Point return orbit(PRO) of manned lunar mission is constrained by both lunar parking orbit and reentry corridor associated with reentry position.Besides,the fuel consumption and flight time should be economy.The patch...Point return orbit(PRO) of manned lunar mission is constrained by both lunar parking orbit and reentry corridor associated with reentry position.Besides,the fuel consumption and flight time should be economy.The patched conic equations which are adaptive to PRO are derived first,the PRO is modeled with fuel and time constraints based on the design variables of orbit parameters with clear physical meaning.After that,by combining analytical method with numerical method,a serial orbit design strategy from initial value design to precision solution is proposed.Simulation example indicates that the method has excellent convergence performance and precision.According to a great deal of simulation results by the method,the PRO characteristics such as Moon centered orbit parameters,Earth centered orbit parameters,transfer velocity change,etc.are analyzed,which can supply references to the manned lunar mission orbit scheme.展开更多
At a temperature of 23.0 - 24.8℃, the mixed feeding of Japanese anchovy larvae was initiated 24 h before the yolk-sac was exhausted. The point of no return （PNR） was reached on the 6th day after hatching. On the 4t...At a temperature of 23.0 - 24.8℃, the mixed feeding of Japanese anchovy larvae was initiated 24 h before the yolk-sac was exhausted. The point of no return （PNR） was reached on the 6th day after hatching. On the 4th day after hatching, the pectoral angle appeared in both fed and unfed anchovy larvae although it was more evident and sharper in the starved and the PNR stage larvae than in the fed ones. According to observations of larvae collected in the sea, the pectoral angles were evident not only in the larvae of 3.62 - 7.44 mm in standard length, but also in the larvae of 2.70 mm in standard length with remnants of yolk. The pectoral angles became diffuse when the larvae reached 7.84 mm and vanished at 9.86 mm. The pectoral angle cannot be used as a criterion to distinguish healthy from starving larvae.展开更多
The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the yolk-sac and oil globule absorption and point of no return （PNR） ofpikeperch （Sander lucioperca L.） larvae. Artificial propagation ofpikeperch was performed...The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the yolk-sac and oil globule absorption and point of no return （PNR） ofpikeperch （Sander lucioperca L.） larvae. Artificial propagation ofpikeperch was performed at （15±2）℃. Yolk-sac absorption, oil globule absorption, larval growth and the first initial feeding rate were observed to analyze the early growth and to determine the PNR of pikeperch larvae. The total length of newly hatched （0 day after hatching, DAH） pikeperch larvae was （4.25±0.22） mm and the volume of the yolk-sac and the oil globule was （0.30±0.12）mm^3 and （5.14±2.28） 10-2 mm^3 respectively. The yolk-sac and the oil globule were exhausted at 11 DAH and 14 DAH, respectively. Pikeperch larvae began feeding at 8 DAH with an initial feeding rate about 10.0%. From 9 to 14 DAH, the initial feeding rate increased rapidly, and reached its highest （about 82.7%） at 14 DAH. It declined thereafter, 48.9% at 15 DAH and 35.6% at 16 DAH, thus the pikeperch larvae reached PNR by 15-16 DAH. The appropriate first feeding time for the pikeperch larvae is 11-12 DAH, when the initial feeding rate is higher than half of the maximum initial feeding rate.展开更多
【目的】研究新疆裸重唇鱼(Gymnodiptychus dybowskii)仔鱼的饥饿耐受能力及最佳投喂时间,为其仔鱼培育提供理论参考。【方法】采用试验生态学方法,在水温15.2~16.4℃条件下,研究新疆裸重唇鱼仔鱼在饥饿胁迫下的形态发育、生长及存活率...【目的】研究新疆裸重唇鱼(Gymnodiptychus dybowskii)仔鱼的饥饿耐受能力及最佳投喂时间,为其仔鱼培育提供理论参考。【方法】采用试验生态学方法,在水温15.2~16.4℃条件下,研究新疆裸重唇鱼仔鱼在饥饿胁迫下的形态发育、生长及存活率等的变化,通过记录饥饿组仔鱼每日的初次摄食率,测定其不可逆点(Point of no return,PNR)。【结果】新疆裸重唇鱼仔鱼7日龄开口摄食,12~13日龄卵黄囊消失,混合营养期5~6 d。仔鱼开口时初次摄食率仅为5%,11日龄达到初次摄食率的最大值100%;17日龄后下降至50%,到达PNR,仔鱼具有初次摄食能力的时间为10 d。9日龄前,两组仔鱼全长无显著差异(P>0.05),12日龄后饥饿组仔鱼全长与对照组有显著差异(P<0.05),饥饿组仔鱼负增长并出现生理性萎缩。饥饿组仔鱼进入PNR后,因饥饿出现身体扭曲、畸形,死亡率逐渐升高,至25日龄死亡率达100%。【结论】在水温15.2~16.4℃下,新疆裸重唇鱼具有一定的耐受饥饿能力,其仔鱼最佳投喂时间为11日龄。展开更多
为研究鸭绿沙塘鳢(Odontobutis yaluensis)仔稚鱼发育特点,并确定仔鱼最佳投饵时间及饥饿不可逆点(point of no return,PNR),在水温19.7~26.7℃下,研究了饥饿胁迫对鸭绿沙塘鳢仔鱼生长、形态和行为的影响。结果表明:鸭绿沙塘鳢仔稚鱼发...为研究鸭绿沙塘鳢(Odontobutis yaluensis)仔稚鱼发育特点,并确定仔鱼最佳投饵时间及饥饿不可逆点(point of no return,PNR),在水温19.7~26.7℃下,研究了饥饿胁迫对鸭绿沙塘鳢仔鱼生长、形态和行为的影响。结果表明:鸭绿沙塘鳢仔稚鱼发育较独特,鳍条在胚胎期已完全分离,鳞片初发生时卵黄囊未完全消失;根据鳞片形成的特点,将鸭绿沙塘鳢仔稚鱼发育划分为仔鱼期(孵化后0~14日龄)和稚鱼期(孵化后15~44日龄);初孵仔鱼全长为(7.72±0.09)mm,卵黄囊体积为(0.74±0.04)mm^(3),口张开,肛门贯通,尾骨上翘,耳石、鳃弓、鳃丝、齿及各鳍鳍条均可见;孵化后1日龄仔鱼开口,4日龄仔鱼卵黄囊消耗50%,15日龄仔鱼鳞片首先出现在尾柄中轴线附近,发育进入稚鱼期,18日龄稚鱼卵黄囊消耗90%,30日龄稚鱼卵黄囊及油球消失,44日龄稚鱼头顶部和鳃盖处的鳞片覆盖形成,鳞被完全,发育进入幼鱼期;鸭绿沙塘鳢全长与孵化后日龄呈二次多项式函数关系,卵黄囊体积与孵化后日龄呈对数函数关系;鸭绿沙塘鳢孵化后1日龄仔鱼开口率为40%,2~8日龄仔鱼开口率达最高值100%,9日龄仔鱼开口率开始下降,12~13日龄仔鱼到达饥饿不可逆点(PNR),13~14日龄饥饿仔鱼累计死亡率达50%,18日龄饥饿稚鱼全部死亡;投喂组仔鱼的全长、眼径、尾柄高、卵黄囊体积和鳔体积,分别从6、8、5、1、5日龄起显著高于饥饿组(P<0.05),饥饿仔鱼的全长、眼径、尾柄高和鳔体积,分别从14、13、13、10日龄起出现负增长,这表明饥饿对仔鱼生长发育有延迟作用。研究表明,鸭绿沙塘鳢在仔鱼期器官发育较完善是对栖息地山区河流生态适应的结果,其最佳开口时间为孵化后1~2日龄,PNR为12~13日龄。展开更多
为研究马口鱼(Opsariichthys bidens)早期生活史发育特点并确定其饥饿不可逆点(point of no return,PNR),在水温20.5~26.0℃条件下,研究了马口鱼早期发育的形态特征及饥饿对马口鱼仔鱼生长、形态和行为的影响。结果表明:马口鱼孵化后10...为研究马口鱼(Opsariichthys bidens)早期生活史发育特点并确定其饥饿不可逆点(point of no return,PNR),在水温20.5~26.0℃条件下,研究了马口鱼早期发育的形态特征及饥饿对马口鱼仔鱼生长、形态和行为的影响。结果表明:马口鱼孵化后10日龄开口摄食,混合营养期为10~11日龄,12日龄卵黄囊完全消失,27日龄第一鳞片出现,43日龄鳞被覆盖完全;依据卵黄囊消失和鳞片形成的特点可将马口鱼仔稚鱼划分为早期仔鱼(0~11日龄)、晚期仔鱼(12~26日龄)和稚鱼期(27~43日龄);饥饿再投喂及不可逆点试验显示,在水温为(21.5±1.0)℃条件下,马口鱼的PNR为12~13日龄,14日龄饥饿仔鱼全部死亡。研究表明,马口鱼属于卵黄囊晚消失鱼类,该发育特征有助于其更好地适应野外生态环境,马口鱼仔鱼的混合营养期较短(仅为2 d),需适时下塘,从而提高仔鱼成活率。展开更多
基金supported by the Open Research Foundation of Science and Technology on Aerospace Flight Dynamics Laboratory (Grant No.2012afdl005)
文摘Point return orbit(PRO) of manned lunar mission is constrained by both lunar parking orbit and reentry corridor associated with reentry position.Besides,the fuel consumption and flight time should be economy.The patched conic equations which are adaptive to PRO are derived first,the PRO is modeled with fuel and time constraints based on the design variables of orbit parameters with clear physical meaning.After that,by combining analytical method with numerical method,a serial orbit design strategy from initial value design to precision solution is proposed.Simulation example indicates that the method has excellent convergence performance and precision.According to a great deal of simulation results by the method,the PRO characteristics such as Moon centered orbit parameters,Earth centered orbit parameters,transfer velocity change,etc.are analyzed,which can supply references to the manned lunar mission orbit scheme.
文摘At a temperature of 23.0 - 24.8℃, the mixed feeding of Japanese anchovy larvae was initiated 24 h before the yolk-sac was exhausted. The point of no return （PNR） was reached on the 6th day after hatching. On the 4th day after hatching, the pectoral angle appeared in both fed and unfed anchovy larvae although it was more evident and sharper in the starved and the PNR stage larvae than in the fed ones. According to observations of larvae collected in the sea, the pectoral angles were evident not only in the larvae of 3.62 - 7.44 mm in standard length, but also in the larvae of 2.70 mm in standard length with remnants of yolk. The pectoral angles became diffuse when the larvae reached 7.84 mm and vanished at 9.86 mm. The pectoral angle cannot be used as a criterion to distinguish healthy from starving larvae.
基金Supported by the Science Fund of Jiangsu Province(No.BY2015039-10)the Fund of Jiangsu Province Collaborative Center of Regional Modern Agriculture&Environmental Protection(No.HSXT219)the Science Fund of Changshu Science and Technology Bureau,China(No.CN201408)
文摘The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the yolk-sac and oil globule absorption and point of no return （PNR） ofpikeperch （Sander lucioperca L.） larvae. Artificial propagation ofpikeperch was performed at （15±2）℃. Yolk-sac absorption, oil globule absorption, larval growth and the first initial feeding rate were observed to analyze the early growth and to determine the PNR of pikeperch larvae. The total length of newly hatched （0 day after hatching, DAH） pikeperch larvae was （4.25±0.22） mm and the volume of the yolk-sac and the oil globule was （0.30±0.12）mm^3 and （5.14±2.28） 10-2 mm^3 respectively. The yolk-sac and the oil globule were exhausted at 11 DAH and 14 DAH, respectively. Pikeperch larvae began feeding at 8 DAH with an initial feeding rate about 10.0%. From 9 to 14 DAH, the initial feeding rate increased rapidly, and reached its highest （about 82.7%） at 14 DAH. It declined thereafter, 48.9% at 15 DAH and 35.6% at 16 DAH, thus the pikeperch larvae reached PNR by 15-16 DAH. The appropriate first feeding time for the pikeperch larvae is 11-12 DAH, when the initial feeding rate is higher than half of the maximum initial feeding rate.
文摘【目的】研究新疆裸重唇鱼(Gymnodiptychus dybowskii)仔鱼的饥饿耐受能力及最佳投喂时间,为其仔鱼培育提供理论参考。【方法】采用试验生态学方法,在水温15.2~16.4℃条件下,研究新疆裸重唇鱼仔鱼在饥饿胁迫下的形态发育、生长及存活率等的变化,通过记录饥饿组仔鱼每日的初次摄食率,测定其不可逆点(Point of no return,PNR)。【结果】新疆裸重唇鱼仔鱼7日龄开口摄食,12~13日龄卵黄囊消失,混合营养期5~6 d。仔鱼开口时初次摄食率仅为5%,11日龄达到初次摄食率的最大值100%;17日龄后下降至50%,到达PNR,仔鱼具有初次摄食能力的时间为10 d。9日龄前,两组仔鱼全长无显著差异(P>0.05),12日龄后饥饿组仔鱼全长与对照组有显著差异(P<0.05),饥饿组仔鱼负增长并出现生理性萎缩。饥饿组仔鱼进入PNR后,因饥饿出现身体扭曲、畸形,死亡率逐渐升高,至25日龄死亡率达100%。【结论】在水温15.2~16.4℃下,新疆裸重唇鱼具有一定的耐受饥饿能力,其仔鱼最佳投喂时间为11日龄。
文摘为研究鸭绿沙塘鳢(Odontobutis yaluensis)仔稚鱼发育特点,并确定仔鱼最佳投饵时间及饥饿不可逆点(point of no return,PNR),在水温19.7~26.7℃下,研究了饥饿胁迫对鸭绿沙塘鳢仔鱼生长、形态和行为的影响。结果表明:鸭绿沙塘鳢仔稚鱼发育较独特,鳍条在胚胎期已完全分离,鳞片初发生时卵黄囊未完全消失;根据鳞片形成的特点,将鸭绿沙塘鳢仔稚鱼发育划分为仔鱼期(孵化后0~14日龄)和稚鱼期(孵化后15~44日龄);初孵仔鱼全长为(7.72±0.09)mm,卵黄囊体积为(0.74±0.04)mm^(3),口张开,肛门贯通,尾骨上翘,耳石、鳃弓、鳃丝、齿及各鳍鳍条均可见;孵化后1日龄仔鱼开口,4日龄仔鱼卵黄囊消耗50%,15日龄仔鱼鳞片首先出现在尾柄中轴线附近,发育进入稚鱼期,18日龄稚鱼卵黄囊消耗90%,30日龄稚鱼卵黄囊及油球消失,44日龄稚鱼头顶部和鳃盖处的鳞片覆盖形成,鳞被完全,发育进入幼鱼期;鸭绿沙塘鳢全长与孵化后日龄呈二次多项式函数关系,卵黄囊体积与孵化后日龄呈对数函数关系;鸭绿沙塘鳢孵化后1日龄仔鱼开口率为40%,2~8日龄仔鱼开口率达最高值100%,9日龄仔鱼开口率开始下降,12~13日龄仔鱼到达饥饿不可逆点(PNR),13~14日龄饥饿仔鱼累计死亡率达50%,18日龄饥饿稚鱼全部死亡;投喂组仔鱼的全长、眼径、尾柄高、卵黄囊体积和鳔体积,分别从6、8、5、1、5日龄起显著高于饥饿组(P<0.05),饥饿仔鱼的全长、眼径、尾柄高和鳔体积,分别从14、13、13、10日龄起出现负增长,这表明饥饿对仔鱼生长发育有延迟作用。研究表明,鸭绿沙塘鳢在仔鱼期器官发育较完善是对栖息地山区河流生态适应的结果,其最佳开口时间为孵化后1~2日龄,PNR为12~13日龄。
文摘为研究马口鱼(Opsariichthys bidens)早期生活史发育特点并确定其饥饿不可逆点(point of no return,PNR),在水温20.5~26.0℃条件下,研究了马口鱼早期发育的形态特征及饥饿对马口鱼仔鱼生长、形态和行为的影响。结果表明:马口鱼孵化后10日龄开口摄食,混合营养期为10~11日龄,12日龄卵黄囊完全消失,27日龄第一鳞片出现,43日龄鳞被覆盖完全;依据卵黄囊消失和鳞片形成的特点可将马口鱼仔稚鱼划分为早期仔鱼(0~11日龄)、晚期仔鱼(12~26日龄)和稚鱼期(27~43日龄);饥饿再投喂及不可逆点试验显示,在水温为(21.5±1.0)℃条件下,马口鱼的PNR为12~13日龄,14日龄饥饿仔鱼全部死亡。研究表明,马口鱼属于卵黄囊晚消失鱼类,该发育特征有助于其更好地适应野外生态环境,马口鱼仔鱼的混合营养期较短(仅为2 d),需适时下塘,从而提高仔鱼成活率。
