The Physics of the Phenomena of Electrical Induced Elements Separation in Solution of Salts in Liquid Polar Dielectric

In the work [1] is shown the possibility of the use the phenomena of the electrical-induced selective drift of cationic aquacomplexes in the water solution of the salts for creating of the new, non-electrode, power-saving technology of the solution enrichment by desired element. The development of the naturally-scientific basis of this technology has showed that inertial properties of formed in the solution over-molecular structural units—clusters depends from that’s dimensions. Dimensions of these clusters are in limits from scores of angstrom to fractions of micron, at the same time liquid mediums are the base of functioning both biological and technological systems. Thus, water solution of salt contains nanoparticles and biological and many technological systems are functioning with the assistance of nanoparticles. For example, the ordinary blood circulatory system or many of chemical processing. The casual or intentional action of aperiodic electric field on systems containing salts solutions produces some positive or negative effects. This work shows new approach for theoretical describing of salts solution in dielectric liquids and contains some data on the realized experiments.

DIPOLE POLARIZATION RELAXATION AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF MAIN-AND SIDE-CHAIN LIQUID-CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS

Molecular mobility in thermotropic polyesters and side-chain polymers with different struc-ture of mesogens and spacers has been studied by dielectrical method in dilutesolutions. The results made it possible to establish the multiplicity of dielectric relaxationtransitions which reflects the small- and large-scale types of molecular motion. It was shownthat dielectric relaxation processes occurring in accordance with local mechanism (relaxationtimes 10^(-9)--10^(-7)s. and the activation energy 10--50kJ/mol) are due to the mobility of kineticchain elements of different length within a monomer units. It was found that the dielectricrelaxation process connected with a large-scale form of molecular motion (relaxation times10^(-5)--10^(-6)s. and the activation energy 100kJ/mol) did not depend on the molecular massbut was infiuenced by factors changing the conformational state of the macromolecule. It isestablished tha the cooperative reorientation mobility of associated mesogenic fragments isthe source of the large-scale process.

热膨胀微球/镓基液态金属合金复合材料的电磁屏蔽性能研究

高性能电磁屏蔽材料的应用是解决电磁波污染和军事武器隐身问题的有效途径。利用热膨胀微球(EM)和液态金属(LM),通过简单的加热膨胀工艺,制备具有复杂多孔结构的轻质三维泡沫金属复合材料(EM/LM)。当制备样品中EM和LM质量比为3∶25时,电导率为1.15×10^(3) S/m,X波段平均电磁屏蔽性能达到43.6 dB,并且覆盖整个X波段。所制备的电磁屏蔽材料轻质、可压缩又具有高屏蔽效能,工艺简单,性能良好,为快速、低成本制备高效能电磁屏蔽材料提供了新思路。

Absorption and Capture of Methane into Ionic Liquid

A reversible storage-release process switched by a temperature difference of 10 ℃ around room temperature can be realized. This fast, recyclable, energy efficient, low cost and green system within a wide range of temperature and pressure is reported here for the first time. The system is believed to open up a new route for the storage and homogeneous utilization of methane.

Programmable agile beam steering based on a liquid crystal prism

To meet the application need for agile precision beam steering, a novel liquid crystal prism device with a simple structure, convenient control, low cost and applicable performance is presented, and analysed theoretically and experimentally. The relationships between the optical path and the thickness of the liquid crystal cell under different voltages are investigated quantitatively by using a theoretical model. Analysis results show that the optical path profile of the liquid crystal prism has a quasi-linear slope and the standard deviation of the linear slope is less than 16 nm. The slope ratio can be changed by a voltage, which achieves the programmable beam steering and control. Practical liquid crystal prism devices are fabricated. Their deflection angles and wavefront profiles with different voltages are experimentally tested. The results are in good agreement with the simulated results. The results imply that the agile beam steering in a scope of 100μrad with a micro-rad resolution is substantiated in the device. The two-dimensional beam steering is also achieved by cascading two liquid crystal prism devices.

(2-Hydroxyethyl)ammonium Lactates—Highly Biodegradable and Essentially Non-Toxic Ionic Liquids

(2-Hydroxyethyl)ammonium lactates have been prepared by reactions of the corresponding (2-hydroxyethyl) amines with lactic acid and characterized by their 1H NMR, IR, and mass spectra. They have been quantita- tively analyzed by HPLC, and their water contents have been determined by the Karl-Fischer method. The title salts are low-melting solids or viscous liquids, and they belong to the class of polar, hydrophilic ionic liquids. The toxicity and chemical and biological degradation of the synthesized ionic liquids have been evaluated by methods described in European Standards. The measurements showed these ionic liquids to be highly biodegradable and only slightly toxic substances. Condensation reactions of benzaldehyde with ethyl cyanoacetate and with acetophenone have been performed in these materials as solvents. The possibility of simultaneously applying these ionic liquids as both solvents and catalysts for the mentioned reactions has been demonstrated, as well as repeated use of the same ionic liquid for a number of condensation reactions without any purification.

A MODIFIED VDW EQUATION WITH TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT PARAMETERS FOR CALCULATING OF ASSOCIATION AND POLAR FLUID

The generalized van der Waals(vdW)equation of state was proposed by Schmidt and Wenzel(1980)and later modified by Iwai,Margerum and Lu to improve its calculations of pure component liquid densities forthe polar fluid.In this paper,we present a modified vdW equation of state by introducing a new temperaturefunction for representing α(T)and considering u to be dependent on pure component property.

Design of an augmented reality display based on polarization grating

A new optical system for an augmented reality(AR) display is proposed in this paper.The optical system mainly includes a ray deflector, coupling input grating, optical waveguide, and coupling output grating.Both the ray deflector and the coupling input grating are designed based on the diffraction characteristics of the polarization grating, and the coupling output grating is the Bragg reflection grating.Compared with other AR schemes, this AR optical system not only reduces the number of projections from two to one, but also improves the efficiency of light coupling into the optical waveguides.The energy loss is reduced by utilizing the single-order diffraction characteristics of the polarization grating in its coupling input structure.The light deflector uses the polarization selectivity of the polarization grating and the characteristics of the rotating light of the twisted nematic liquid crystal layer to realize beam deflection.The working principle of the optical system is experimentally and theoretically demonstrated.

Electronic Properties of Nanopore Edges of Ferromagnetic Graphene Nanomeshes at High Carrier Densities under Ionic-Liquid Gating

Graphene edges with a zigzag-type atomic structure can theoretically produce spontaneous spin polarization despite being a critical-metal-free material. We have demonstrated this in graphene nanomeshes (GNMs) with honeycomb-like arrays of low-defect hexagonal nanopores by observing room-temperature ferromagnetism and spin-based phenomena arising from the zigzag-pore edges. Here, we apply extremely high electric fields to the ferromagnetic (FM) GNMs using an ionic-liquid gate. A large on/off-ratio for hole current is observed for even small applied ionic-liquid gate voltages (Vig). Observations of the magnetoresistance behavior reveal high carrier densities of ~1013 cm-2 at large Vig values. We find a maximum conductance peak in the high -Vig region and its separation into two peaks upon applying a side-gate (in-plane external) voltage (Vex). It is discussed that localized edge-π band with excess-density electrons induced by Vig and its spin splitting for majority and minority of spins by Vex (half-metallicity model) lead to these phenomena. The results must realize critical-element-free novel spintronic devices.

Cinnamate-functionalized hyperbranched polymer as liquid crystal photo-alignment layer

In this work, 4-methoxylcinnamoyl chloride was reacted with a commercial hyperbranched polymer （Boltom-TM H30） to prepare a hyperbranched photosensitive polymer （H30-Ci）. The polymer was characterized by UV absorption spectrum and 1H- NMR spectrum. After processed by Linearly Polarized Polymerization （LPP） method, the spin-coated films of H30-Ci were used as photo-alignment layers to assemble liquid crystal （LC） cells containing nematic liquid crystal （5CB）. The observation by polarized microscope showed that the H30-Ci blended with a linear polymer （BP-AN-Ci） photo-alignment layers could align LC molecules in a very uniform way.

MORPHOLOGICAL AND KINETIC STUDIES OF PHASE TRANSITIONS OF A SIDE-CHAIN LIQUID CRYSTALLINE POLYMER

The morphological changes of a side-chain liquid-crystalline polymethacrylate during isotropization and liquid-crystallization transitions were studied by means of polarizing microscopy. These transitions were found to be composed of the initiation of a new phase at local places of the old phase matrix and the growth of the new phase: domains. The kinetics of the liquid-crystallization of the polymer from an isotropic melt to a smectic mesophase was also investigated. The isothermal process of the transition can be described by the Avrami equation. The values of the Avrami exponent were found to be around 2.6. which is lower than the value usually obtained for crystallization transition of polymers, but larger than that reported for liquid-crystallization transition of main-chain polymers. These results may indicate the difference in growth geometry of new phase during transition between crystallization and liquid-crystallization in general and between liquid-crystallization of main-chain and side-chain polymers. It was found that the liquid-crystallization of the used side-chain polymethacrylate may occur at small undercoolings with high transformation rate similar to that of main-chain polymers and small-molecule liquid crystals, while the crystallization of polymers can only proceed at large undercoolings. These phenomena can be explained by the idea that the surface free energy of nucleus during liquid-crystallization transition is less than that for crystallization, and evidence was obtained from analysis of the temperature dependence of the transformation rate.

Revisiting Characteristics of Ionic Liquids: A Review for Further Application Development

In literature concerning ionic liquid (IL) applications, the commonly accepted properties of ionic liquids are frequently mentioned. For example, ionic liquids are described as possessing immeasurably low vapor pressure, being “green material”, non-coordinating, physically and chemically stable, and non-toxic, to name a few. However, all these descriptions are deemed “not exact” [1] as intensive research on ionic liquid properties continues. This review highlights the most recent developments in IL chemistry where the “well-known” description of IL properties sometimes proves to be inaccurate. However, in the authors’ opinion, all these new research developments concerning ionic liquid properties serve to update knowledge on the typical physical and chemical properties of ILs, which is significant to both theoretical research and industrial applications. This review presents an opportunity to understand IL through a more complete and accurate view. It seeks to pave the way for further studies on IL application in various fields.

Studies on the Technology and Mechanism of Laser Photoinduced Alignment of Liquid Crystal

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Characterization of a Liquid Crystal Stabilized Pharmaceutical Oil-in-Water Emulsion Optimized for Skin Delivery

A moisturizing cream containing 25 wt% of an organic solvent, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DEGEE), is observed to be stabilized by an emulsifying wax blend of cetearyl alcohol, dicetyl phosphate, and ceteth-10 phosphate (tradename Crodafos CES). Polarized light microscopy indicates that the Crodafos CES helps to produce a liquid-crystal stabilized oil-in-water emulsion, which is physically stable for months under accelerated aging conditions and chemically stable over the full topical pH range of 3.5 to 9. Emulsion globule size in the cream is observed to be dependent on the degree of emulsifying wax neutralization, with the globule size decreasing with increasing cream pH. The superior solubilizing properties of DEGEE combined with the full pH range and liquid-crystal stabilizing properties of the Crodafos CES give this formulation the potential for a wide range of applications in the topical delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients.

MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF A THERMOTROPIC SIDE-CHAIN LIQUID CRYSTALLINE POLYMER DURING MESOPHASE TRANSITIONS

The morphological features of a side-chain liquid crystalline polymer during the mesophase transitions were investigated by using the DSC technique. The polymer used was polyacrylate with mesogens of three benzene rings attached to the main chain through a flexible spacer. A special two-phase texture was observed in the transition temperature range. Similar to main-chain liquid crystalline polymers the transition process of the side-chain liquid crystalline polymer was composed of an initiation of the new phase at local places of the old phase matrix and a growth process of the new phase domains.

宽波段大视角液晶偏振转换器研究进展

偏振转换器能够通过对入射光偏振态的动态调控间接实现几何相位型多功能光学器件光学响应特性的动态可调。基于液晶的偏振转换器具有调控效率高、调控面积大、紧凑化程度高等诸多优势,是目前应用较为广泛的偏振转换器。本文围绕偏振转换效率、工作波段、视场角3个核心参量,系统介绍了液晶偏振转换器最新的研究进展,分别给出了典型液晶偏振转换器和大视角宽波段液晶偏振转换器的详细结构和性能表现,同时介绍了液晶偏振转换器工作波段和视角的拓展方法。该项工作能够为液晶偏振转换器结构设计与应用提供必要的参考,同时为基于几何相位或新型相位调控模式的研究提供一些思路。

Field-induced phase transitions in chiral smectic liquid crystals studied by the constant current method

In ferroelectric liquid crystals, phase transitions can be induced by an electric field. The current constant method allows these transition to be quickly localized and thus the（E, T） phase diagram of the studied product can be obtained.In this work, we make a slight modification to the measurement principles based on this method. This modification allows the characteristic parameters of ferroelectric liquid crystal to be quantitatively measured. The use of a current square signal highlights a phenomenon of ferroelectric hysteresis with remnant polarization at null field, which points out an effect of memory in this compound.

考虑吸收、散射损耗时向列液晶电光特性的偏振测试探究

对于厚度达几十微米以上或掺杂染料分子的向列液晶样品而言,各向异性的散射和吸收将对偏振检测结果产生显著甚至剧烈的影响,此时不考虑吸收、散射损耗的理想偏振分析模型将不再适用.本文设计出一种更为普适的测量向列液晶指向矢取向方向的检偏测试装置,给出考虑各向异性吸收和散射时的偏振分析理论,并结合具体的实验测试给出可靠稳定的测试方案和具体的测量电致向列液晶指向矢偏转角的数据处理方法.

应用于彩色光波导显示中的液晶偏振体光栅结构设计与制备

本文设计并实现了一种三层结构液晶偏振体光栅,对其衍射特性及其在光波导中的耦合情况进行了研究。理论上,选取横向周期为424 nm,根据特定工作波长450 nm、532 nm、633 nm在满足布拉格衍射条件的情况下计算出了相对应的3个纵向周期以实现其厚度方向的叠加。采用有限元法对该器件进行了模拟仿真,计算出了其光谱特性及角度特性,根据红绿蓝三色光色散关系仿真出了其在波导内耦合的入射角与衍射角之间的关系曲线。实验上,本文实现了该液晶偏振体光栅器件的制备并对其进行了系统性能表征,给出了一个初步的光波导耦合实验,演示了其耦合效果。结果表明,所制备的三层液晶偏振体光栅器件在450 nm、532 nm、633 nm下衍射效率最高可达80%以上,对应波长下的角带宽分别为12°、8°、6°,其在波导内耦合的视场经模拟可达到27.81°,是一种良好的光波导耦合器件。

基于可调剪切干涉曝光方法的大口径液晶偏振光栅制备

为了解决传统偏振全息干涉方法受限于过长的光路难以制备长周期的大口径液晶偏振光栅的问题,提出了基于液晶偏振光栅模板的可调剪切干涉曝光方法,并通过理论分析了制备偏振光栅的周期随模板方位角及沿光轴轴向位置的变化。利用小口径高效液晶偏振光栅作为模板搭建可调剪切干涉曝光光路,并基于此制备了数十微米周期的200 mm口径液晶偏振光栅,平均衍射效率达到99%以上,平均周期约为59.86μm,周期分布不均匀性约为0.07%。实验结果表明,调剪切干涉曝光方法能够制备大口径的长周期偏振光栅,周期和效率分布均匀,还具备周期易于调节、结构紧凑和抗振动干扰强等优势。