Identification of Software Bugs by Analyzing Natural Language-Based Requirements Using Optimized Deep Learning Features

Software project outcomes heavily depend on natural language requirements,often causing diverse interpretations and issues like ambiguities and incomplete or faulty requirements.Researchers are exploring machine learning to predict software bugs,but a more precise and general approach is needed.Accurate bug prediction is crucial for software evolution and user training,prompting an investigation into deep and ensemble learning methods.However,these studies are not generalized and efficient when extended to other datasets.Therefore,this paper proposed a hybrid approach combining multiple techniques to explore their effectiveness on bug identification problems.The methods involved feature selection,which is used to reduce the dimensionality and redundancy of features and select only the relevant ones;transfer learning is used to train and test the model on different datasets to analyze how much of the learning is passed to other datasets,and ensemble method is utilized to explore the increase in performance upon combining multiple classifiers in a model.Four National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA)and four Promise datasets are used in the study,showing an increase in the model’s performance by providing better Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve(AUC-ROC)values when different classifiers were combined.It reveals that using an amalgam of techniques such as those used in this study,feature selection,transfer learning,and ensemble methods prove helpful in optimizing the software bug prediction models and providing high-performing,useful end mode.

A Survey on Chinese Sign Language Recognition:From Traditional Methods to Artificial Intelligence

Research on Chinese Sign Language(CSL)provides convenience and support for individuals with hearing impairments to communicate and integrate into society.This article reviews the relevant literature on Chinese Sign Language Recognition(CSLR)in the past 20 years.Hidden Markov Models(HMM),Support Vector Machines(SVM),and Dynamic Time Warping(DTW)were found to be the most commonly employed technologies among traditional identificationmethods.Benefiting from the rapid development of computer vision and artificial intelligence technology,Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN),3D-CNN,YOLO,Capsule Network(CapsNet)and various deep neural networks have sprung up.Deep Neural Networks(DNNs)and their derived models are integral tomodern artificial intelligence recognitionmethods.In addition,technologies thatwerewidely used in the early days have also been integrated and applied to specific hybrid models and customized identification methods.Sign language data collection includes acquiring data from data gloves,data sensors(such as Kinect,LeapMotion,etc.),and high-definition photography.Meanwhile,facial expression recognition,complex background processing,and 3D sign language recognition have also attracted research interests among scholars.Due to the uniqueness and complexity of Chinese sign language,accuracy,robustness,real-time performance,and user independence are significant challenges for future sign language recognition research.Additionally,suitable datasets and evaluation criteria are also worth pursuing.

Language Transfer Manifested in English Idiom Acquisition by Chinese EFL Learners

Idiom acquisition plays an important role in the process of second language learning and acquisition.Proper understanding of linguistic transfer in terms of English idiom acquisition is helpful for EFL learners to improve the efficiency of learning English and also facilitates the process of English teaching.This study examines the Chinese learner’s language transfer features manifested in their understanding of English idioms which are classified into five different types according to their linguistic forms and conceptual bases.The results suggest that equivalent linguistic forms and equivalent conceptual bases of idioms are helpful to cause positive transfer while different conceptual bases of idioms may result in negative cross-linguistic transfer.This article may contribute to the development of language transfer theory and provide pedagogical implications of how English idioms should be learned by students and taught by English teachers.

Negative Transfer in Second Language Acquisition

Negative transfer is the basic term we need to master in second language acquisition.This paper tries to analyze negative transfer of Chinese from the aspects of lexis,syntax and pragmatics.Besides,it provides suggestions on how to minimize negative transfer in second language teaching.

A Brief Analysis of the Positive and Negative Effectsof the Native Language Transfer in English Study

As the native language transfer inevitably exerts definite influences on English study,the paper is to give a more detailed analysis to the positive and negative effects in one's L2 learning.In English teaching,the full use of the positive effect of the native language transfer and the utmost elimination of the negative effect of the native language transfer would bring about a great advance in English quality improvement of the learners.The learners should be taught not to avoid negative influence.

Implications of the Language Transfer to English Reading

Reading plays an essential role in English skills. This study aims to help English teachers find better ways to facilitate students' reading. Learners' native or first language(L1) may be beneficial to their second language(L2) reading by understanding language transfer and their types of schemata between L1 and L2. Meanwhile, some implications are given to the reading teachers in this paper.

Corpora research of language transfer

The paper firstly reviews the developments of language transfer research. Utilizing the results supplied by CEM and AntConc, the present writer conducts analyses of the lexicai errors committed by the students in TEM-8 test and reveals the contributions to SLA and EFL language teaching that language transfer may make.

Some Factors Influencing First Language Transfer in Second Language Acquisition

Second language acquisition(SLA)studies shows that first language(L1)transfer is one of the important factors that influence SLA.This paper mainly summarizes some non-linguistic factors affecting language transfer in order to help whose who are interested in this field have a preliminary understanding of it.

Literature Review of Studies on Native Language Transfer in L2 Writing

Language transfer is a controversial topic in SLA, and how does L1 transferin L2 writing concerned by many scholars.This paper aims to sum up the scholars in china and aboard, some work has been done to study L1 interference in L2 writing.

An Exemplification towards Subtitling Translation in Media Language Transfer——on the Movie"The Scientific Card player"

Bilingual subtitling is often employed as an economical and effective method in media language transfer. It could be regarded as a branch of translation and often employs translation theories and strategies when carrying out the blingual task. However, there are several other factors that from media industry and administration need to be combined with translation during the process of subtitling. This paper uses the Italian movie"The Scientific Card Player"as an example to give an analysis of several factors which are involved in movie subtitling, including the poly-semiotic nature of audiovisual material, movie censorship, subtitling and translating techniques and strategies.

On Positive Transfer of Native Language in SLA

People have controversial ideas about the influence of our native language during the process of second language acquisition.The popular belief is that native language(NL) interferes the second language(L2) learning,which is known as negative transfer,while positive transfer is seldom mentioned,or even is neglected in the study of second language acquisition.We found that in teaching when the L2 learners experienced difficulties in understanding another language,they may resort to their NL to get help.So we can't only think about its negative aspect.In fact that NL plays a positive role in SLA,so we should make full use of the common features to lead to the positive transfer,then to strengthen the confidence of the second language learners.

The Study of English Negative Transfer to French Language Learning with French Majors

English language(EL) and French language(FL) are very similar in their language attributes-lexicon,syntax and tenses.During FL acquisition,especially during the early acquisition stages,FL learners are strongly influenced by their EL forms.The essential point of this paper is to distinguish the differences and similarities of the EL and FL,then to suggest some strategies to restrain the negative transfer effectively,which would be helpful in third language acquisition.

The Study of English Negative Transfer to French Language Learning with French Majors

English language(EL) and French language(FL) are very similar in their language attributes-lexicon,syntax and tenses.During FL acquisition,especially during the early acquisition stages,FL learners are strongly influenced by their EL forms.The essential point of this paper is to distinguish the differences and similarities of the EL and FL,then to suggest some strategies to restrain the negative transfer effectively,which would be helpful in third language acquisition.

On The Positive Transfer of Mother Tongue on Second Language Acquisition and its Inspiration to Teaching

The influence of mother tongue is inevitable in the process of second language acquisition. Traditional linguistics thinks that there is only negative effect of mother tongue on foreign language learning. However, second language acquisition theory holds the idea that mother tongue is not only an indispensable background and foundation, but also a resource that can be developed and used for second language learning. From the perspective of transfer of mother tongue, this article will mainly analy?size the positive transfer of mother tongue, and with an aim of how to improve the level of English language learners, some corre?sponding countermeasures are put forward.

A Robust Model for Translating Arabic Sign Language into Spoken Arabic Using Deep Learning

This study presents a novel and innovative approach to auto-matically translating Arabic Sign Language(ATSL)into spoken Arabic.The proposed solution utilizes a deep learning-based classification approach and the transfer learning technique to retrain 12 image recognition models.The image-based translation method maps sign language gestures to corre-sponding letters or words using distance measures and classification as a machine learning technique.The results show that the proposed model is more accurate and faster than traditional image-based models in classifying Arabic-language signs,with a translation accuracy of 93.7%.This research makes a significant contribution to the field of ATSL.It offers a practical solution for improving communication for individuals with special needs,such as the deaf and mute community.This work demonstrates the potential of deep learning techniques in translating sign language into natural language and highlights the importance of ATSL in facilitating communication for individuals with disabilities.

The Implementation Strategy of Language Transfer under the Theory of Constructivism

In recent years,the theory of constructivism has attracted increasingly more attention from people.As for English language transfer of colleges and universities,the theory of constructivism is of extremely theoretical significance and practical significance.At present,there are many problems necessary to solve in the language transfer practice of colleges and universities.For this reason,the application of the constructivism theory to language transfer should be practically enhanced.In practice,the materials of language learning and training should be not only greatly enriched,and also the role of practical teaching in language transfer should be fully played.Meanwhile,all sorts of rich teaching resources should be actively used for the selection and design.

Learning transfer and its enlightenment on tasked-based language teaching

With the development of cognitive psychology, the cognitive mechanism of learning transfer has recently become the focus in the general field of cognitive psychology. Based on the same theory, tasked based language teaching has become more and more popular. This thesis first analyzes the various factors which affect foreign language learning, then introduces some useful teaching strategies with an aim to help students get an efficient transfer of language knowledge and communicative competence in the context of tasked-based language teaching.

Conceptual Metaphor & Language Transfer:A Corpus-based Study

Language transfer plays a critical role in second language acquisition. It has been proved that language transfer occurs in all the aspects of L2 learning. This paper,with a focus on lexical collocations,adopts a corpus approach and attempts to address the long-standing issue from different perspectives. On the face of it,the result from the research shows clearly that not just negative transfer,positive transfer also takes place in the collocation. But actually,it is the conceptual metaphor rooted in experiences of cultures that acts as a major factor in language transfer in second language acquisition. Finally,a few suggestions of collocations are offered to benefit English Chinese learners in their L2 learning.

On Positive Transfer of Native Language in the Foreign Language Teaching and Learning

Native language plays an important role in the field of foreign language teaching and learning. When it comes to the transfer of the native language, we always think about the negative interference of it, even if we know that language transfer can be divided into positive transfer and negative transfer. In fact, we should not neglect these common areas between Chinese and English, which lead to the positive transfer and strengthen the efficient process of language learning. Here, there have been listed four levels of common areas between Chinese and English to illustrate the positive transfer from Chinese to English.

A Discussion on the Role of First Language (Chinese) Positive Transfer in Second Language (English) Lexical Acquisition and Related Pedagogical Suggestions

Language transfer is one of the central questions in second language acquisition (SLA) study. It claims that learners' the native language (NL) or first language (L1) will make great impacts, either promoting or hindering, on their second language (L2) acquisition, i.e. positive transfer and negative transfer. The issue has been widely concerned and researched in such relative fields as language education and psychological study during the past years. It is far beyond the scope of this paper to discuss it thoroughly since the scope of L1 influence is so wide that it affects almost all linguistic subsystems. Instead, this paper aims to focus on how the Chinese language facilitates Chinese learners' English lexical acquisition. Some suggestions on how to make use of the positive aspects is provided at the end of the paper for practical purpose.