Poisonous Plants of the Karakalpak Part of the Ustyurt Plateau (Uzbekistan)

The article presents the composition and current state of poisonous plants distributed on the Ustyurt plateau. Ustyurt is one of the largest deserts in Central Asia, differing from other deserts of the world in geographical location, relief, flora and fauna and other features. The territory of Ustyurt occupies 21.3 million hectares, of which the Karakalpak part accounts for 7.2 million hectares. Poisonous alkaloid-bearing plants of the Karakalpak part of the Ustyurt plateau Anabasis aphylla, Atriplex flabellum, Kalidium capsicum, Salsola arbusculaeformis, Salsola foliosa, Aellenia subaphylla, Anabasis brachiata, Rheum tataricum, Capparis spinosa, Glycyrrhiza aspera. Alkaloid-bearing plants that are not eaten or poorly eaten by cattle Ephedra distachya, Delphinium songaricum, Anabasis salsa, alkaloid-bearing plants eaten by animals without harm Carex physodes, Eremopyrum orientale, Agrophyllum repens, Astragalus amodendron, Astragalus villosissimus, species of the genera Calligonum, Salsola. Poisonous plants of the Karakalpak part of the Ustyurt plateau. An analysis of the pasture flora of the Karakalpak part of the Ustyurt plateau shows that 62 species of wild poisonous plants belonging to 49 genera and 19 families grow here. Although these plants are considered poisonous, but in modern pharmaceutics and medicine, they are used as medicinal.

Wireless Sensor Network-based Detection of Poisonous Gases Using Principal Component Analysis

This work utilizes a statistical approach of Principal Component Ana-lysis(PCA)towards the detection of Methane(CH_(4))-Carbon Monoxide(CO)Poi-soning occurring in coal mines,forestfires,drainage systems etc.where the CH_(4) and CO emissions are very high in closed buildings or confined spaces during oxi-dation processes.Both methane and carbon monoxide are highly toxic,colorless and odorless gases.Both of the gases have their own toxic levels to be detected.But during their combined presence,the toxicity of the either one goes unidentified may be due to their low levels which may lead to an explosion.By using PCA,the correlation of CO and CH_(4) data is carried out and by identifying the areas of high correlation(along the principal component axis)the explosion suppression action can be triggered earlier thus avoiding adverse effects of massive explosions.Wire-less Sensor Network is deployed and simulations are carried with heterogeneous sensors(Carbon Monoxide and Methane sensors)in NS-2 Mannasim framework.The rise in the value of CO even when CH_(4) is below the toxic level may become hazardous to the people around.Thus our proposed methodology will detect the combined presence of both the gases(CH_(4) and CO)and provide an early warning in order to avoid any human losses or toxic effects.

Insecticidal Activities of Alkaloids Extracted from Poisonous Plants

[Objective] Insecticidal activities of alkaloids extracted from 12 poisonous plants in Changbai Mountain were studied in the paper,to provide the basis for development and utilization of poisonous plants in Changbai Mountain.[Method] Leaf disc method was used to study the effects of alkaloids extracted from 12 poisonous plants on the growth and development of 3-5 instars of cabbage worm （Pieris rapae） and their antifeedant activities.[Result] The effects of alkaloids extracted from different poisonous plants on the growth and development of cabbage worm were also different.Five treatments of alkaloids extracted from Sophora flavescens,Datura stramonium L.,Arisaema amurense Maxim.,Veratum dahuricum Loes.and Tripterygium regelii Spragne et Takeda made the weight of test insects gradually decrease and finally die;the alkaloid treatments of Pueraria lobata （Willd.） Ohwi,Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb.,Cimicifuga dahurica （Turcz.） Maxim.and Corydalis ambigua Schleeht.could make cabbage worm pupate ahead of time,but the pupa state was deformed;the antifeedant rates of cabbage worm after the treatments of P.lobata,A.kusnezoffii,C.dahurica,A.amurense,V.dahuricum and C.ambigua for 48 h were all over 90%,and the antifeedant rates of C.dahurica and C.ambigua were the highest as 100%.[Conclusion]The reports on the insecticidal activities of five poisonous plants including P.lobata,A.kusnezoffii,C.dahurica,C.ambigua and A.amurense are rare,and they have important values on the development of botanical pesticides.

Prospects and Problems for Identification of Poisonous Plants in China using DNA Barcodes

Objective Poisonous plants are a deadly threat to public health in China. The traditional clinical diagnosis of the toxic plants is inefficient, fallible, and dependent upon experts. In this study, we tested the performance of DNA barcodes for identification of the most threatening poisonous plants in China. Methods Seventy-four accessions of 27 toxic plant species in 22 genera and 17 families were sampled and three DNA barcodes （motK, rbcL, and ITS） were amplified, sequenced and tested. Three methods, Blast, pairwise global alignment （PWG） distance, and Tree-Building were tested for discrimination power. Results The primer universality of all the three markers was high. Except in the case of ITS for Hemerocollis minor, the three barcodes were successfully generated from all the selected species. Among the three methods applied, Blast showed the lowest discrimination rate, whereas PWG Distance and Tree-Building methods were equally effective. The ITS barcode showed highest discrimination rates using the PWG Distance and Tree-Building methods. When the barcodes were combined, discrimination rates were increased for the Blast method.

Damage and Control of Poisonous Weeds in Western Grassland of China

Western grassland is the main source of living and means of production of western inhabitants. For many years, desertification and poisonous-weeds growth in grassland were resulted from over-grazing, over-reclaiming, over-spading and population growth. Western natural ecological environment is destroyed severly. Meanwhile, it has restricted the sustainable development of animal husbandry. The fast spreading poisonous-weeds, which caused grassland ecology unbalance, is one of the considerable bioecology problems and an important index of grassland degeneration. Based on analysis and induction of previous data, this article introduced the situation of poisonous-weeds disaster of western grassland in recent decades, category and distribution of poisonous-weeds, integrated control and reasonable utilization.

“poisonous”考——兼与《大学英语》(精读)第一册编者商榷

由上海外语教育出版社出版的《大学英语》修订本精读教程第一册中的TestYourself :TestPa perI的第V部分将“Tarantulasarenot,asmostpeoplethink ,poisonousspiders .”译为“狼蛛并不像大多数人所认为的那样是毒蜘蛛”有待商榷。无论是根据英国原版权威词典的解释 ,还是从上下文、动物学、构词学、语法角度进行分析 ,“poisonous”一词的含义有二 :一是有毒的 ,二是巨毒的。我国目前常用的英汉词典对该词的释义是片面的。其准确译文应该是 :狼蛛并非像大多数人所认为的那样是巨毒蜘蛛。

Control Effects of Three Poisonous Baits on Solenopsis invicta Buren

The field control effects of different concentrations of indoxacarb baits,fipronil baits and chlorfenapyr baits on Solenopsis invicta was evaluated. The results showed that at 21 post administration,the control effects of 0. 04% indoxacarb on nests and worker ants reached 100%; the control effect of 0. 02% and0. 06% indoxacarb on active nests and worker ants were 87. 50% and 100%,respectively; 0. 000 25% and 0. 000 5% fipronil and 0. 05% chlorfenapyr also had significant control effects on active nests and worker ants. At 30 d post administration,the decline rates of ant colony grade treated by 0. 04% and 0. 06% indoxacarb,0. 000 25% fipronil and 0. 05% chlorfenapyr were 100%,100%,91. 44% and 98. 11%,respectively,and the comprehensive control effect reached 97. 18%.

Acute kidney injury from different poisonous substances

AIM To report our experience of acute kidney injury(AKI) developed after exposure to poisonous substance.METHODS Retrospective study where data was collected from case records of patients coming to this institute during January 1990 to May 2016.This institution is a tertiary care center for renal care in the metropolitan city of Karachi,Pakistan.History of ingested substance,symptoms on presentation,basic laboratory tests on arrival,mode of treatment and outcome were recorded from all patients and are presented here.Patients developing AKI after snake envenomation or scorpion stings are not included in this study.RESULTS During studied period 184 cases of AKI developing after poisoning were seen at our institution.The largest group was from paraphenyline diamine poisoning comprising 135 patients,followed by methanol in 8,organophosphorus compounds in 5,paraquat in 5,copper sulphate in 5,tartaric acid in 4,phenobarbitone in 3 and benzodiazipines,datura,rat killer,fish gall bladder,arsenic,boiler water,ammonium dichromate,acetic acid and herbs with lesser frequency.In 8 patients multiple substances were ingested in combination.Renal replacement therapy was required in 96% of patients.Complete recovery was seen in 72.28% patients,20% died during acute phase of illness.CONCLUSION It is important to report poisonous substances causing vital organ failure to increase awareness among general population as well as health care providers.

Maqianzi (马钱子 Strychnos), A Poisonous Medicinal Native to the Western Regions

Maqianzi(马钱子Strychnos)is also called“Fanmubie(番木鳖),"“Kushi(苦实)”and“QianJi drug(牵机药).”The alias“Fanmubie”shows its origin and its characteristics.The name of“Kushi”implies its taste and flavor.“Qianji Drug vividly shows the clinical manifestations of the poisoning of Maqianzi.The name of“Maqianzi”is the comprehensive display of its characteristic,toxicity,etc.,Maqianzi is famous for its poison,which is often used in the treatment of various intractable diseases.It shows the poison Culture in the Western Regions,meanwhile it also displays the unique charm of Traditional herbs in transforming poison into treasure.

Species identification of poisonous medicinal plant using DNA barcoding

The aim is to select a universal DNA barcode for identifying all poisonous medicinal plants in Chinese pharmacopoeia and their poisonous related species or adulterants. We chose 4 commonly used regions as candidate DNA barcodes(ITS2, psb A-trn H,matK and rbc L) and compared their identification efficiency in 106 species from 27 families and 65 genera totally. Data analysis was performed including the information of sequence alignment, inter/intra-specific genetic distance and data distribution, identification efficiency and the situation of Neighbor-Joining(NJ) phylogenetic trees. We found ITS2 sequence region had high variation, stable genetic distance and identification efficiency relatively. The topological structure of NJ phylogenetic tree showed monophyletic. Our findings show that ITS2 can be applied as a universal barcode for identifying poisonous medicinal plants in Chinese pharmacopoeia and their poisonous related species or adulterants.

An updated checklist of poisonous ifshes of Turkish Aegean Sea

The current status of marine poisonous fish species ranging in the Aegean Sea coastline in Turkey were introduced.Turkey is a peninsula surrounded by seas with different ecological features on three sides.The total length of shoreline is 8333 km including the islands.The total number of fish species in Turkish seas is 512,of which 449 live in the Aegean Sea followed by the Mediterranean Sea(441 species),the Marmara Sea(257 species)and the Black Sea(154species).On the Aegean Sea coasts,the richest sea regarding fish diversity,the number of poisonous fish species is also high.This mini-review revealed 51 poisonous fish species belonging to 14 families in the Turkish Aegean Sea.On the Aegean Sea coasts poisonous fish species can be categorized into three groups:(i)Fish that contain venomous spines on the tail or on the operculum(ii)Fish that carry poisonous bite and(iii)Fish having poisonous flesh or liver.Poisoning fish that contain venomous spines on the tail or on the operculum mostly are dangerous because of their poisonous thorns whereas the passive poisonous fish species poison when they are eaten.These toxins can cause morbidity and rarely,mortality in humans.Apart from these,swallowing the blood of species such as European eel Anguilla anguilla and European conger Conger conger might also cause poisoning.Besides,as there has been an invasion of puffer fish especially on the Turkish Mediterranean and Aegean coasts in recent years,there is a danger in question.Thus,it is very important to particularly draw attention to these fish on the Turkish coasts.

A Transcriptome Analysis of Neural Tissue of Litopenaeus vannamei After Acute Exposure to Alexandrium pacificum

Alexandrium pacificum(A.pacificum)is a typical paralytic shellfish poisonous dinoflagellate.Harmful algal blooms(HABs)caused by this species can bring serious environmental problems and economic losses to the aquaculture industry.In this study,transcriptome sequencing and analyses were performed on the neural tissue of Litopenaeus vannamei(L.vannamei)after acute exposure to A.pacificum disrupted solution for 72 h,and differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were identified.The results showed that,compared with the control samples,300 DEGs were identified in the experimental group,of which 194 were up-regulated,and 106 down-regulated.The gene ontology(GO)functional enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were significantly enriched in the cortical cytoskeleton organization,troponin complex,amylo-alpha-1,6-glucosidase and thymidine phosphorylase.Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)enrichment analysis found that DEGs were mainly enriched in the oxidative phosphorylation process,intercellular tight junctions and mitophagy.The results showed that the proteoglycans,signaling pathways,and various metabolic processes that regulate cell proliferation,differentiation,and apoptosis all played an essential role in the response of L.vannamei to A.pacificum toxins.

Chlorfenapyr poisoning:mechanisms,clinical presentations,and treatment strategies

BACKGROUND:Chlorfenapyr is used to kill insects that are resistant to organophosphorus insecticides.Chlorfenapyr poisoning has a high mortality rate and is difficult to treat.This article aims to review the mechanisms,clinical presentations,and treatment strategies for chlorfenapyr poisoning.DATA RESOURCES:We conducted a review of the literature using PubMed,Web of Science,and SpringerLink from their beginnings to the end of October 2023.The inclusion criteria were systematic reviews,clinical guidelines,retrospective studies,and case reports on chlorfenapyr poisoning that focused on its mechanisms,clinical presentations,and treatment strategies.The references in the included studies were also examined to identify additional sources.RESULTS:We included 57 studies in this review.Chlorfenapyr can be degraded into tralopyril,which is more toxic and reduces energy production by inhibiting the conversion of adenosine diphosphate to adenosine triphosphate.High fever and altered mental status are characteristic clinical presentations of chlorfenapyr poisoning.Once it occurs,respiratory failure occurs immediately,ultimately leading to cardiac arrest and death.Chlorfenapyr poisoning is diflcult to treat,and there is no specific antidote.CONCLUSION:Chlorfenapyr is a new pyrrole pesticide.Although it has been identified as a moderately toxic pesticide by the World Health Organization(WHO),the mortality rate of poisoned patients is extremely high.There is no specific antidote for chlorfenapyr poisoning.Therefore,based on the literature review,future efforts to explore rapid and effective detoxification methods,reconstitute intracellular oxidative phosphorylation couplings,identify early biomarkers of chlorfenapyr poisoning,and block the conversion of chlorfenapyr to tralopyril may be helpful for emergency physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

Privacy-Preserving Large-Scale AI Models for Intelligent Railway Transportation Systems:Hierarchical Poisoning Attacks and Defenses in Federated Learning

The development of Intelligent Railway Transportation Systems necessitates incorporating privacy-preserving mechanisms into AI models to protect sensitive information and enhance system efficiency.Federated learning offers a promising solution by allowing multiple clients to train models collaboratively without sharing private data.However,despite its privacy benefits,federated learning systems are vulnerable to poisoning attacks,where adversaries alter local model parameters on compromised clients and send malicious updates to the server,potentially compromising the global model’s accuracy.In this study,we introduce PMM(Perturbation coefficient Multiplied by Maximum value),a new poisoning attack method that perturbs model updates layer by layer,demonstrating the threat of poisoning attacks faced by federated learning.Extensive experiments across three distinct datasets have demonstrated PMM’s ability to significantly reduce the global model’s accuracy.Additionally,we propose an effective defense method,namely CLBL(Cluster Layer By Layer).Experiment results on three datasets have confirmed CLBL’s effectiveness.

The value of toxicological analysis in acute poisoning patients with uncertain exposure histories:a retrospective and descriptive study from an institute of poisoning

BACKGROUND:In clinical practice,some patients might not be able or unwilling to provide a thorough history of medication and poison exposure.The aim of this study was to use toxicological analysis to examine the clinical characteristics of patients with acute poisoning whose exposure history was uncertain from a toxicological analysis perspective.METHODS:This was a retrospective and descriptive study from an institute of poisoning.Patient registration information and test reports spanning the period from April 1,2020 to March 31,2022,were obtained.Patients with uncertain exposure histories and who underwent toxicological analysis were included.Clinical manifestations and categories of toxics were analyzed.RESULTS:Among the 195 patients with positive toxicological analysis results,the main causes of uncertain exposure history was disturbance of consciousness(62.6%),unawareness(23.6%)and unwillingness or lack of cooperation(13.8%).The predominant clinical manifestations were disturbed consciousness(62.6%),followed by vomiting and nausea(14.4%)and liver function abnormalities(8.7%).A comparison of clinical manifestations between patients with positive and negative(n=99)toxicological analyses results revealed significantly different proportions of disturbances in consciousness(63%vs.21%),dizziness(1.5%vs.5.1%),multi-organ failure(1.5%vs.7.1%),and local pain(0 vs 4%).The main categories of substances involved were psychiatric medications(23.1%),sedatives(20.5%),insecticides(13.8%),and herbicides(12.8%).CONCLUSION:The clinical manifestations of acute poisoning in patients with an uncertain exposure history are diverse and nonspecific,and toxicological analysis plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of such patients.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Latent Variables in Mitigating Data Poisoning Attacks in the Context of Bayesian Networks:An Empirical Study

Bayesian networks are a powerful class of graphical decision models used to represent causal relationships among variables.However,the reliability and integrity of learned Bayesian network models are highly dependent on the quality of incoming data streams.One of the primary challenges with Bayesian networks is their vulnerability to adversarial data poisoning attacks,wherein malicious data is injected into the training dataset to negatively influence the Bayesian network models and impair their performance.In this research paper,we propose an efficient framework for detecting data poisoning attacks against Bayesian network structure learning algorithms.Our framework utilizes latent variables to quantify the amount of belief between every two nodes in each causal model over time.We use our innovative methodology to tackle an important issue with data poisoning assaults in the context of Bayesian networks.With regard to four different forms of data poisoning attacks,we specifically aim to strengthen the security and dependability of Bayesian network structure learning techniques,such as the PC algorithm.By doing this,we explore the complexity of this area and offer workablemethods for identifying and reducing these sneaky dangers.Additionally,our research investigates one particular use case,the“Visit to Asia Network.”The practical consequences of using uncertainty as a way to spot cases of data poisoning are explored in this inquiry,which is of utmost relevance.Our results demonstrate the promising efficacy of latent variables in detecting and mitigating the threat of data poisoning attacks.Additionally,our proposed latent-based framework proves to be sensitive in detecting malicious data poisoning attacks in the context of stream data.

Data complexity-based batch sanitization method against poison in distributed learning

The security of Federated Learning(FL)/Distributed Machine Learning(DML)is gravely threatened by data poisoning attacks,which destroy the usability of the model by contaminating training samples,so such attacks are called causative availability indiscriminate attacks.Facing the problem that existing data sanitization methods are hard to apply to real-time applications due to their tedious process and heavy computations,we propose a new supervised batch detection method for poison,which can fleetly sanitize the training dataset before the local model training.We design a training dataset generation method that helps to enhance accuracy and uses data complexity features to train a detection model,which will be used in an efficient batch hierarchical detection process.Our model stockpiles knowledge about poison,which can be expanded by retraining to adapt to new attacks.Being neither attack-specific nor scenario-specific,our method is applicable to FL/DML or other online or offline scenarios.

Severe liver injury and clinical characteristics of occupational exposure to 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide: A case series

Background:The 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide is a key intermediate in the synthesis of pesticides and pharmaceuticals.However,no literature currently exists on 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide poisoning in humans.This study aimed to reveal the health hazard of this chemical for humans and summarize the clinical characteristics of patients with occupational 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide poisoning.Methods:This observational study included four patients with 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide poisoning from June 2022 to July 2022.The entire course of the incidents was described in detail.Blood 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide concentrations were detected by a mass spectrometer.Hema-toxylin and eosin staining was performed to assess liver injury,and immunofluorescence was used to evaluate hepatic mitophagy.Results:The 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide powder(99%purity)entered the human body mainly via the skin and respiratory tract due to poor personal protective measures.The typical course of 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide poisoning was divided into latency,rash,fever,organic dam-age,and recovery phases in accordance with the clinical evolution.Rash and fever may be the important premonitory symptoms for further organ injuries.The chemical was detected in the blood of all patients and caused multiple organ injuries,predominantly liver injury,including kidney,myocardium,and micro-circulation.Three patients recovered smoothly after comprehensive treatments,including artificial liver therapy,continuous renal replacement therapy,glucocorticoids,and other symptomatic and supportive treatments.One patient survived by liver transplantation.The postoperative pathological findings of the removed liver showed acute liver failure,and immunofluorescence staining confirmed the abundance of mitophagy in residual hepatocytes.Conclusions:This study is the first to elaborate the clinical characteristics of patients with 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide poisoning.The chemical enters the body through the respiratory tract and skin during industrial production.The 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide poisoning causes multiple-organ dysfunction with a predominance of liver injury.Liver transplantation may be an effective option for patients with severe liver failure.The mechanisms of liver injury induced by 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide might involve abnormal mitochondrial function and mitophagy.

Severe aconite poisoning successfully treated with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation:A case report

BACKGROUND Most species of aconite contain highly toxic aconitines,the oral ingestion of which can be fatal,primarily because they cause ventricular arrhythmias.We describe a case of severe aconite poisoning that was successfully treated through venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(VA-ECMO)and in which detailed toxicological analyses of the aconite roots and biological samples were performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS).CASE SUMMARY A 23-year-old male presented to the emergency room with circulatory collapse and ventricular arrhythmia after ingesting approximately half of a root labeled,“Aconitum japonicum Thunb”.Two hours after arrival,VA-ECMO was initiated as circulatory collapse became refractory to antiarrhythmics and vasopressors.Nine hours after arrival,an electrocardiogram revealed a return to sinus rhythm.The patient was weaned off VA-ECMO and the ventilator on hospital days 3 and 5,respectively.On hospital day 15,he was transferred to a psychiatric hospital.The other half of the root and his biological samples were toxicologically analyzed using LC-MS/MS,revealing 244.3 mg/kg of aconitine and 24.7 mg/kg of mesaconitine in the root.Serum on admission contained 1.50 ng/mL of aconitine.Beyond hospital day 2,neither were detected.Urine on admission showed 149.09 ng/mL of aconitine and 3.59 ng/mL of mesaconitine,but these rapidly decreased after hospital day 3.CONCLUSION The key to saving the life of a patient with severe aconite poisoning is to introduce VA-ECMO as soon as possible.