Research on the Policy Evolution of Inclusive Education from an International Comparative Perspective

In recent years,thanks to the vigorous promotion by UNESCO,inclusive education has rapidly developed and spread worldwide.Governments across various nations have responded and implemented this approach,successively introducing laws and policies to ensure that children with special needs are better integrated into society and receive a comprehensive education.This paper begins by exploring the concept and connotation of inclusive education.Through an international comparative perspective,it conducts a comparative analysis of the policy evolution of inclusive education in China and the United Kingdom.Furthermore,it investigates the implications that advanced international policy experiences have for the development of inclusive education in China.

Research on market-based policy instruments for eco-environmental protection

The selection of policy instruments involves policy efficiency and policy effect.Effective settlement of eco-environment problems in the process of industrialization and implementation of active eco-environment protection depend on the innovation of policy instruments.In this paper,based on a descriptive analysis of the policy instruments for ecoenvironmental protection of our country,combined with the theoretical analysis and the empirical research on current marketization of eco-environmental protection,the authors indicate that eco-environmental problems originate fi'om the damage of eco-environment and the extemalities of eco-service,and that the market-based policy instruments which are helpful to balance the relationship between fight,responsibility and interest in the eco-service are effective measures to eliminate externalities and protect eco-environment.

The evolution of central environmental protection inspection policy attention in China: An investigation based on inspection reports

The central environmental protection inspection (CEPI) system in China is a significant institutional innova‐tion in national environmental governance. The CEPI applies a joint supervision strategy to address salient en‐vironmental issues and strictly enforce the environmental responsibilities of local governments. This study col‐lects and organizes CEPI inspection reports covering three stages that encompass the first round, the “look back”, and the second round, applying text analysis to obtain sample data and conduct statistical quantifica‐tion of word frequency in inspection reports and identify notable changes. The study explores the allocation of CEPI attention between policy objectives and the intensity of policy instruments. We determine that in con‐junction with public opinion feedback, the CEPI conducts targeted inspections and focuses more on pollutant governance, which has high severity and can be addressed quickly. The CEPI fills the gap of normalized gover‐nance with a campaign-style governance approach. Regarding the intensity of policy measures, the CEPI pri‐marily uses economic incentive policy instruments, supplemented by command-and-control and public guid‐ance approaches, advancing the sustainability of regulatory effectiveness through economic, social, and politi‐cal activities. This study extends knowledge in the field of CEPI policy priorities and implementation, expand‐ing the literature related to outcomes of environmental policy in developing countries.

Policy Optimization Study Based on Evolutionary Learning

In order to achieve an intelligent and automated self-management network,dynamic policy configuration and selection are needed.A certain policy only suits to a certain network environment.If the network environment changes,the certain policy does not suit any more.Thereby,the policy-based management should also have similar "natural selection" process.Useful policy will be retained,and policies which have lost their effectiveness are eliminated.A policy optimization method based on evolutionary learning was proposed.For different shooting times,the priority of policy with high shooting times is improved,while policy with a low rate has lower priority,and long-term no shooting policy will be dormant.Thus the strategy for the survival of the fittest is realized,and the degree of self-learning in policy management is improved.

Understanding Policy Instruments as Rules of Interaction in Social-Ecological System Frameworks

Government interventions to manage and improve trade-offs in social and ecological systems are made through various policy instruments.The conditions of the social ecological system(SES)are a function of the cumulatively implemented policy instruments.Although both policy instruments and social ecological system frameworks have played important roles in theoretical developments in resource management,they have largely been considered in isolation from each other.By including policy instruments into the SES framework,the proposed conceptual model serves as a template to examine how governing takes place by deciphering:1)how the biophysical system has been understood in resource governance;2)how the social system has been set up in resource governance;and 3)how the trade-offbetween dynamic biophysical and social systems has been managed in the governance of SESs.This model can assist identifying any absent,overlapping or contradictory policy instruments in the governance of an SES.

The Policy Evolution From Social Governance To the Holistic Pension Service

Amid the complex domestic and international environment, Chinese management of the country transits from control gradually to the governance, national governance modernization pattern have also entered the stage of implementation strategy. The fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee put forward the implementation strategy of the refinement of social governance, making the policy more operable in the implementation level. This paper mainly analyzes the policy evolution fTom the social governance to the holistic service of the aged.

China＇s Monetary Policy Instruments （2001-2010）： Paradox, Analysis and Suggestions

Through a systematic analysis of China＇s monetary policy instruments adopted between 2001 and 2010, the author argues that raising required reserve ratios （or RRRs） cannot reduce the overall supply of funds, while raising the deposit and loan interest rate expands credit. Compared with the above two approaches, controlling incremental loan scale is more effective. During the 12th Five-Year Plan period （2011-2015）, China should improve its monetary policy system in five aspects： the balance sheet structure of The People＇s Bank of China （PBOC）, the intermediary objective and operation instruments, market orientation of the deposit and loan interest rate, ultimate objective of monetary policies and establishment of a systemframeworkforprudent macrofinancial management.

Evolution Characteristics of the Information Literacy Education Policy for Chinese College Students

In order to cultivate information literacy among college students,the Chinese government has formulated a series of relevant policies as well as revised and adjusted the policy priorities along with the times.Guided by co-word and social network analysis,this study analyzes 170 policy texts that have been promulgated by the Chinese government from 1981 to 2020.Based on the clustering results of high-frequency keywords,this study explores the characteristics of policy evolution and its influencing factors from three dimensions:policy themes,contents of information literacy education,and the methods for cultivating information literacy education.Several suggestions have also been put forward in this article to improve the information literacy education policy for Chinese college students.

The Historical Evolution of American Policy Toward Tibet

Tibet is well known around the world today. The Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) is one of China’s five ethnic minorities’ autonomous regions. However, to some in the West, Tibet’s political position seems open to dispute.It is obviously that no one can reach a proper understanding of this issue without consulting history. In ancient times, Tibet was a vague geographical concept to Western world, but it did witness competition between the great powers in modern times. Originally the so-called "Great Game" brought Russian and British monk-spies and, eventually, the British Indian army, into Lhasa. Then, during World War II, the US established the famous air

A quantitative study of disruptive technology policy texts:An example of China’s artificial intelligence policy

Purpose:The transformative impact of disruptive technologies on the restructuring of the times has attracted widespread global attention.This study aims to analyze the characteristics and shortcomings of China’s artificial intelligence(AI)disruptive technology policy,and to put forward suggestions for optimizing China’s AI disruptive technology policy.Design/methodology/approach:Develop a three-dimensional analytical framework for“policy tools-policy actors-policy themes”and apply policy tools,social network analysis,and LDA topic model to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the utilization of policy tools,cooperative relationships among policy actors,and the trends in policy theme settings within China’s innovative AI technology policy.Findings:We find that the collaborative relationship among the policy actors of AI disruptive technology in China is insufficiently close.Marginal subjects exhibit low participation in the cooperation network and overly rely on central subjects,forming a“center-periphery”network structure.Policy tool usage is predominantly focused on supply and environmental types,with a severe inadequacy in demand-side policy tool utilization.Policy themes are diverse,encompassing topics such as“Intelligent Services”“Talent Cultivation”“Information Security”and“Technological Innovation”,which will remain focal points.Under the themes of“Intelligent Services”and“Intelligent Governance”,policy tool usage is relatively balanced,with close collaboration among policy entities.However,the theme of“AI Theoretical System”lacks a comprehensive understanding of tool usage and necessitates enhanced cooperation with other policy entities.Research limitations:The data sources and experimental scope are subject to certain limitations,potentially introducing biases and imperfections into the research results,necessitating further validation and refinement.Practical implications:The study introduces a three-dimensional analysis framework for disruptive technology policy texts,which is significant for formulating and enhancing disruptive technology policies.Originality/value:This study utilizes text mining and content analysis techniques to quantitatively analyze disruptive technology policy texts.It systematically evaluates China’s AI policies quantitatively,focusing on policy tools,policy actors,policy themes.The study uncovers the characteristics and deficiencies of current AI policies,offering recommendations for formulating and enhancing disruptive technology policies.

Agricultural Support Policies and Public Budgeting in Turkey

Agriculture is a leading strategic sector in Turkey as it is in entire world. Despite this strategic significance, risks, and uncertainties, the dependence on natural conditions turns agriculture into a disadvantaged sector. Just because of these disadvantages, agriculture is protected by various support policies throughout the world. Agricultural policies of Turkey have initiated with institutionalization policies of the Republican period and progressed through product supports, input supports, and low-interest credit implementations of the planned period. These policies experienced serious reforms at the beginning of 2000s. Within the scope of Agricultural supports and Reforms Implementation Project （ARIP）, agricultural supports tried to be gathered under a single roof and Direct Income Support （DIS） implementations started. The DIS implementations lasted for eight years and terminated in 2008. The aim of this study is to examine agricultural supports in Turkey and their shares in the public budget. As material, macroeconomic data are used in this study. The data consist of transfers from the ministry of food, agriculture, and livestock to agriculture and budget numbers. The results of the study reveal that current agricultural policy tools are implemented as area-based supports, subsidiary payments, rural development, and agricultural insurance supports. The budget allocated to agriculture and the share of agricultural supports in Gross Domestic Product （GDP） of Turkey does not exhibit much change in years. Considering the policies and supports provided in developed countries and especially in European Union （EU） countries, it recommend for Turkey that the share of agricultural supports in total budget should be increased to levels in those countries.

Evaluation on the Process and Effects of Monetary Policies to Chinese Real Estate Market

The process of China＇s monetary policy regulation on the real estate market can be roughly divided into four stages since 1998. The first and the third stages are to raise housing price, while the second and the fourth stages are to curb housing price. There are both successful experiences and failure lessons in these stages of regulation. The present monetary policy instruments should be based on quantitative instruments, while the price instruments shall serve only as a supplement. We should use comprehensive polices including land policies, fiscal policies, legal and political means to develop a variety of specific and flexible policies to prevent financial risks, so that to fully play the important role of real estate market.

颠覆性技术政策—技术路线图框架构建与实证分析--以中国新能源汽车产业为例

在传统技术路线图的基础上,构建面向颠覆性技术及其新兴产业发展的政策—技术路线图框架,提出防御型、培育型、赋能型3类政策工具在用户需求、市场、产品、技术、参与者5个维度上的作用机制及其顺序逻辑。在此基础上,以中国新能源汽车产业为例,综合采用案例分析和荟萃分析方法,验证该框架的解释力。研究结果表明:政策—技术路线图框架从社会—技术系统转型视角阐释各阶段政策工具与颠覆性技术及其新兴产业发展间的互动演进规律,并提出早期阶段应以防御工具为主,侧重支撑知识空间形成;成长阶段应以培育工具为主,侧重建立良好利基功能;转型阶段应以赋能工具为主,通过适应性和转换性手段促使新旧范式平稳转换。

中国旅游电商政策的演进与发展趋势

以186份中国旅游电商相关政策文件为研究样本,综合使用政策计量、数据分析和人工判读等方法,全面梳理了中国旅游电商领域政策发展历程及演变特征,为今后更好地制定相关政策、促进旅游电商经济发展提供启示和借鉴。结果发现:中国旅游电商政策演进大致可分为4个阶段,分别是2001—2008年萌芽期、2009—2014年起步期、2015—2019年上升期、2020年至今成长期;旅游电商政策主要内容包括在线旅游企业和平台监管、扶贫语境下乡村旅游电商发展、智慧旅游和电商促产业发展等三大类,整体呈现出发文主体多方参与但合力不足、发文主题与时俱进并不断丰富等特征。未来需要在电商行业市场秩序监管、数字文旅产业创新、业态融合力促部门深化合作、乡村振兴配套政策支持等方面增加政策关注。

中国稀土政策演进分析及评价研究

稀土是国家发展与产业升级的重要资源,建立完善的稀土政策体系至关重要。通过构建稀土政策分析框架,利用文本挖掘、社会网络、PMC指数模型方法,从稀土政策演进历程、政策关系网络和政策量化评价三个方面,对我国1985年至今发布的48项稀土政策进行分析。结果表明,我国稀土政策演进分为4个阶段,其中规范稀土资源开采程序、整顿稀土市场秩序一直是我国稀土政策的核心;政策网络体系已初步构建,但政策间关联性较差,存在较多孤立政策,政策协同关系需要加强;政策总体设计较为合理,但在激励措施以及效力级别等方面略有不足。最后,针对我国稀土政策的特点及存在的不足提出了优化与完善建议。

要素流动对城乡融合发展的影响机理与空间分异研究

城乡要素双向自由流动有利于提高要素配置效率和优化城乡关系,促进城乡融合发展。现有关于要素流动对城乡融合发展的研究主要围绕传统生产要素对城乡融合发展的研究展开讨论,鲜有文献将数据这一新型生产要素纳入城乡要素流动范围并探索其对城乡融合发展的影响机理。基于2010—2021年中国31个省份的面板数据,在测算要素流动、城乡融合发展水平的基础上,构建双向固定效应模型、地理加权回归模型和中介效应模型实证检验要素流动对城乡融合发展的影响效应及作用机制。研究发现:第一,全国要素流动总指数呈现出小幅度增长的态势,位于均值之上的地区中64%是城乡融合发展试验区,说明城乡融合发展政策实施具有重要的引导作用;第二,要素流动显著促进城乡融合发展,这一结论在引入城乡之间距离作为工具变量进行内生性检验、采用删除4个直辖市和缩短时间窗口的方法进行稳健性检验之后仍然成立;第三,空间异质性分析中,劳动力、土地和数据要素始终表现出促进城乡融合发展的作用,随着时间的推移,土地要素对不同地区城乡融合发展影响程度逐渐增强、影响范围逐步扩大,技术要素对城乡融合发展的促进逐渐凸现,由华东和华南地区向东北和西南地区转移;第四,在要素流动影响城乡融合发展的过程中,电商销售是要素流动影响城乡融合发展的重要途径,农业机械化和产业结构变迁并未发挥出中介变量的作用,不同于已有的研究结果。因此,今后持续深化城乡融合发展的内涵与外延、拓展深度与广度;始终以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导,运用科学的世界观和方法论,坚持整体推进与试点示范相统一的指导原则,推广实践中形成的典型经验。研究结论为城乡要素双向合理流动的机制建立、城乡融合发展体制机制的健全提供了理论和经验上的参考。

政策工具视角下我国地方政府公共数据治理政策研究

[目的/意义]公共数据对于经济发展以及社会服务具有重要意义,聚焦我国省域公共数据治理的政策工具问题,有助于公共数据政策设计的完善以及相关工作的开展。[方法/过程]基于马—萨理论模型构建公共数据“政策工具—政策执行”二维分析框架,运用文本内容分析法并借助NVivo质性分析软件对我国31个省级行政区(不含港澳台地区)的公共数据政策进行编码和量化分析,考察我国地方政府在公共数据治理中的决策逻辑、执行策略及其运行特征。[结果/结论]我国省级公共数据政策地域发展不均衡,存在环境型政策工具过溢、需求型政策工具应用不足、政策工具组合结构欠佳,以及政策执行目标定位不足、内部执行要素不够协调、外部环境衔接不强等问题,未来应该加强区域协调发展,优化工具结构,明确价值定位,规范执行程序,强化衔接影响。

我国职业教育现代化政策的演进、特征与展望——基于30份政策文本的分析

职业教育是国民教育体系的重要组成部分,职业教育现代化是实现中国式现代化的重要路径,受到党和国家高度重视。梳理我国职业教育现代化政策的演进,对优化和调整职业教育现代化政策具有重要意义。运用ROST Content Mining等软件分析改革开放以来职业教育现代化的相关政策文本,并构建政策文本的语义网络发现:政策主体由党中央和国务院向部委迁移,政策数量趋于持续和稳定,政策样本形成了由“教育”“职业”“发展”“学校”“建设”“改革”等词构成的核心层。我国职业教育现代化政策可划分为基础、能力、内涵和制度建设四个阶段,政策特征从追求规模扩张、服务经济主战场、政府主导、刚性工具为主,转向高质量发展、社会与人的全面发展兼顾、政府统筹多元参与、刚柔并济的阶段。为高质量地推进职业教育现代化,增强职业教育对经济社会发展需求的适应性,全方位服务中国式现代化,应进一步优化政策工具组合,完善高水平学校和专业群建设制度体系,落实相关主体的权利和责任。

政策工具视角下残疾人就业政策研究——基于31份国务院政策文本的分析

就业是民生之本,也是残疾人全面发展、融入社会、迈向共同富裕最为直接的路径。残疾人就业政策是促进和推动残疾人事业发展的制度依据。通过内容分析方法,构建政策工具和政策目标两个分析维度,使用Nvivo12plus质性分析软件对31份国务院发布的残疾人就业政策样本进行分析,探讨残疾人就业政策体系的内部逻辑、政策工具分布以及政策工具模糊性的问题。研究发现,残疾人就业政策表现出路径依赖、政策高模糊性和政府主导型的特点。因此,在中国式现代化的语境之下,提出调整政策工具结构、促进政策精细化和落实社会责任三项建议。

How Will Different Types of Regional Innovation Policy and Their Mixes Affect the Innovation Performance of Enterprises: An Empirical Study Based on Shenzhen

Evaluating the functional boundary of different types of innovation policy instruments and their mixes on innovation performance of enterprises is an important but unresolved key issue.This paper,based on the systematically carding the quantization of 155 innovation policies issued by Shenzhen governmental departments from 2011 to 2019,analyzed the characteristics from different types of innovation instruments and their mixes.The results show that Shenzhen governmental has constantly enriched innovation policy instruments for encouraging enterprise innovation,but there are structural unbalances in the issued innovation policy manifested as follows:firstly supply-side policy and environmental-side policy were promulgated more than demand-side policy;secondly the specific instruments employed by Shenzhen governmental were also uneven in different type of innovation policy,like supply-side policy focused on the instruments of government procurement and R&D outsourcing,demand-side policy employed human resource training,innovation infrastructure and fiscal support most,and environmental-side policy main used target planning,intellectual property protection and financial support.This study expands and understanding empirical implementation of different reginal innovation policy instruments,and has implication for Shenzhen governmental in improving the applicability ability of policies in the enterprises innovation.