To better understand the effects of direct sowing under mulch-based cropping system (DMC) in Burkina Faso’s cotton production systems, randomized blocks of Fisher experimental design were implemented at Farako-B<s...To better understand the effects of direct sowing under mulch-based cropping system (DMC) in Burkina Faso’s cotton production systems, randomized blocks of Fisher experimental design were implemented at Farako-B<span style="white-space:nowrap;">a</span> research station from 2010 to 2019. The study was conducted on lixisoil to evaluate DMC effects on biomass production, crops yields and soil chemical properties in a maize and cotton rotation system associated with cover crop. Conventional tillage and direct seeding without cover crop were compared to DMC under <em>B</em>. <em>ruziziensis</em> (GERM. & EVRARD), DMC under <em>B</em>. <em>ruziziensis</em> + <em>M</em><em>.</em> <em>cochinchinensis</em> mulch and DMC under <em>C. juncea</em> (L.) mulch used in association with maize. Biomass production, crop yields and soil chemistry were evaluated. Results showed that over 10 years, no-till with or without a cover crop provided cotton seed and maize yields that were statistically equivalent to the tillage commonly practiced by farmers. Cover crop has allowed increasing the biomass production compared to Conventional Tillage and Direct Seeding. Maize yield has not varied significantly with the cover crop. After 10 years of maize and cotton rotation, the improvement raised from +27% to +38% for organic matter and from +15% to +29% for nitrogen with DMC including legumes such as <em>M. cochinchinensis</em> and <em>C. juncea</em> compared to Conventional Tillage on 0 - 5 cm depth. No significant differences were found on soil pH like P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> and K<sub>2</sub>O content. Although DMC with <em>C. juncea</em> used as cover crop did not provide the best biomass production, it contributes to increase nitrogen and organic matter and presents better mineral balances in 10 years of rotation. The 5 - 10 cm and 10 - 20 cm were little influenced by DMC systems.展开更多
Direct-sowing establishment method has great significance in improving winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.) production and guaranteeing edible oil security in China. However, nutrient responses on direct sown wint...Direct-sowing establishment method has great significance in improving winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.) production and guaranteeing edible oil security in China. However, nutrient responses on direct sown winter oilseed rape(DOR) performance and population development dynamic are still not well understood. Therefore, five on-farm experiments were conducted in the reaches of the Yangtze River(RYR) to determine the effects of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), and potassium(K) deficiencies on population density, dry matter production, nutrient uptake, seed yield, and yield components of DOR plants. Four fertilization treatments included the balanced NPK application treatment(NPK, 180 kg N, 39.3 kg P, 100 kg K, and 1.8 kg borax ha–1) and three nutrient deficiency treatments based on the NPK treatment, i.e., –N, –P, and –K. The results indicated that DOR population density declined gradually throughout the growing season, especially at over-wintering and pod-development stages. Nutrient deficiency decreased nutrient concentration in DOR plants, limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, and thereby exacerbated density reduction during plants growth. The poor individual growth and reduced population density together decreased seed yield in the nutrient deficiency treatment. Averaged across all the experiments, seed yield reduced 61% by N deficiency, 38.3% by P deficiency, and 14.4% by K deficiency. The negative effects of nutrient deficiency on DOR performances followed the order of –N–P–K, and the effects were various among different nutrient deficiencies. Although N deficiency improved DOR emergence, but it seriously limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, which in turn led to substantial plants death and therefore resulted in a very low harvested density. The P deficiency significantly reduced initial density, limited plants growth, and exacerbated density reduction. The K deficiency mainly decreased individual growth and yield, but did not affect density dynamic. Our results highlighted the importance of balanced NPK application in DOR production, suggesting that management strategy of these nutrients should be comprehensively considered with an aim to build an appropriate population structure with balanced plant density and individual growth.展开更多
Structure and sowing principles of rice rope direct seeding machine are introduced. In order to test the machine' s working performance, such as compacting effect, sowing depth, influence of sowing device to rice rop...Structure and sowing principles of rice rope direct seeding machine are introduced. In order to test the machine' s working performance, such as compacting effect, sowing depth, influence of sowing device to rice rope, etc., field experiments were conducted. It is concluded that mean slip ratio of compacting wheel 1 is 4.44%, wheel 2 is 5.58%, wheel 3 is 7.81%, and wheel 4 is 6.96%; mean depth of planting is 29.72 mm, and mean variability coefficient of planting depth is 6.39%. Maximum variability coefficient of planting depth is 8.40%. Rice rope's snapping is closely related with the machine's speed and guide thread wheel by sowing device orthogonal experiments. Test results show that the machine has a rational design, safe work and meets to the requirements of planting. This study has laid the foundation for further studying the project.展开更多
采用田间小区试验法开展机械水直播稻田随播随用芽前除草剂防除杂草效果及其对水稻的安全性评价研究。结果表明:4%双唑草腈SC 1 500 m L∕hm^(2)对千金子、异型莎草、耳基水苋菜和陌生菜防除效果优异,10%嘧草醚WP 450 g∕hm^(2)对稗草...采用田间小区试验法开展机械水直播稻田随播随用芽前除草剂防除杂草效果及其对水稻的安全性评价研究。结果表明:4%双唑草腈SC 1 500 m L∕hm^(2)对千金子、异型莎草、耳基水苋菜和陌生菜防除效果优异,10%嘧草醚WP 450 g∕hm^(2)对稗草防除效果优异,两者混用能够有效扩大杀草谱,并可安全应用于机械水直播稻田。4%双唑草腈SC 1 500 m L∕hm^(2)+300 g∕L丙草胺EC 1 125 m L∕hm^(2)、4%双唑草腈SC 1 500 m L∕hm^(2)+10%嘧草醚WP 375 g∕hm^(2)于水稻机械直播后随播随用,对稗草、千金子、异型莎草、耳基水苋菜和陌生菜等稻田主要杂草的防效均可达96.7%—100%,且对水稻出苗率、株高和地上部鲜重均无不良影响,防除效果和安全性与常用对照药剂30%苄嘧·丙草胺OD 1 500 m L∕hm^(2)+专用安全剂375 m L∕hm^(2)无显著差异,生产上可进行交替使用。展开更多
文摘To better understand the effects of direct sowing under mulch-based cropping system (DMC) in Burkina Faso’s cotton production systems, randomized blocks of Fisher experimental design were implemented at Farako-B<span style="white-space:nowrap;">a</span> research station from 2010 to 2019. The study was conducted on lixisoil to evaluate DMC effects on biomass production, crops yields and soil chemical properties in a maize and cotton rotation system associated with cover crop. Conventional tillage and direct seeding without cover crop were compared to DMC under <em>B</em>. <em>ruziziensis</em> (GERM. & EVRARD), DMC under <em>B</em>. <em>ruziziensis</em> + <em>M</em><em>.</em> <em>cochinchinensis</em> mulch and DMC under <em>C. juncea</em> (L.) mulch used in association with maize. Biomass production, crop yields and soil chemistry were evaluated. Results showed that over 10 years, no-till with or without a cover crop provided cotton seed and maize yields that were statistically equivalent to the tillage commonly practiced by farmers. Cover crop has allowed increasing the biomass production compared to Conventional Tillage and Direct Seeding. Maize yield has not varied significantly with the cover crop. After 10 years of maize and cotton rotation, the improvement raised from +27% to +38% for organic matter and from +15% to +29% for nitrogen with DMC including legumes such as <em>M. cochinchinensis</em> and <em>C. juncea</em> compared to Conventional Tillage on 0 - 5 cm depth. No significant differences were found on soil pH like P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> and K<sub>2</sub>O content. Although DMC with <em>C. juncea</em> used as cover crop did not provide the best biomass production, it contributes to increase nitrogen and organic matter and presents better mineral balances in 10 years of rotation. The 5 - 10 cm and 10 - 20 cm were little influenced by DMC systems.
基金supported by the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 11th Five-Year Plan period (2010BAD01B05)the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-13)+1 种基金the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University of China (IRT1247)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China (2013PY113)
文摘Direct-sowing establishment method has great significance in improving winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.) production and guaranteeing edible oil security in China. However, nutrient responses on direct sown winter oilseed rape(DOR) performance and population development dynamic are still not well understood. Therefore, five on-farm experiments were conducted in the reaches of the Yangtze River(RYR) to determine the effects of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), and potassium(K) deficiencies on population density, dry matter production, nutrient uptake, seed yield, and yield components of DOR plants. Four fertilization treatments included the balanced NPK application treatment(NPK, 180 kg N, 39.3 kg P, 100 kg K, and 1.8 kg borax ha–1) and three nutrient deficiency treatments based on the NPK treatment, i.e., –N, –P, and –K. The results indicated that DOR population density declined gradually throughout the growing season, especially at over-wintering and pod-development stages. Nutrient deficiency decreased nutrient concentration in DOR plants, limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, and thereby exacerbated density reduction during plants growth. The poor individual growth and reduced population density together decreased seed yield in the nutrient deficiency treatment. Averaged across all the experiments, seed yield reduced 61% by N deficiency, 38.3% by P deficiency, and 14.4% by K deficiency. The negative effects of nutrient deficiency on DOR performances followed the order of –N–P–K, and the effects were various among different nutrient deficiencies. Although N deficiency improved DOR emergence, but it seriously limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, which in turn led to substantial plants death and therefore resulted in a very low harvested density. The P deficiency significantly reduced initial density, limited plants growth, and exacerbated density reduction. The K deficiency mainly decreased individual growth and yield, but did not affect density dynamic. Our results highlighted the importance of balanced NPK application in DOR production, suggesting that management strategy of these nutrients should be comprehensively considered with an aim to build an appropriate population structure with balanced plant density and individual growth.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(50775150)
文摘Structure and sowing principles of rice rope direct seeding machine are introduced. In order to test the machine' s working performance, such as compacting effect, sowing depth, influence of sowing device to rice rope, etc., field experiments were conducted. It is concluded that mean slip ratio of compacting wheel 1 is 4.44%, wheel 2 is 5.58%, wheel 3 is 7.81%, and wheel 4 is 6.96%; mean depth of planting is 29.72 mm, and mean variability coefficient of planting depth is 6.39%. Maximum variability coefficient of planting depth is 8.40%. Rice rope's snapping is closely related with the machine's speed and guide thread wheel by sowing device orthogonal experiments. Test results show that the machine has a rational design, safe work and meets to the requirements of planting. This study has laid the foundation for further studying the project.
文摘采用田间小区试验法开展机械水直播稻田随播随用芽前除草剂防除杂草效果及其对水稻的安全性评价研究。结果表明:4%双唑草腈SC 1 500 m L∕hm^(2)对千金子、异型莎草、耳基水苋菜和陌生菜防除效果优异,10%嘧草醚WP 450 g∕hm^(2)对稗草防除效果优异,两者混用能够有效扩大杀草谱,并可安全应用于机械水直播稻田。4%双唑草腈SC 1 500 m L∕hm^(2)+300 g∕L丙草胺EC 1 125 m L∕hm^(2)、4%双唑草腈SC 1 500 m L∕hm^(2)+10%嘧草醚WP 375 g∕hm^(2)于水稻机械直播后随播随用,对稗草、千金子、异型莎草、耳基水苋菜和陌生菜等稻田主要杂草的防效均可达96.7%—100%,且对水稻出苗率、株高和地上部鲜重均无不良影响,防除效果和安全性与常用对照药剂30%苄嘧·丙草胺OD 1 500 m L∕hm^(2)+专用安全剂375 m L∕hm^(2)无显著差异,生产上可进行交替使用。