B20 Policy Framework Takes Shape

'The G20 Summit will be held in Hangzhou during September 4-5,with China to play host for the first time.The B20 Summit will be held one day prior to the G20 Summit.We will invite Chinese president Xi Jinping to attend the opening ceremony of the B20 Summit and deliver a keynote speech.We will also invite G20 leaders to attend the plenary session of B20,

Ideas on Policy Framework of China’s Bamboo Industry Development

This paper firstly analyzes the current situation of China’s bamboo industry, the major policy issues, future development trends and policy orientation. And then with industry policy theory as a guide, the paper propounds the basic framework and policy proposals in resources cultivation and management, industrial structure and pattern, markets and trade, industrial organization system, finance and taxes, industrial technology and so forth.

China’s Monetary Policy Framework in the Past 70 Years:1949-2019

In this paper,we review the historical transformation of China’s monetary policy framework in a systematical way in the past 70 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,from the five dimensions of money creation mechanism,monetary policy objective,monetary policy instrument,monetary policy rule and monetary policy transmission channel.We then focus on the current policy framework and suggest its major characteristics:the base money creation mechanism is undergoing fundamental structural changes and the credit system is becoming more and more complex;the multip1e objectives of the monetary policy are prone to conflict with each other;quantitative tools and price-based tools coexist while the validity of various new structural tools still needs to be tested;the monetary policy decisions are mainly discretionary and clear quantitative rules have not been formed;the monetary policy transmission is still dominated by bank credit channels,and the transmission to real economy is partially blocked.In the end,we outline the four major challenges facing China’s existing monetary policy framework and put forward policy recommendations for its transformation in the future.

Policy Framework for the Development of Real Estate and the Real Estate Industry in China

Compared with the situation in other countries,therole played by China’s real estate and real estate industry inincreasing municipal financial resources has the followingobviously different characteristics:In most countries,land in urban areas is privatelyowned,and so are buildings.Therefore,real estate revenuescome mainly through taxation.In China,however,urbanland as well as a greater part of the urban building stock

Perceptions of climate change in China:The research and policy connection

Global climate change has evolved from a scientific problem into an economic and political problem oI worlOwloe rater- est. National perspectives play a crucial role in addressing climate change. Mutual understanding of perspectives is nec- essary to result in rational policies and a consensus among stakeholders with divergent interests. Conceptual frameworks for understanding the problem of climate change in China, the largest developing country and the largest greenhouse gas emitter, are of great significance to national and international efforts to address the problems of climate change. Chinese perceptions of climate change as a sustainable development problem have recently been in tension with an emerging Western perspective that frames climate change as a security issue. This paper explores Chinese perceptions of climate change as expressed in recent governmental policy statements, public opinion surveys, and academic scholarship with a focus on publications in Chinese-language journals, often unfamiliar in the West. It looks at the relationship between Chinese research and policy and finds that the Chinese policy frame of climate change as a sustainable development problem draws from the body of domestic research and is reflective of the perspectives and multidisciplinary approach of Chinese researchers in areas of climate change.

Framework and local experience of pharmaceutical reimbursement criteria policy (PRCP) in China

In the present study, we compared local policies in Chongqing, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian and Sanming and summarized connotation and framework of PRCP. Moreover, we proposed that China should make PRCP at the provincial level, strengthen connection with other health care reform policies under tripartite system reform, such as equivalence evaluation of quality and efficacy of generics, and evaluate policy effects timely to improve the policy.

Governing Climate Change Adaptation in the EU and China:An Analysis of Formal Institutions

Both the European Union （EU） and China are culturally, economically, climatologically and environmentally diverse polities. The EU is a multi-state grouping of economically developed democratic countries, while China is a unitary sovereign state and a developing economy with a strong government bureaucracy. Our hypothesis is that given their diverse political systems, the EU and China would develop different kinds of systems for the governance of adaptation to climate change. We test this hypothesis through a comparative analysis of policy documents from the two study areas, in which we examine framework policies, programmatic actions and specific actions that have been adopted to date in order to address climate change, with a specific focus on the water sector. We find that climate change adaptation began to be addressed through formal policy on a similar timeline in the two regions. The EU and China are also similar in that they use framework laws and existing sectoral policy, such as for the water sector. We find that the EU has primarily relied on integration of climate change adaptation concerns through legal instruments which set a framework for implementation of adaptation policy. In China, specific actions to be incorporated in socio-economic development plans under the existing legislation on adaptation have been the main mode for integrating adaptation into sectoral actions, though the future trend may be to develop more regulations.

Acacia mearnsii management in a South African National Parks：SWOT analysis using hot topics in biological invasion as a guide

The assessment of the policy framework governing Invasive Alien Species(IAS) control is of critical importance in conservation. The undertaking of a SWOT analysis of such a framework is necessary because it enhances the efficacy of IAS control. The aim of this study is to carry out a SWOT analysis of the policy framework guiding the control of the spreading of Acacia mearnsii and other IAS in the Golden Gate Highlands National Park in South Africa,as well as the implementation of restorative measures in the park and adjacent communities in line with the recommendations of the Convention on Biodiversity. A comparative analysis of this framework and the hierarchical framework that was developed during the European Union Conference on Freshwater Invasives- Networking for Strategy in 2013 is undertaken. The results indicate the need to strengthen parkcommunity relations,upgrade existing legislation,and boost the technical capacity of South African national parks to identify,detect,monitor and predict IAS invasions,both within the parks and their surroundings. This knowledge is important for developing future policies on IAS control in South Africa.

Extending the decision-making process during yellow phase from human drivers to autonomous vehicles:A microsimulation study with safety considerations

One of the main factors affecting the safety of signalised intersections is the stop/go behaviour during the yellow interval.Although previous research has exhaustively examined drivers’stop/go decision-making,the expected autonomous vehicles’(AVs’)stop/go behaviour has not yet been thoroughly investigated.Through a series of simulation experiments developed for conventional and autonomous vehicles using different carfollowing,lane-changing,lateral placement and stop/go model parameter values,we examine here whether the default VISSIM stop/go parameter values can adequately replicate the observed drivers’behaviour at the considered intersection and assess the suitability of using the currently available options,albeit referring to human drivers,to simulate the expected stop/go behaviour of AVs.We also propose a policy framework for determining the desired behaviour of AVs in yellow interval,which is integrated into an AVs logic and achieved in the last simulation to explore the effect of automation on the stop/go outcome and,hence,on the safety level of signalised intersections.Several data analysis and modeling techniques were used for the formulation of certain scenarios,including binary choice models.The default stop/go parameter values were found unfit to replicate the observed stop/go behaviour and subjected to calibration.Compared to the currently available options,the proposed AVs logic proved to produce the most accurate results,in terms of the stop/go simulation outcome.Regarding the impact of automation on the stop/go outcome,the simulation experiments showed that AVs preferred a more conservative behaviour in favor of road safety,as indicated by the significant reduction(≈15%)in the number of vehicles crossing the stop line during the yellow light and zero instances of red light violation.However,compared to the conservative drivers represented by the default stop/go parameter values,AVs preferred a more rational behaviour in favor of intersection capacity without compromising road safety.

Energy geopolitics in Central Asia:China’s involvement and responses

To ensure adequate oil supply and mitigate geopolitical uncertainties,China has diversified its sources of crude oil imports in recent years.Central Asia is a neighbor region of China,rich in oil and natural gas reserves,which can play an important role in China's strategy to reduce its dependence on energy supplies from the Middle East.The geopolitical attributes of energy and the geopolitical situation in Central Asia determine that Central Asia's energy development and cooperation are disturbed by domestic and foreign factors,and also face the risks of complex energy structural evolution and geopolitical games,which create a unique energy geopolitical pattern in Central Asia.This study proposes an analysis framework for energy geopolitics in Central Asia,arguing that the complexity of energy geopolitics in Central Asia can be demonstrated from the perspectives of both the main countries of energy development(game actors)and the whole-industry-chain of energy development(game themes).The most obvious feature of Central Asian energy geopolitics is the fierce game that is played between key countries and regions,Russia,the United States,China,the European Union(EU),Japan,India,Iran,and Turkey.Strategic geopolitical considerations and resource requirements necessitate the active participation of these players in Central Asian energy development and mean that the foreign policy agendas of states in this region are likely to become ever more crowded.Therefore,the energy cooperation between China and Central Asia faces the geopolitical risks of the great power games.It is necessary to develop reasonable and effective policies to establish guarantee mechanisms to minimize the risks of energy cooperation.This study characterizes the energy geopolitical strategies of Russia,the United States,China,and other related powers in Central Asia.It also assesses the country risks faced by energy cooperation between China and Central Asian countries.To withstand possible geopolitical and country risks,this study develops a series of policy frameworks which can be used to fortify the stability of the energy cooperation between China and Central Asian countries,and can also be effective in responding to the array of risks that might be encountered in the coming years.