BACKGROUND Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia(PJP)is an infectious disease common in immunocompromised hosts.However,the currently,the clinical characteristics of non-HIV patients with PJP infection have not been fully ...BACKGROUND Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia(PJP)is an infectious disease common in immunocompromised hosts.However,the currently,the clinical characteristics of non-HIV patients with PJP infection have not been fully elucidated.AIM To explore efficacy of trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole(TMP-SMX)and caspofungin for treatment of non-human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-infected PJP patients.METHODS A retrospective study enrolled 22 patients with non-HIV-infected PJP treated with TMP-SMX and caspofungin from 2019 to 2021.Clinical manifestations,treatment and prognosis of the patients were analyzed.RESULTS Five patients presented with comorbidity of autoimmune diseases,seven with lung cancer,four with lymphoma,two with organ transplantation and four with membranous nephropathy associated with use of immunosuppressive agents.The main clinical manifestations of patients were fever,dry cough,and progressive dyspnea.All patients presented with acute onset and respiratory failure.The most common imaging manifestation was ground glass opacity around the hilar,mainly in the upper lobe.All patients were diagnosed using next-generation sequencing,and were treated with a combination of TMP-SMX and caspofungin.Among them,17 patients received short-term adjuvant glucocorticoid therapy.All patients recovered well and were discharged from hospital.CONCLUSION Non-HIV-infected PJP have rapid disease progression,high risk of respiratory failure,and high mortality.Combination of TMP-SMX and caspofungin can effectively treat severe non-HIVinfected PJP patients with respiratory failure.展开更多
Despite advances in transplantation techniques and the quality of post-transplantation care, opportunistic infections remain an important cause of complications. Pneumocystis jirovecii(P. jirovecii) is an opportunisti...Despite advances in transplantation techniques and the quality of post-transplantation care, opportunistic infections remain an important cause of complications. Pneumocystis jirovecii(P. jirovecii) is an opportunistic organism, represents an important cause of infections in heart transplantation patients. Almost 2% to 10% of patients undergoing cardiac transplantation have Pneumocystis pneumonia. Prophylaxis is essential after surgery. Various prophylaxis regimes had been defined in past and have different advantages. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole(TMP/SMX) has a key role in prophylaxis against P. jirovecii. Generally, although TMP/SMX is well tolerated, serious side effects have also been reported during its use. Pentamidine is an alternative prophylaxis agent when TMP/SMX cannot be tolerated by the patient. Structurally, pentamidine is an aromatic diamidine compound with antiprotozoal activity. Since it is not effectively absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, it is frequently administered via the intravenous route. Pentamidine can alternatively be administered through inhalation at a monthly dose in heart transplant recipients. Although, the efficiency and safety of this drug is well studied in other types of solid organ transplantations, there are only few data about pentamidine usage in heart transplantation. We sought to evaluate evidence-based assessment of the use of pentamidine against P. jirovecii after heart transplantation.展开更多
BACKGROUND The advent of molecular targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors has greatly improved the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma(RCC), thus significantly improving patient survival. The incidenc...BACKGROUND The advent of molecular targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors has greatly improved the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma(RCC), thus significantly improving patient survival. The incidence of rare drug-related adverse events has gained increased attention.CASE SUMMARY We report a patient with advanced RCC treated with multiple lines of molecular targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors, who developed a pulmonary infection after treatment with everolimus in combination with lenvatinib. Determining the pathogenic organism was difficult, but it was eventually identified as Pneumocystis jirovecii by next-generation sequencing(NGS) of bronchoscopic alveolar lavage fluid(BALF) and successfully treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.CONCLUSION Rare pulmonary infections caused by molecular targeted agents are not uncommon in clinical practice, but their diagnosis is difficult. Evaluating BALF with NGS is a good method for rapid diagnosis of such infections.展开更多
BACKGROUND Pneumocystis pneumonia(PCP)is a serious fungal infection usually seen in patients with human immunodeficiency virus,and it is more frequently found and has a high fatality rate in immunocompromised people.S...BACKGROUND Pneumocystis pneumonia(PCP)is a serious fungal infection usually seen in patients with human immunodeficiency virus,and it is more frequently found and has a high fatality rate in immunocompromised people.Surprisingly,it rarely occurs in immunocompetent patients.However,the clinical diagnosis of this pathogen is made more difficult by the difficulty of obtaining accurate microbiological evidence with routine tests.This case reports a PCP patient with normal immune function who was diagnosed through next-generation sequencing(NGS).CASE SUMMARY A 23-year-old female who had no special disease in the past was admitted to the hospital with a persistent fever and cough.Based on the initial examination results,the patient was diagnosed with bipulmonary pneumonia,and empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy was administered.However,due to the undetermined etiology,the patient's condition continued to worsen.She was transferred to the intensive care unit because of acute respiratory failure.After the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii infection through NGS in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and caspofungin,the patient gradually recovered and had a good prognosis.CONCLUSION This case emphasizes that,for patients with normal immune function the possibility of PCP infection,although rare,cannot be ignored.NGS plays an important role in the diagnosis of refractory interstitial pneumonia and acute respiratory failure.展开更多
Background:Accurate diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia(PJP)is challenging,and the delayed diagnosis of PJP is associated with high mortality in patients with connective tissue disease(CTD).Metagenomic next-...Background:Accurate diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia(PJP)is challenging,and the delayed diagnosis of PJP is associated with high mortality in patients with connective tissue disease(CTD).Metagenomic next-generation sequencing(mNGS)technology facilitates etiological diagnosis of various infectious diseases,with promising application in diagnosing PJP.This study aimed to investigate the value of mNGS using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)for diagnosing PJP infection.Methods:Data from 55 patients with CTD and suspected pulmonary infection was retrospectively collected and analysed.A PJP group and non-PJP group were formed.The clinical manifestations,laboratory test results,treatment methods,and outcomes were summarized.BALF mNGS results were compared with traditional pathogen tests(TPT)and serum 1,3-beta-D-glucan(BDG)testing.Results:The mean age of PJP patients was 54 years,and 59%(10/17)of the patients were female.A significant difference was found between the average daily dose of prednisone administered to the PJP group and non-PJP group(25 mg vs.16 mg,P<0.001).The PJP group had a significantly higher incidence of dyspnoea(88%[15/17]vs.16%[6/38],P<0.001)and elevated serum BDG level(167.73 vs.30.67 pg/mL,P<0.001).BALF mNGS was more sensitive than both TPT(100%[95%confidence interval{CI}:77.1%-100%]vs.11.8%[95%CI:2.1%-37.7%],P<0.001)and serum BDG(100%[95%CI:77.1%-100%]vs.85.7%[95%CI:42%-99.2%],P<0.001).BALF mNGS was more specific than serum BDG(89.5%[95%CI:74.3%-96.6%]vs.46.7%[95%CI:22.3%-72.6%],P=0.493).Co-infection with cytomegalovirus(CMV)was more common in the PJP patients than in the non-PJP patients(59%[10/17]vs.11%[4/38],respectively,P<0.001).Conclusion:BALF mNGS technology is highly effective for diagnosing PJP in patients with CTD and identifying co-infections.展开更多
Background Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia （PCP） is one of the most common and fatal infections in non-AIDS immunocompromised patients, which is difficult to diagnose by traditional morphologic methods. This study ...Background Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia （PCP） is one of the most common and fatal infections in non-AIDS immunocompromised patients, which is difficult to diagnose by traditional morphologic methods. This study evaluated polymerase chain reaction （PCR） assays of Pneumocystis jirovecii mitochondrial large subunits ribosomal RNA in sputum and bronchioalveolar lavage fluid （BALF） for diagnosing PCP. Methods Sputum and BALF specimens from two groups were collected： one group （PCP group） included 20 patients definitely diagnosed of PCP by Gomori methenamine silver （GMS） stains of BALF; the other group （non-PCP group） included 40 patients. Each specimen was examined by GMS stains and PCR assays. Results GMS stains of BALF in PCP group were 100% positive （20/20）, GMS stains of sputum in PCP group were 35% positive （7/20）; GMS stains of BALF in non-PCP group were 100% negative （40/40）, GMS stains of sputum in non-PCP group were 100% negative （40/40）. PCR assays of BALF in PCP group were 100% positive （20/20）, PCR assays of sputum in PCP group were 100% positive （20/20）; PCR assays of BALF in non-PCP group were 100% negative （40/40）, PCR assays of sputum in non-PCP group were 100% negative （40/40）. Sensitivity and specificity of PCR assays of sputum and BALF were both 100%; positive and negative predictive values were also both 100%. Conclusion The diagnostic value of PCR assays of Pneumocystisjirovecii mitochondrial large subunits ribosomal RNA on sputum and BALF for pneumocystis pneumonia are both high and equivalent.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia(PJP)is an infectious disease common in immunocompromised hosts.However,the currently,the clinical characteristics of non-HIV patients with PJP infection have not been fully elucidated.AIM To explore efficacy of trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole(TMP-SMX)and caspofungin for treatment of non-human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-infected PJP patients.METHODS A retrospective study enrolled 22 patients with non-HIV-infected PJP treated with TMP-SMX and caspofungin from 2019 to 2021.Clinical manifestations,treatment and prognosis of the patients were analyzed.RESULTS Five patients presented with comorbidity of autoimmune diseases,seven with lung cancer,four with lymphoma,two with organ transplantation and four with membranous nephropathy associated with use of immunosuppressive agents.The main clinical manifestations of patients were fever,dry cough,and progressive dyspnea.All patients presented with acute onset and respiratory failure.The most common imaging manifestation was ground glass opacity around the hilar,mainly in the upper lobe.All patients were diagnosed using next-generation sequencing,and were treated with a combination of TMP-SMX and caspofungin.Among them,17 patients received short-term adjuvant glucocorticoid therapy.All patients recovered well and were discharged from hospital.CONCLUSION Non-HIV-infected PJP have rapid disease progression,high risk of respiratory failure,and high mortality.Combination of TMP-SMX and caspofungin can effectively treat severe non-HIVinfected PJP patients with respiratory failure.
文摘Despite advances in transplantation techniques and the quality of post-transplantation care, opportunistic infections remain an important cause of complications. Pneumocystis jirovecii(P. jirovecii) is an opportunistic organism, represents an important cause of infections in heart transplantation patients. Almost 2% to 10% of patients undergoing cardiac transplantation have Pneumocystis pneumonia. Prophylaxis is essential after surgery. Various prophylaxis regimes had been defined in past and have different advantages. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole(TMP/SMX) has a key role in prophylaxis against P. jirovecii. Generally, although TMP/SMX is well tolerated, serious side effects have also been reported during its use. Pentamidine is an alternative prophylaxis agent when TMP/SMX cannot be tolerated by the patient. Structurally, pentamidine is an aromatic diamidine compound with antiprotozoal activity. Since it is not effectively absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, it is frequently administered via the intravenous route. Pentamidine can alternatively be administered through inhalation at a monthly dose in heart transplant recipients. Although, the efficiency and safety of this drug is well studied in other types of solid organ transplantations, there are only few data about pentamidine usage in heart transplantation. We sought to evaluate evidence-based assessment of the use of pentamidine against P. jirovecii after heart transplantation.
文摘BACKGROUND The advent of molecular targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors has greatly improved the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma(RCC), thus significantly improving patient survival. The incidence of rare drug-related adverse events has gained increased attention.CASE SUMMARY We report a patient with advanced RCC treated with multiple lines of molecular targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors, who developed a pulmonary infection after treatment with everolimus in combination with lenvatinib. Determining the pathogenic organism was difficult, but it was eventually identified as Pneumocystis jirovecii by next-generation sequencing(NGS) of bronchoscopic alveolar lavage fluid(BALF) and successfully treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.CONCLUSION Rare pulmonary infections caused by molecular targeted agents are not uncommon in clinical practice, but their diagnosis is difficult. Evaluating BALF with NGS is a good method for rapid diagnosis of such infections.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81860273the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Projects,No.QKHJC-ZK[2022]-260+1 种基金the Science and Technology Fund of Guizhou Provincial Health Commission,No.gzwkj2021-320Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital National Natural Science Foundation,No.[2018]5764-09.
文摘BACKGROUND Pneumocystis pneumonia(PCP)is a serious fungal infection usually seen in patients with human immunodeficiency virus,and it is more frequently found and has a high fatality rate in immunocompromised people.Surprisingly,it rarely occurs in immunocompetent patients.However,the clinical diagnosis of this pathogen is made more difficult by the difficulty of obtaining accurate microbiological evidence with routine tests.This case reports a PCP patient with normal immune function who was diagnosed through next-generation sequencing(NGS).CASE SUMMARY A 23-year-old female who had no special disease in the past was admitted to the hospital with a persistent fever and cough.Based on the initial examination results,the patient was diagnosed with bipulmonary pneumonia,and empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy was administered.However,due to the undetermined etiology,the patient's condition continued to worsen.She was transferred to the intensive care unit because of acute respiratory failure.After the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii infection through NGS in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and caspofungin,the patient gradually recovered and had a good prognosis.CONCLUSION This case emphasizes that,for patients with normal immune function the possibility of PCP infection,although rare,cannot be ignored.NGS plays an important role in the diagnosis of refractory interstitial pneumonia and acute respiratory failure.
基金Foundation of Fujian Medical University,Grant/Award Number:2019QH1161。
文摘Background:Accurate diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia(PJP)is challenging,and the delayed diagnosis of PJP is associated with high mortality in patients with connective tissue disease(CTD).Metagenomic next-generation sequencing(mNGS)technology facilitates etiological diagnosis of various infectious diseases,with promising application in diagnosing PJP.This study aimed to investigate the value of mNGS using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)for diagnosing PJP infection.Methods:Data from 55 patients with CTD and suspected pulmonary infection was retrospectively collected and analysed.A PJP group and non-PJP group were formed.The clinical manifestations,laboratory test results,treatment methods,and outcomes were summarized.BALF mNGS results were compared with traditional pathogen tests(TPT)and serum 1,3-beta-D-glucan(BDG)testing.Results:The mean age of PJP patients was 54 years,and 59%(10/17)of the patients were female.A significant difference was found between the average daily dose of prednisone administered to the PJP group and non-PJP group(25 mg vs.16 mg,P<0.001).The PJP group had a significantly higher incidence of dyspnoea(88%[15/17]vs.16%[6/38],P<0.001)and elevated serum BDG level(167.73 vs.30.67 pg/mL,P<0.001).BALF mNGS was more sensitive than both TPT(100%[95%confidence interval{CI}:77.1%-100%]vs.11.8%[95%CI:2.1%-37.7%],P<0.001)and serum BDG(100%[95%CI:77.1%-100%]vs.85.7%[95%CI:42%-99.2%],P<0.001).BALF mNGS was more specific than serum BDG(89.5%[95%CI:74.3%-96.6%]vs.46.7%[95%CI:22.3%-72.6%],P=0.493).Co-infection with cytomegalovirus(CMV)was more common in the PJP patients than in the non-PJP patients(59%[10/17]vs.11%[4/38],respectively,P<0.001).Conclusion:BALF mNGS technology is highly effective for diagnosing PJP in patients with CTD and identifying co-infections.
文摘Background Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia （PCP） is one of the most common and fatal infections in non-AIDS immunocompromised patients, which is difficult to diagnose by traditional morphologic methods. This study evaluated polymerase chain reaction （PCR） assays of Pneumocystis jirovecii mitochondrial large subunits ribosomal RNA in sputum and bronchioalveolar lavage fluid （BALF） for diagnosing PCP. Methods Sputum and BALF specimens from two groups were collected： one group （PCP group） included 20 patients definitely diagnosed of PCP by Gomori methenamine silver （GMS） stains of BALF; the other group （non-PCP group） included 40 patients. Each specimen was examined by GMS stains and PCR assays. Results GMS stains of BALF in PCP group were 100% positive （20/20）, GMS stains of sputum in PCP group were 35% positive （7/20）; GMS stains of BALF in non-PCP group were 100% negative （40/40）, GMS stains of sputum in non-PCP group were 100% negative （40/40）. PCR assays of BALF in PCP group were 100% positive （20/20）, PCR assays of sputum in PCP group were 100% positive （20/20）; PCR assays of BALF in non-PCP group were 100% negative （40/40）, PCR assays of sputum in non-PCP group were 100% negative （40/40）. Sensitivity and specificity of PCR assays of sputum and BALF were both 100%; positive and negative predictive values were also both 100%. Conclusion The diagnostic value of PCR assays of Pneumocystisjirovecii mitochondrial large subunits ribosomal RNA on sputum and BALF for pneumocystis pneumonia are both high and equivalent.
