A Preliminary Study on the Spherical Bombs(Huolei)of the Southern Song Dynasty,Unearthed in Chongqing

The military situation of the thirteenth century required that the Song and the Mongols construct a great number of defensive works,relying on the mountains or facing the rivers,in the mountainous Sichuan Province and Chongqing.In recent years,a special kind of explosive firearms,huolei火雷(bombs),was unearthed in the large-scale excavations of the site of Diaoyu Fortress钓鱼城in Hechuan District合川and the Baidicheng白帝城in Fengjie County奉节,both of which were defensive works constructed in this mountainous area during the Southern Song dynasty.In addition,the ruins of kilns and the clay molds that were relevant to the casting of iron huolei have been discovered at the site of Baidicheng,indicating that these huolei might have been produced locally.The Southern Song iron huolei unearthed in Chongqing are the most direct evidence of the evolvement of gunpowder and firearms,and are of great significance to the history of science and technology,in particular the history of military technology.

Artistic Features of Gardens in Southern Song Dynasty

Based on the discussion of gardens in song dynasty,the artistic characteristics of gardens in southern song dynasty are analyzed from the four perspectives of poetry and painting style,stone piling and water designing,architectural form and plant cultivation.The gardens of southern song dynasty embody the regional and cultural characteristics of Jiangnan.The aesthetic appreciation of gardens infl uenced by the style of poetry and painting highlights the artistic characteristics of false or true complement,soft and elegant,and tends to be popularized.Mountain stones are stacked into peaks and waters are designed according to local conditions.The architectural forms are strewn at random,exquisite and elegant.Landscape plants present varying sceneries with changing view-points,and naming echo with scenes to enhance the artistic value of landscape.It is hoped that the status of garden art of southern song dynasty in the history of Chinese classical gardens can be evaluated more scientifi cally and objectively through the research,and some reliable theoretical basis can be provided for modern garden design.

The“Emperor’s Edict”and the Emperor’s power in the Southern Song Dynasty

“Emperor’s Edict”refers to the writing of emperor himself.In the context of serving as official document,it refers to the special writ issued by emperor for sake of administering national affairs.In the official document system of Song Dynasty,“Emperor’s Edict”had always been an attention of the scholars and officials at that time due to its unusual functions in terms of drafting,promulgation and power.The Southern Song Dynasty was generally conceived by academic circles as a period when the“Administration by Emperor’s Edict”was gradually phased out.We did observe,however,with“Emperor’s Edict”placed in historical panorama of the early years of Southern Song Dynasty,an ever-strengthened power and prowess of“Emperor’s Edict”as backlit by several historical incidents such as Emperor Gaozong’s controlling and manipulating by“Emperor’s Edict”of the national armies.It reflects the political truth of strengthened imperial power in the Southern Song Dynasty.Hence,we can have access to another facet of the politics of the Southern Song Dynasty.

The Rediscovery of“Evocation”(Xing)and the Rise of“Poems Based on Evocation with Miscellaneous Themes”(Za-Xing)in the Resurgence Era of Southern Song Dynasty

The composition of group poems based on evocation with miscellaneous themes(za-xing)first emerged in the Tang Dynasty,pioneered by Du Fu and Chu Guangxi,but an extraordinary outburst of group poems based on evocation with miscellaneous themes emerged in the the resurgence era of Southern Song Dynasty.This phenomenon was not only influenced by new ideas in poetics and the studies of Confucian classics in the Southern Song Dynasty but also directly stemmed from the resistance against the poetic system represented by the Jiangxi poetry school.The group poems based on evocation with miscellaneous themes of poets such as Lu You,Yang Wanli,and Fan Chengda exhibit a tendency opposite to the Jiangxi poetic style in terms of their overall characteristics.The rise of evocation with miscellaneous themes poems in the poetic circle of the the resurgence era of Southern Song Dynasty holds significant importance in the history of Song poetry.It represents a rebellious and rule-breaking force that fundamentally protests against the various rules and boundaries established by Song poetics,marking a revolution in the norms of Song poetry.

Nature as Harmony： The Foundation of Chinese Poetry

This paper argues for the very foundation of Chinese poetry, that is, nature itself. To this end, I have chosen three well-known poets, Wang Wei （706-761） in Tang Dynasty （618-907）, Su Shi （1037-1101） and Zhou Dunyi （1017-1073） in Northern Song Dynasty （960-1127）. All three poets were also high ranking governmental officials. They were leaders of high personal integrity.

A Study on Imitating Activities ,ofHanshan Poems by Chan Buddhist Monks in SONG Dynasty

Although we have no clear picture of the life of Hanshan, a legendary TANG monk and in Collected Poems of Hanshan （Hanshan Sho＇i）, we can find either unclear ideas regarding his major thoughts or different ideologies from Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism. Hanshan poetry was broadly read by people belonging to various social statuses during the SONG Dynasty. His poetry was also frequently cited in Chan Buddhist literature of the period. Furthermore, SONG Chan Buddhist monks invited Hanshan into their own genealogy and regarded him as a ＂San Sheng＂ （a Free Sage）. Many Chan Buddhist monks of the SONG Dynasty used Hanshan poetry in various Chan Buddhist texts. Numerous Chan Buddhist monks even wrote so-called ＂ni Hanshan shi＂, which imitated Hanshan poetry as a kind of personal literary creation. It is understandable that when a monk imitated Hanshan poetry, he would simultaneously be both the reader and the creator of Hanshan poetry, and as we understand that every writer produces their works through their own cultural outlook, a newly-formed correlation occurred naturally between the original poetry and imitated poetry through the SONG Chan Buddhist monk＇s version. By observing this correlation, this paper will deeply analyze the dissemination and acceptance of Hanshan poetry, within Chan Buddhist society in the SONG Dynasty, as based on Chan Buddhist literature, in order to learn more about image creation and the recreation of Hanshan during the period

Measurement of transient thickness between the body and graze layers of ancient porcelains using microprobe EDXRF technique

The oxide contents of TiO2, MnO, SrO and Fe2O3 in the body and graze layers of the Jiao-Tan-Xia (JTX) and Lao-Hu-Dong (LHD) porcelains in Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279 A.D.) have been determined using an In- ternational Eagle-II μ-probe EDXRF spectrometer. The results show that the contents in the body are much different from those in the graze one. Therefore, the transient thickness (TT) between the body and graze layers can be meas- ured through determination of a distance of the drift change in the chemical contents. The TT average for the JTX porcelains is 161μm, while that for the LHD porcelains is 258μm, which are consistent with a range of 0.15-0.3mm in the Ru-Yao porcelains. The different TT is related to the variances in firing temperature and raw material for manu- facturing the respective porcelains.

“森列”与“饾饤”:南宋园林假山营造的两种类型及其结合发展

现有中国园林史研究已经认识到南宋是园林中石假山营造得到重要发展的时期,然而南宋园林假山营造的具体方式及其形态特点尚未得到有效探讨。在深入研读相关文献与图像的基础上,结合历史来源与后世影响,探讨南宋园林假山营造的类型及其发展。首先从“置”与“叠”2种基本方式出发,在历史语境中探讨“森列”与“饾饤”这2类南宋常见的假山营造类型及其来源与影响;进而关注二者在仿“飞来峰”营造中的结合与发展,从而更清晰地认识南宋,乃至其后的石假山营造。这一研究将对其后中国园林假山发展的认识,乃至当代假山特点的理解提供坚实的历史理论基础。

近四十年来国内宋代茶诗研究的回顾与展望

近四十年来,随着中国茶文化研究的日益深入,茶诗研究热度的上升,学界对宋代茶诗的关注和研究也逐渐增多。其研究历程大致可分为三个阶段:1984-2000年,为研究发轫期;2001-2016年,为研究蓬勃发展期;2017年至今,为研究渐趋成熟期。总体上看,近四十年来,宋代茶诗研究成果不算少,但还基本停留在茶诗名家研究,学科交叉研究如茶诗地理学研究还相对较少,茶诗的艺术性也还有待进一步深入探讨。未来宋代茶诗研究还可在宏观把握和系统梳理的基础上,进一步加强理论深度的挖掘,并充分利用交叉学科研究的优势,从多角度切入,进一步拓展、深入对宋代茶诗的研究。

南宋和元代龙泉窑粉青瓷釉色比较研究

为了研究南宋与元代龙泉粉青瓷釉呈色机理,采用colorimeter,XRF,XRD,Raman spectrometer,XPS等对南宋和元代龙泉粉青瓷釉进行对比分析。结果表明,南宋粉青瓷L*值大于元代,而a*、b*值小于元代粉青瓷。南宋粉青瓷的烧成温度低于元代。龙泉粉青瓷乳浊如玉的质感主要是受釉层内小而密集气泡与大量石英晶体对光的影响所致。Fe2O3的化学色主导了龙泉青瓷的呈色,且南宋粉青瓷的Fe2+与Fe3+的比值高于元代粉青瓷,是南宋粉青瓷偏蓝而元代粉青瓷偏绿的主要原因。

南宋临安古都的历史还原

南宋建都临安,是杭州这座历史文化名城跃升为全国首都的里程碑,是浙江文化从外缘走向中心的转折点,是中国文化中心南北易位最终聚合江南的分界线,也是宋代文化继续繁荣再造高峰的动力源。然而由于战乱等原因,作为“七大古都”之一的南宋临安未能如北京、南京、西安、洛阳等有效保存古都空间景观,以皇城为核心的主体建筑荡然无存,这无疑是浙江也是中国文明发展史的重大缺憾。在当今长三角一体化的大战略中,以国际大都会上海为领雁,以古都南京与杭州为两翼,必将在建设全球第六大城市群中书写新的辉煌。鉴此,尤有必要从中国古都谱系的历史定位中提出和探索南宋古都复原与重建这一重要论题。

清新妙绝:日本江户诗坛的宋诗接受——以七绝选本为中心的考察

江户后期诗坛,为了对抗蘐园古文辞派的因明学唐的伪唐诗,宋诗派领袖人物山本北山提出宋诗清新主张,并选定宋三大家诗歌作为清新诗风的代表。北山子山本绿阴、弟子大窪诗佛编选《宋三大家绝句》(1803),北山作序推广,风行日本,是为诗坛宋诗接受的标志性事件。由是带动了宋诗派另一领袖人物市河宽斋编选续编《三家妙绝》(1807),宽斋成名弟子大窪诗佛、菊池五山、柏木如亭作序跋推广。大窪诗佛、菊池五山更绍继其师,编选续续编《广三大家绝句》(1811),宽斋作序推广。连续编刊的三大家七绝,承载着清新性灵的宋诗学旨趣,矫正模拟剽窃的伪唐诗,推动了江户诗坛的宋诗兴盛。柏木如亭亦绍继乃师,编选《宋诗清绝》(1813)、《续宋诗清绝》(1846),将“清绝”作为了选本之名,选诗旨趣承袭北山、宽斋之清新,将选诗目光扩展到了三家之外的宋代七绝,但多选江湖诗人,选诗诗家增多,格局反趋卑狭。

朱子社仓与南宋乡村共同体的形成

随着宋代土地兼并造成的社会分化加剧,乡村贫富矛盾日益尖锐,这在南宋初年的乡村社会尤其明显。在生存竞争的压力下,各种单一共同体成为小群体的生存策略,建立在地缘基础上的乡村共同体反而受到削弱。在一些生存困难的地区,由常规性春荒引发的贫富对立就足以造成乡村共同体的分裂,更在饥荒期间造成乡村共同体的崩溃。为此,如何建立一种能够纾解民困、缓解贫富矛盾并修复乡村共同体的有效机制,成为南宋士大夫们尤其是理学家们重点思考的问题。朱熹的方案是:通过建立由士人领导的立足乡村的公益设施——社仓,构建一种利益平衡机制,贫民能够以较低代价获得所需口粮,乡里借贷利率也得以整体降低;富民尽管做出部分让步,并投入大量精力从事公益服务,但避免了社会崩溃带来的生命财产损失。在这一体系中,士人作为儒家传统的代言人为系统注入道德内聚性,公益服务与慈善活动增进了结构的精神属性。由此,一个在官方监督下的由士人领导的建立在乡里社会场域上的地缘共同体得以成立。这种模式尽管并非尽善尽美,但在应对乡村社会分化导致的地缘共同体分裂方面具有无可替代的作用,因而被后世所继承,这无疑是朱子社仓超越南宋时代的价值所在。

南宋沿海地区巡检与海患治理

巡检司是宋代为缉拿走私、平息基层变乱、维持地方治安而在各地增设的机构,其主管官的称谓很复杂,简称“巡检”。随着海外贸易的兴盛,南宋时期沿海地区各类走私猖獗,走私者分布广、规模大,海上盗贼势力空前强大,负责缉私与巡查盗贼的巡检数量随之增加。沿海巡检所统领的土兵是当时基层常备巡警力量,根据缉私对象、寇盗活动规模及其治理难易程度的不同,或与附近巡检寨兵联合行动,或配合水军等主力官兵及地方民防力量协同参与弹压行动,在近海海患治理中发挥重要的基础性作用。揭示南宋沿海各地巡检的布局特征,分析其职能变化,探讨巡检在当时海患治理机制中的地位和作用,对于深化和推进地方治理机制的相关研究有重要的意义。

《宋诗钞》与清初宋诗宗尚

作为清人编订的第一部大型宋诗总集,《宋诗钞》的面世契合了京师之诗学趣尚,并有力地推动了清初宋诗风的兴起,在浙派的发展历程以及清初诗坛具有非常重要的意义。探究《宋诗钞》与清初宋诗宗尚的关系,有助于理解彼时诗风演进的一些动态特征。

周必大对南宋国家治理的建言对策

南宋名臣周必大积极入世,官至丞相,其针对南宋国家存在的问题提出诸多建言对策。在人才问题上,他提倡不拘资序,平时做好人才储备,有需要时适才而用;在制度问题上,周必大针对科举发解试中的积弊和档案管理中的漏洞提出了改进建议和措施;周必大主张官员推行久任制度,同时革除荐举之弊;在国防问题上,周必大针对四川马政和两淮民兵提出了改进建议;在社会治理方面,周必大提出了疏与堵结合的对策,既要加强防范又要缓和矛盾。他对南宋国家治理的建言对策多能切中时弊。

《诗》教传统与宋代理学家“温柔敦厚”诗学审美理想的生成

传统儒家“温柔敦厚《诗》教传统”向后世“温柔敦厚诗学观”的发展、定型,表征着儒家政教传统对于文学艺术具有重要而直接的影响。由“尚中”“尚和”观念发展而来的儒家“中庸”思想、与其同样有着“尚中”“尚和”基因的“诗言志”“比兴”传统,以及由孔子提出而得到后儒发挥的“兴观群怨”诗教传统等,均与“温柔敦厚《诗》教观”紧密相关。宋代理学家在承继汉唐诸儒“温柔敦厚审美理想”的同时,于众多方面发挥、转移了其主要观点,并在他们的诗歌书写中得到较为充分的表达:理学家诗人在作者感情、态度等方面推崇中和、中节而不过分;其理学诗作重视诗歌讽谏和感兴志意作用,强调以理、礼、性、道、仁等“节之”,关注“情性”及“心性存养”等。

宋徽宗茶书诗画及其茶道精神探析

作为一位才华横溢且爱好饮茶的帝王,宋徽宗对宋代茶文化的发展起到了重要的引领作用。在宋代崇尚风雅的社会文化氛围下,他创作了许多优秀的茶书诗画作品,如茶书《大观茶论》、茶画《文会图》以及多首描绘茶事活动的茶诗。这些作品充分体现出“致清导和”“韵高致静”和“中澹闲洁”的茶道精神,反映了宋人的审美情趣与价值追求,在茶文化史上有着重要的地位,并对茶文化的发展产生了深远的影响。

论清初诗人吴之振的诗学观

吴之振作为清初宋诗派的一员主将,其诗学宗尚建立在反思明代诗学的基础上,表现出通达的“宗宋不黜唐”的诗学观,具体的阐释倾向主要包括两个方面:“真”侧重抒写性灵,穷达一耳;“变”强调贵在自得。