Phosphatidic Acid （PA） PP2A Activity and PIN1 Binds PP2AA1 to Regulate Polar Localization

Phospholipase D （PLD） exerts broad biological functions in eukaryotes through regulating downstream effectors by its product, phosphatidic acid （PA）. Protein kinases and phosphatases, such as mammalian target of rapa- mycin （mTOR）, Protein Phosphatase 1 （PP1） and Protein Phosphatase 2C （PP2C）, are PA-binding proteins that execute crucial regulatory functions in both animals and plants. PA participates in many signaling pathways by modulating the enzymatic activity and/or subcellular localization of bound proteins. In this study, we demonstrated that PLD-derived PA interacts with the scaffolding A1 subunit of Protein Phosphatase 2A （PP2A） and regulates PP2A-mediated PIN1 dephos- phorylation in Arabidopsis. Genetic and pharmacological studies showed that both PA and PP2A participate in the regu- lation of auxin distribution. In addition, both the phosphorylation status and polar localization of PIN1 protein were affected by PLD inhibitors, Exogenous PA triggered the membrane accumulation of PP2AA1 and enhanced the PP2A activity at membrane, while PLD inhibition resulted in the reduced endosomal localization and perinuclear aggregation of PP2AA1. These results demonstrate the important role of PLD-derived PA in normal PP2A-mediated PIN dephosphoryl- ation and reveal a novel mechanism, in which PA recruits PP2AA1 to the membrane system and regulates PP2A function on membrane-targeted proteins. As PA and PP2A are conserved among eukaryotes, other organisms might use similar mechanisms to mediate multiple biological processes.

Structural polarization properties of vector Gaussian beam in the far field

Based on the vector angular spectrum representation of optical beam and the method of stationary phase, the analytical TE and TM terms of vector Gaussian beam have been presented in the far field. By using the local polarization matrix, the polarization properties of the TE and TM terms in the far field are investigated, and it is found that the degree of their polarization is only determined by the spatial location. When the source is completely polarized, the TE and TM terms are both completely polarized in the far field. When the source is completely unpolarized, the TE and TM terms in the far field are partially polarized. The whole beam is also partially polarized except on the propagating axis. Moreover, the degrees of polarization of TE and TM terms are both larger than that of the whole beam.

Cationic surface polarization centers on ionic carbon nitride for efficient solar-driven H_(2)O_(2) production and pollutant abatement

Solar-driven H_(2)O_(2)production and emerging organic pollutants(EOPs)elimination are of great significance from the perspective of environmental sustainability.The efficiency of the photocatalytic reaction system is the key challenge to be addressed.In this work,the strategy of constructing surface ionic local polarization centers to enhance the exciton dissociation of the polymeric photocatalytic is demonstrated.Selected bipyridinium cation(TMAP)is complexed on a K^(+)-incorporated carbon nitride(CNK)framework,and the combination of local polarization centers both on the surface(bipyridinium cation)and bulk(K+cation)contributes to a superior photocatalytic H_(2)O_(2)production performance,affording a remarkable H_(2)O_(2)generation rate of 46.8μmol h^(-1)mg^(-1)and a high apparent quantum yield(AQY)value of 77.5%under irradiation of 405 nm photons.As substantiated experimentally by steady state/transient spectroscopy techniques,the surface local polarization centers increase the population of the long-lived trapped electrons,and thereby promote the interfacial charge transfer process for chemical conversion reaction.The strategy is potentially applicable to the design of a wide range of efficient solar-to-chemical conversion systems.

Polarization engineering in porous organic polymers for charge separation efficiency and its applications in photocatalytic aerobic oxidations

Photocatalytic aerobic oxidation reactions are largely governed by the efficiency of charge separation and subsequent reactive oxygen species(ROS) generation. Herein, we report a polarization engineering strategy to promote the charge separation and ROS generation efficiency by substituting the benzene unit with furan/thiophene in porous organic polymers(POPs). Benefiting from the extent of local polarization, the thiophene-containing POP(JNU-218) exhibits the best photocatalytic performance in aerobic oxidation reactions, with a yield much higher than those for the furan-containing POP(JNU-217) and the benzenecontaining POP(JNU-216). Experimental studies and theoretical calculations reveal that the increase of local polarization can indeed reduce the exciton binding energy, and therefore facilitate the separation of electron-hole pairs. This work demonstrates a viable strategy to tune charge separation and ROS generation efficiency by modulating the dipole moments of the building blocks in porous polymeric organic semiconductors.

FERM domain phosphorylation and endogenous 3＇UTR are not essential for regulating the function and subcellular localization of polarity protein Crumbs

In the past two decades, extensive studies have focused on a group of so-called polarity proteins that play conserved and essential functions in establishing and maintaining cell polarity in epithelial cells. Among them, Crumbs （Crb） is the only trans- membrane polarity protein characterized to date （Tepass et al.,

Source localization using a non-cocentered orthogonal loop and dipole (NCOLD) array

A uniform array of scalar-sensors with intersensor spacings over a large aperture size generally offers enhanced resolution and source localization accuracy,but it may also lead to cyclic ambiguity.By exploiting the polarization information of impinging waves,an electromagnetic vector-sensor array outperforms the unpolarized scalar-sensor array in resolving this cyclic ambiguity.However,the electromagnetic vector-sensor array usually consists of cocentered orthogonal loops and dipoles（COLD）,which is easily subjected to mutual coupling across these cocentered dipoles/loops.As a result,the source localization performance of the COLD array may substantially degrade rather than being improved.This paper proposes a new source localization method with a non-cocentered orthogonal loop and dipole（NCOLD）array.The NCOLD array contains only one dipole or loop on each array grid,and the intersensor spacings are larger than a half-wavelength.Therefore,unlike the COLD array,these well separated dipoles/loops minimize the mutual coupling effects and extend the spatial aperture as well.With the NCOLD array,the proposed method can effciently exploit the polarization information to offer high localization precision.

High-Speed Optical Local Access Network System Using Bi-Directional Polarization Multiplexing

A high-speed and economical optical local access network system is proposed where bi-directional polarization multiplexing is applied to a bi-directional transmission. Experimental results using a prototype system confirm low optical loss and environmental stabilities.