter and lead to the loss of organic matter; however, plowing significantly improvedsoil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus. Improvements of physicochemical properties in I-treatment and IP-treatment both boosted soil microbial population and activity. Microbial biomass carbon increased significantly by 327% （I-treatment） and 451% （IP-treatment）, while soil respiration increased significantly by 316% （I-treatment） and 386% （IP-treatment）. Urease and dehydrogenase activities in both I-treatment and IP-treatment were significantly higher than that in CK. Phosphatase in IP-treatment was significantly higher than that in CK. Compared to I-treatment, IP-treatment improved all of the soil properties except for soil organic matter. The key to remediation of degraded sa- line-alkaline wetlands is to decrease soil salinity and sodicity; thus, irri- gation plus plowing could be an ideal method of soil remediation.

Continuous Extruding Extending Forming of Semi-solid A2017 Alloy

Continuous extruding/ extending formiug process for A2017 alloy in semi-solid state was proposed through installing extending die at the outlet of shearing- cooling- rolling （SCR） machine. A series of experiments to produce fiat bar of A2017 alloy were carried oat. The forming process, metal flow behavior in die and microstructure and mechanical property of prodacts were investigated. It is shown that if the pouring temperature of melt was higher, the die was filled with semi-solid slurry with low solid fraction and periodical cracks would occur on the product surface ; If its pouring temperature was lower or the preheating temperature of die was lower, semisolid slurry would solidify rapidly and block the die after entering the cavity. The analysis of mass flow trace shows that the semi-solid slurry move forward layer by layer and fills the die extending cavity in radiation manner and the velocity of mass flow in the central area of extending cavity and exit of mould is the maximum, and then decreases gradually from the center to both sides of die wall. By inereasiug the die extending angle, the velocity of mass flow becomes more homogeneous. Under rational process control and die design, the A2017 fiat bar with transverse section of 10 × 50 mm and with good surface and fine equiaxed grains can be obtained by continuous extruding/extending forming process. The product＇s tensile strength and elongation are 420.5 MPa and 14.2% , respectively.

The roles of stress state and pre-straining on Swift effect for an extruded AZ31 Mg alloy

The Swift effect of Mg alloy is sensitive to initial texture.However,dislocation slip is the main deformation mechanism during torsion of Mg alloy.The underlying relation of Swift effect and dislocation slip is still not clarified.The effect of stress state and pre-straining on Swift effect was studied experimentally during free-end torsion for an extruded AZ31 alloy.The free-end torsion was performed with axial tension and compression stress which is lower than yield stress.It is found that the transition of axial deformation from contraction to elongation occurs when the axial stress changes from negative to positive.The pre-dislocations introduced by pre-tension promote axial shortening during torsion.While the pre-twins introduced by pre-compression are inhibition of axial shortening.The change of axial deformation is attributed to competition between twinning and prismatic slip.The axial shortening of extruded Mg alloy is generated by tensile twinning leading to c-axis strain.In contrast,the axial elongation can be generated by the activation of prismatic slip.The magnitude of axial strain generated by twinning is larger than that by prismatic slip.Moreover,the occurrence of detwinning results in axial elongation at low shear strain.

ANALYSIS OF SURFACE CRACK ON FORWARD EXTRUDING BAR DURING AXISYMMETRIC CUP-BAR COMBINED EXTRUSION PROCESS

In this paper, the kinematically admissible velocity field with surface crack on forward extruding bar is put forward during the axisymmetric cup-bar combined extrusion process, in accordance with the results of model experiments.On the basis of velocity field, the necessary condition for surface crack formation on the forward extruding bar is derived, with the help of upper bound theorem and the minimum energy principle. Meanwhile, the relationships between surface crack formation and combination of reduction in area for the part of forward and backward extursions relative residual thickness of billet (T/R0),frictional factor (m) or relative land length of ram and chamber are calculated during the extrusion process. Therefore, whether the surface crack on forward exturding bar occurs can be predicted before extruding the lower-plasticity metals for axisymmetric cup-bar combined extrusion process.The analytical results agree very well with experimental results of aluminium alloy LY12 (ASTM 2024) and LC4 (ASTM 7075).

Plowing Ahead

ALTHOUGH Zhao Zijian＇s business card shows his office is in Beijing, he spends half the year on business trips to Africa. Zhao, who hails from central ChinEs Henan Province. has been in the agricultural and construction machinery business for decades, and is now the general manager of China- Africa Machinery Corp. （CAMACO）. He is involved in agricultural and construction machinery investment and trade in Africa.

Numerical simulation of upsetting-extruding process of dispersion strengthened copper welding electrode

The simulation of the upsetting-extruding process of dispersion strengthened copper welding electrode was carried out using Deform-2D finite element analysis software, and the characteristics of metal flow and the effect of different friction factors were analysed. The results show that the whole forming process consists of a forward extrusion and a backward extrusion. When the friction factor of the female die is 0.4, it is advantageous to the forward extrusion forming of the electrode work nose part, while the friction factor of the male die is only 0.1, it would be benefit to the backward extrusion forming of the electrode fit-up hole part. Addition of a scoop channel with 1.5 mm in depth and 4 mm in diameter at the bottom of the female die can avoid folds at the work nose. The rise in temperature is about 60 ℃ during the forming process.

挤压Mg-Y-Ni-Co合金的显微组织、加工性能及塑性变形行为

本工作通过光学显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和万能实验机对挤压Mg-2Y-0.5Ni-0.5Co(%,原子分数)合金的显微组织、加工性能和塑性变形行为进行了研究。挤压合金的显微组织主要由α-Mg、沿挤压方向分布的片层状和细小块状18R-LPSO相、MgY(Co,Ni)_(4)相以及晶粒内细条纹状的14H-LPSO相组成。拉伸测试结果显示,挤压合金具有良好的室温塑性,断裂延伸率均高于15%。随着温度的升高和应变速率的降低,合金的拉伸强度降低,而塑性增强。合金在300℃、1×10^(-3)s^(-1)和1×10^(-4)s^(-1)应变速率下断裂延伸率分别为117.87%和143.9%,具有准超塑性。通过构建的热加工图谱,优化出合金的稳定加工区间为温度275~300℃、应变速率10^(-4)~10^(-3)s^(-1)。挤压合金的变形行为随温度和应变速率的变化而改变,在低温(室温(RT)到200℃)和不同应变速率下,合金的变形机制以位错滑移为主;在高温(300℃)和低应变速率(1×10^(-4)s^(-1)和1×10^(-3)s^(-1))下,合金的变形机制为晶界滑移协调的位错滑移。

1LF-5型液压翻转犁的设计与试验

为推动玉米秸秆还田保护性耕作农艺的发展,设计了一种集土壤耕作技术、玉米秸秆还田技术于一体的1LF-5型液压翻转犁,一次作业既翻转了土层、松碎了土壤,又可将土壤表层的玉米秸秆与作物残茬翻入土层下,形成隔层进行还田;同时,犁体受到突发外力冲击时,安全装置自动生效,使犁柱绕固定轴栓旋转,从而保护犁体与犁柱的安全。田间试验表明:1LF-5型液压翻转犁的平均耕作深度稳定为33.45cm,平整度为20mm,变异系数在3.166%~3.535%之间;在第1工况下,翻转犁的耕宽平均值为220.75cm,耕宽的变异系数范围为1.21%~1.71%;在第2工况下,翻转犁的耕宽平均值170.1cm,耕作宽度的变异系数范围为1.26%~1.68%;植被覆盖率平均值为89.97%,土垡破碎率为72.27%。机具满足国家标准GB/T14225对于耕作质量的各项要求,也满足翻耕农艺要求。

复杂条件下高面板堆石坝的特殊结构体安全监测设计体系研究

为了加强高面板堆石坝工程中挤压边墙、高趾墩和高趾墙等特殊结构体的安全监测,基于面板堆石坝安全监测设计资料,总结了特殊结构体在安全监测设计方面存在的不足和缺陷。通过收集整理国内包含高趾墩、高趾墙和挤压边墙等特殊结构体的高面板堆石坝数值分析成果,发掘特殊结构体的变形和应力应变规律,将特殊结构体的变形、应力应变及温度、接缝和渗流明确为安全监测设计重点;结合已有面板堆石坝工程的安全监测设计资料,构建了复杂条件下高面板堆石坝特殊结构体安全监测设计体系。该体系能够为在建和拟建的面板堆石坝特殊结构体安全监测设计提供科学的指导,全面提升面板堆石坝的安全监测水平。

螺杆挤出机相似放大理论的研究进展

总结了近些年来国内外提出的螺杆挤出机相似放大准则,并对比分析了常用的放大系数和适用范围,同时,介绍了相似放大理论在螺杆挤出机中的优化挤出机的结构参数、工艺条件的实际应用,最后指出了螺杆挤出机相似放大理论进一步探索和优化,为螺杆挤出机行业的可持续发展提供更加有效的理论支持。

阻燃永久抗静电型TPAE复合材料的制备

研究将聚酰胺弹性体(TPAE)、氮磷系阻燃剂和聚季铵盐永久抗静电剂,通过双螺杆挤出机进行共混、熔融、挤出,制备得到阻燃抗静电的TPAE复合材料,考察其导电、阻燃和力学性能。结果表明:随着抗静电剂的增加,TPAE材料的表面电阻率呈降低趋势;氮磷系阻燃剂可使TPAE材料的阻燃等级达到UL94-V0级。

3D打印用砂浆的可打印性能研究

现有研究和相关技术标准多采用观测法检验3D打印材料的打印性能,缺少对可挤出性和可建造性的量化评价指标。本文基于流动度等常规工作性能指标对可打印性能的影响,提出挤出均匀性、累计形变率两个量化指标,用于评价3D打印材料的可打印性能,并在本试验条件下建立常规工作性能指标与打印质量的联系。结果表明:3D打印砂浆的挤出均匀性随流动度的增加先提高后降低,随动态屈服应力的增加而降低;累计形变率随高度保留率的增加而降低,随静态屈服应力的增加而降低。本试验参数条件下,当挤出均匀性小于3.5%、累计变形率不大于6%、动态屈服应力为200~800 Pa、静态屈服应力为1800~3300 Pa时,砂浆打印层数较高(不小于30层),可打印性能较好。

基于LS-DYNA的铧式犁结构优化设计及性能分析

基于LS-DYNA法建立犁体与土壤的耦合接触有限元模型,讨论不同犁体导曲线、铧刃角、安装角、端点角、耕作速度对耕作过程翻垡效果和犁体应力影响,并进行试验验证。结果表明:椭圆曲面比抛物线曲面耕作时阻力更小、土壤翻垡效果更好,阻力降低5.6%,翻垡距离提升14.8%;对犁体前进速度、铧刃角、安装角、端点角进行单因素分析,发现翻垡距离随着速度增加而增加,而随着铧刃角、安装角、端点角呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。因此,通过选取合适的速度与结构参数可以提升铧式犁的翻垡性能,减低犁体阻力。

阴阳转子型双螺杆结构的实验研究

为了设计出更加高效的双螺杆,提升挤出膨化机的工作效率;提出了一种引进阴阳转子的非对称双螺杆模型,基于螺旋式的螺杆模型,设计了阴阳转子型双螺杆,与传统双螺杆进行了仿真对比分析,并对新型双螺杆的准确性进行了实验验证;采用SolidWorks软件建模,利用ANSYS模拟流道数值,求得物料在机筒内的工作状态,分析阴阳转子型双螺杆的宏观压力、速度矢量和速度流线,并研究了不同转速对阴阳转子型双螺杆输送速度和挤出量的影响。研究结果表明:阴阳转子型双螺杆的宏观压力呈递增状态,速度矢量分布不均匀,速度流线混乱,能增加机筒内物料的传输速度,改变物料输送状态,提高物料挤出量。研究结果丰富了双螺杆的研究思路,为高效率挤出膨化机的设计与应用提供了理论依据。

从清宫内务府汉文奏销档看织染局种种

文章基于中国第一历史档案馆藏内务府汉文奏销档中关于织染局的七份档案,通过梳理乾隆和嘉庆年间内织染局设置及所辖人、财、物变更等重要事项,分析了清朝中期织染局的沿革历史、人员构成和分工、所用物料、织造品类和使用去向等种种问题,阐明了织染局作为清代官营织造机构之一的特殊性质和使命,以及与江南三织造的联系和区别。织染局作为清代唯一一处位于京内的官营织造机构,其用丝主要来自江南三织造的供应,在匠役的来源上也与江南地区有着密切联系。由于地理条件及生产规模所限,织染局所产丝织原料质量、生产规模和产品类别均不能与三织造相比。但是作为随传随办的织造机构,织染局能够灵活应变,满足上用和内用的临时需求,因此在清代官营织造机构中具有特殊地位。而且,自乾隆十七年(公元1752年)织染局迁入万寿山演化为耕织图后,不仅通过精简人员和技艺优化来扩大生产品类和提高产品质量,更与皇帝倡导农桑的政策紧密结合,逐渐形成兼具实际生产意义和政策示范性的场所,同时也满足了皇帝对江南田园生活的向往,成为承载官营生产织造和皇帝人文思想的理想机构。

基于安全系数的挤压性围岩隧道围岩稳定性研究

从挤压性围岩概念出发,采用抗剪强度表达的围岩安全系数法评价围岩稳定性,推导了用应力偏张量表示的围岩安全系数表达式,通过FLAC3D二次开发,实现围岩安全系数的数值表达.探讨了变形等级和断面形状对围岩稳定性的影响规律,并研究了注浆加固对围岩稳定性的影响规律.研究结果显示,与塑性区评价方法相比,围岩安全系数法可以实现任何位置的围岩破坏程度定量评价;围岩破坏边界呈蝴蝶形分布;隧道断面面积越大,围岩破坏范围越大;隧道越接近圆形,围岩相对破坏范围越小,圆形为最优断面形状;超前注浆加固对围岩稳定性的改善效果优于径向注浆加固.研究结果为挤压性围岩隧道结构设计和施工变形控制提供参考。

西南喀斯特地貌区采煤沉陷对稻田的影响研究

为了研究分析采煤沉陷对稻田造成的影响,本文对比分析了采煤沉陷区内正常与非常稻田的土壤物理特性、犁底层入渗参数、水稻生长需水量以及生物和产量等因素。研究结果表明:在西南山地喀斯特地貌区,(1)采煤沉陷对稻田土壤的容重、孔隙度、机械组成影响不大,但影响土壤含水率较明显;(2)采煤沉陷导致稻田犁底层不同损坏,土壤入渗系数超过正常稻田犁底层土壤入渗系数10倍左右;(3)每公顷非正常稻田生长需水量比正常稻田多26.7 m^(3)水量;(4)每公顷正常稻田的产量和秸秆干重比非正常稻田分别多出3100 kg和1200 kg。而正常稻田的单株稻根干重比非正常稻田多1.74 g。总之,在西南山地喀斯特地貌区采煤沉陷已严重影响了稻田的正常生产,特别是稻田犁底层方面的损坏,这对于区域进行稻田生态复垦和社会协调稳定都具有理论与实践价值。

马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯对多层共挤薄膜的影响

对于以PA6为阻断层的多层共挤膜而言,通过马来酸酐(MA)接枝改性的聚乙烯是一种良好的黏合树脂,利用双螺杆挤出机制备马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯,作为五层共挤薄膜的结合层,从晶体数量、拉伸强度、剥离强度等角度,考察马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯对五层共挤薄膜的影响。经实验发现,随着马来酸酐添加量的增加,对五层共挤吹膜晶点的影响先增大后减少,对五层共挤膜的纵向拉伸强度和横向拉伸强度的影响都是先升高后降低,但是剥离强度逐步升高,氧气透过率先降低后升高,透光率逐步降低。在五层共挤薄膜的生产过程中,需要结合马来酸酐对五层共挤薄膜的拉伸强度、剥离强度、氧气透过率、透光率的影响,综合考虑马来酸酐的添加量。