Status, Transition, and Impact of the Yoon Suk-yeol Administration’s Trade Policy with China

China is Korea’s main trade partner in East Asia and one of its key economic and trade partners worldwide.The two countries have complementary industrial structure and a long history of trade exchanges.However,against the backdrop of a return to global trade protectionism and the politicization of international affairs with Yoon Suk-yeol coming to power,South Korea has undertaken a strong trade shift toward the United States(US),triggering a change in the pattern of economic cooperation in East Asia and challenging the regional trade structure.A review of the trade policy agenda of the Yoon Suk-yeol administration toward the US and China,along with a comparative review of Korea’s foreign trade stance under Moon Jae-in,allows for an analysis of the turnaround and characteristics of Yoon’s trade policy toward China during his tenure.The implications for global trade governance and regional security are further analyzed with an aim of finding a Nash equilibrium in trade cooperation among East Asian countries.

The Influence of Jewish Americans on U. S. Middle East Policy

Ever since the establishment of Israeli statehood in 1948, the United States has been its staunch supporter. This is because of their common beliefs in values, political system and ideology, and America’s interests in the Middle East. However one important factor cannot be ignored., the influence of Jewish Americans’ political forces on U. S. Middle East policy. Since few articles deal with such a topic systematically in China, this essay tries to make a preliminary study on it.

Towards the East:Iran’s Foreign Policy in Ahmadinejad Era—Based on James Rosenau’s Continuity Theory

The article seeks to examine the East Look Policy(ELP)in Iran’s Foreign Policy(IFP)(2005-2013).We believe that states,due to different factors,may adopt different policies in their FP.So,the main research question is:Why did Iranian state adopt ELP in its FP in duration of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad era?With regard to the question,our hypothesis is“there are some factors in Iran’s internal environment that we called them micro-level factors and some variable in external environment that we called them macro-level variables in formation of ELP in IFP”.To prove this hypothesis,we use James Rosenau’s foreign policy theory that has been stood on two micro-and macrolevel analysis to examination of FP of any state.Regarding Rosenau’s theory,there are four factors on micro-level include:individual of policy-maker,his/her role in political system,social values,and governmental structure.In addition,in macro-level,there are some variables,such as the logic of anarchy,the action of other states(especially US),and nuclear sanctions imposed by the US and Western nations.

The statistical prediction of East African rainfalls using quasi-biennial oscillation phases information

A simple correlation method and a quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO)/rainfall composite analysis were used to examine the teleconnections be-tween the seasonal rainfall anomalies of March through May (long-rains) over East Africa and the different QBO phases in the stratospheric zonal winds, and also explore the predictive potential of the long rainy season using infor-mation about the phases of the QBO for the pe-riod 1979-2003. We study the spatial correlation patterns statistically to understand the climatic associations between the equatorial strato-spheric zonal wind and regional rainfall at the interannual time scale. The aim of this analysis is to establish whether this global signal can be employed as predictor variable in the long-range forecasts. Principal component analysis (PCA) is employed in the first instance to reduce the large dimensionality of the predictant (monthly rainfall data), to retain the time series of the principal components (PCs) and to delineate the rain gauge network of East Africa into homo-geneous zones. Spatial patterns of the factor loading were used to delineate East Africa into 11 homogeneous zones.

Environmental Challenges Associated with the Development of Socio-Economic Activities in East African Countries Comparative Study with China

This study is presenting a Policy analysis of the related environmental challenges associated with the development of socio-economic activities between China and East African countries. The author thinks that Socio-economic issues and economic development have a direct impact on the environment hence need to be studied for the purpose of policy formulation. This study analysed the policies on environmental issues in China and its five-year economic plan. Furthermore, this study examined what the Chinese government has done about socio-economic activities and what lessons are available for East African countries. Finally, this paper proposed possible solutions for East African countries on environmental challenges associated with the development of socio-economic activities with the potential for combining economic and ecological interests in East Africa. This study can help (potential) Government officers, policymakers, and regulators to assess environmental risks with lessons from China.

Turkish Foreign Policy in the Middle East After Arab Spring

Turkish policymakers＇ main focus was on how to play an effective regional role in the events and issues of the Middle East, such as mediation in resolving conflicts. Consequently, the paper will attempt to address the following questions： What is the impact of Turkish foreign policy towards the Arab Spring under Justice and Development Party （AKP： Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi） rule？ What is the future of Turkey in the Middle East in light of the revolutionary variables in the region？ The main aim of this paper is to explore Turkish foreign policy towards the Middle East under the AKP rule particularly after the Arab Spring. The paper attempts to anticipate the future of Turkish foreign policy and Turkey＇s role in the Middle East.

Institutions as Tools of Public Policy： A Comparative Evaluation of South East Asian-Sub-Saharan African Post War Development

In general, it can be argued that institutional framework a country or region designs plays a significant role in crafting, applying or even success of public policy. Drawing lessons from how Asia exploited the developmental state＇s concept by designing institutions which targeted key public policy areas such as education, health, domestic savings, and rural development, or aligned infrastructures such as roads, transport and ports, to drive economic development. The paper explores how this approach can be applied in sub-Saharan Africa （or individual countries）. The objective is to extricate constant factors impacting development both in ahistorical and atemporal terms. The investigation is guided by the key question： whether quality of institutions and institutional analysis can help explain development failures in Africa？ Hence, on one part, it probes institutions, institution-making, public policy making and what uniquely the Asian developmental state did that can help illuminate institutional role in policymaking and application. In pursuing this objective, the paper is cognisant of the question by Brousseau et al. asked, regarding generalizability of institutional capabilities, ＂If growth-enhancing institutions are identified in a specific country, can other countries learn from and transplant these＂. The investigation concludes that in public policy and development strategy-making institutions do matter as they delimit or even help create possibilities necessary for development and its sustenance, and to a certain extent, they are the vital constant （factors） that explains development differentiations in different geographic spaces or time periods.

The Belt and Road Initiatives and China＇s Middle East Energy Policy

The paper analyses the roots of the Belt and Road Initiative as well as China＇s Middle East Energy Policy in an age of great transformation. China＇s rapidly progressed economic growth leading to a dramatic increase in China＇s energy demand in recent years. The Middle East countries play a critical role in the international energy markets. Stable relations with the Middle East countries become increasingly important for Chinese energy security, and the continued development. The protection of these relations lies at the core of the Belt and Road Initiative. Within The Belt and Road Initiative, Chinese Middle East energy policy proceeds according to the energy cooperation framework known as ＂1＋2＋3＂, which seeks to build a reliable China-Arab strategic cooperative relationship based on long-term friendship. To avoid over dependence on the energy resources of the Middle East, China will also continue to search for other overseas energy sources and protect transportation channels. Despite risks and challenges associated with energy imports from the Middle East, China has cultivated strong relations with states in the region and will develop these economic ties further in the coming years.

Complexity of the Contexts:Features of Private Tutoring and Units for Comparison in the GCC Countries of the Middle East

Purpose:Private supplementary tutoringwidely known as shadow education because of the ways in which it mimics regular schooling-is increasingly visible across the globe.The Middle East is no exception,though the phenomenon has received relatively little attention in the English-language literature.This article maps some key features of shadow education,identifying ways in which contextual forces have shaped it.Design/Approach/Methods:The article focuses on patterns across and within the six members of the Gulf Cooperation Council(GCC),namely Bahrain,Kuwait,Oman,Qatar,Saudi Arabia,and the United Arab Emirates.It draws on literature in both Arabic and English and shows the value of multipleunits of comparison.Findings:Private tutoring has a long history as a significant phenomenon in some GCC countries,but in others developed more recently.Some governments have had active policies to dampen the phenomenon,but with little success.Factors in the complex dynamics include social,economic andcultural forces.OriginalityValue:The article assembles literature from around the region,noting both commonalities and diversities among GCC members.It contributes to the global literature by providing the regional mapping from this specific part of the world and by showing comparisons with other world regions.

The Statistical Significance Test of Regional Climate Change Caused by Land Use and Land Cover Variation in West China

The West Development Policy being implemented in China is causing significant land use and land cover （LULC） changes in West China. With the up-to-date satellite database of the Global Land Cover Characteristics Database （GLCCD） that characterizes the lower boundary conditions, the regional climate model RIEMS-TEA is used to simulate possible impacts of the significant LULC variation. The model was run for five continuous three-month periods from 1 June to 1 September of 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997, and the results of the five groups are examined by means of a student t-test to identify the statistical significance of regional climate variation. The main results are： （1） The regional climate is affected by the LULC variation because the equilibrium of water and heat transfer in the air-vegetation interface is changed. （2） The integrated impact of the LULC variation on regional climate is not only limited to West China where the LULC varies, but also to some areas in the model domain where the LULC does not vary at all. （3） The East Asian monsoon system and its vertical structure are adjusted by the large scale LULC variation in western China, where the consequences are the enhancement of the westward water vapor transfer from the east oast and the relevant increase of wet-hydrostatic energy in the middle-upper atmospheric layers. （4） The ecological engineering in West China affects significantly the regional climate in Northwest China, North China and the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River; there are obvious effects in South, Northeast, and Southwest China, but minor effects in Tibet.

Trump's Middle East Policy and Its Prospect

Trump's Middle East policy could be summarized as"one axis and three approaches."The main driver is creating an alliance of Israel and Saudi Arabia, and his three approaches are to contain Iran, counter terrorism, and launch the deal of the century. Behind this Middle East policy is Trump's acceleration of global contraction, and a return to the US pro-Israel diplomatic tradition, both influenced by Trumpian style and the Jewish people around him. Any reliance on an Israel-Saudi Arabia alliance is inherently fragile, the potential for Iran regime change unclear,and Trump's planned deal would destabilize the region and expand a US-European rift. Changing this direction would require the US to think more deeply about Middle East long-term prospects to find a more balanced policy.

Research Report on China's Policy toward Central/East European Countries

With the admission of eight Central/East European countries in May 1, 2004 in sight, realization of the objective of EU’s first phase eastern extension will signify a major step toward the concept of "a Europe kept far away from war" through promoting regional integration.

殖民时期德国在东非的森林政策及影响

19世纪末,德国逐渐在东非扩张其殖民统治。为实施所谓的科学森林政策和获得经济利益,德国殖民者基于自身经验最早在东非实施一系列森林管理政策。这些政策的实施破坏了当地原本人与自然和谐共生的关系,对当地的生态和社会产生深远的影响,引发非洲人的反抗。德国对东非殖民地森林管理的失败经历表明,生态治理必须尊重当地原本的人地关系、历史与文化。

冷战后日本对东南亚外交的脉络、逻辑与影响

冷战后日本对东南亚外交的演变脉络呈现明显的阶段性调整,包含政策领域与政策路径等。在此过程中,日本突出东南亚外交的政治色彩并全面发展与东盟国家的各领域双边关系,在持续深化经济外交的基础上取得了经济合作机制化建设进展,且正致力于推动与部分东盟国家的海洋安全合作及其机制化建设,进而试图主导地区秩序构建。日本对东南亚外交的政策逻辑主要体现在国家战略转型、地区框架建构与大国关系互动3个层面。其中,日本国家战略的目标诉求与实施路径,始终对其东南亚外交起到规范作用;日本对东南亚外交既是地区框架建构进程的有效组成部分,又受其规范与制约;日本始终需要考虑美国、中国等大国因素,且美国因素是约束日本外交取向的首要因素。冷战后日本对东南亚的外交深化了日本与东盟国家间双边关系,为日本自身的国家战略转型提供路径支撑,但在地区层面上则导致东亚合作框架泛化、东盟中心地位弱化以及地区安全局势不稳。

马来西亚智库对“一带一路”倡议与“新南向政策”的认知评析

[目的/意义]研究马来西亚智库对“一带一路”倡议与“新南向政策”的认知,有助于中国内地把握“一带一路”倡议在东南亚面临的形势,进而优化与完善“一带一路”倡议。[方法/过程]本文选取马来西亚战略与国际问题研究所和马来亚大学中国研究所作为智库样本,对其发布的14份有关“一带一路”倡议和5份有关“新南向政策”的研究成果进行分析。[结果/结论]马来西亚主流智库认为:“一带一路”倡议带来了区域联通的机遇、促进了马来西亚的基础设施建设与经济发展效率;“新南向政策”具备科技、软实力等方面的优势,旨在减少对中国内地的经济依赖,并通过加强与东南亚国家的关系以此扩大中国台湾地区所谓的“国际空间”。总体而言,马来西亚主流智库对两者的认知均以正面评价为主,经济利益、民意与社会舆论则是其认知的主要动因。

“意识形态”虚名下的利益考量——美国对阿拉伯民族主义政策的缘起

20世纪50年代,阿拉伯民族主义浪潮席卷整个中东地区。为维护自身在中东地区的核心利益,美国艾森豪威尔政府的中东政策经历重要转变。执政初期,艾森豪威尔将阿拉伯民族主义划分为“良善”与“激进”两股势力,企图改变阿拉伯民族主义内部的力量对比,削弱“激进”阿拉伯民族主义的政治倾向,然而这种“蓄意引导”的策略并未实现艾森豪威尔政府的预期目标,反而在阿拉伯世界引发大规模的民族主义浪潮。考虑到苏联在中东地区的影响力逐渐加强,美国改变对“激进”民族主义的敌对态度,并试图联合纳赛尔共同对抗活跃于中东地区的共产主义者。主导艾森豪威尔时期美国对阿拉伯民族主义政策的原因与美国对中东战略之根源类似,与意识形态即宗教、共产主义或民族主义价值观无关,其确立与调整的根基在于美国称霸世界的国家利益。

21世纪以来美国穆斯林群体政党倾向的变化及其影响

2023年新一轮巴以冲突以来,近年来总体上支持民主党的美国穆斯林群体再次呈现出政党倾向变化的迹象。在美国社会中长期面对“结构性”困境的穆斯林群体与民主党的链接并非天然,在不同议题上存在着差异性。具体而言,穆斯林群体在价值观和经济利益考虑上的共和党倾向、在追求民权方面的民主党倾向相对稳定。“9·11”事件后共和党政府的一系列政策对美国穆斯林群体造成了外部刺激和权利冲击,促使其进一步疏远共和党、转向民主党。而此轮巴以冲突以来,民主党政府对以色列的偏袒再次刺激了穆斯林群体,不能排除其未来疏远民主党的可能性。目前看,穆斯林群体在参与核心决策和制造舆论压力等方面对美国中东政策的影响有限,但其在某些关键州的选民分布却有可能牵动大选走向,并对拜登的竞选连任构成压力。由于人口规模增速较快、政治参与态势较为稳定且受到某些外部力量影响,穆斯林群体未来有望成为影响美国中东政策的重要国内因素,值得持续关注。

India＇ s Advance East Strategy and Its Indo-Pacific Diplomacy

India's eastward advancement began in the early 1990s. It was then called the"Look East"policy, and was later upgraded in name to the"Act East"policy in 2014. Over the past 25 years, India's"Advance East"strategy has continued to expand, undergoing a compound evolution and upgrade from economy to security, from bilateral to multilateral, from the ASEAN region to East Asia and further onto the Asia-Pacific region,which has been reflected in the rise in India's national strength and regional influence, more and more become an important pillar in India's diplomatic strategy. Nonetheless, the traditional development trends of India's eastward advancement are being affected by the newly emerging Indo-Pacific diplomacy strategies and achievements. India's Indo-Pacific diplomacy was born out of its Advance East strategy, though not limited to advancement east; the core demand of India has always been to merge into the Asia-Pacific region. In other words, India's Advance East strategy is an important pivot for its Indo-Pacific diplomacy. The reliance of India's Indo-Pacific diplomacy on major power diplomacy has impacted the core position of ASEAN in its Advance East strategy, while the element of containing China in India's Indo-Pacific diplomacy will dilute its intention to cooperate with China. This is also manifested in its Advance East strategy.

Development Issues in India's North East:Gender Dimensions

The economy of India's North Eastern Region (NER),severely disrupted by the partition of India in 1947,is characterized by a relatively stagnant primary sector,slow industrial growth,and a bloated service sector. The recently released North Eastern Region Vision 2020 report (2008) provides a magisterial overview of development efforts in the NER,and a roadmap for the region's future. Crucial to this vision is the opening-out of the region to trade and commerce with its natural and historical partners in South East and East Asia through the enhancing of connectivity and the improvement of infrastructure both within the NER itself,and across its international borders. This thrust is in consonance with India's 'Look East Policy' (LEP),enunciated in the early 1990s,and expressed in the country's increasing involvement in multilateral forums of sub-regional cooperation such as SAARC,BIMSTEC,ASEAN,the Mekong-Ganga Cooperation Scheme and the Track Two Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Forum (BCIM),formerly known as the 'Kunming Initiative'. Comprehensive though it is,the Vision 2020 document is relatively inexplicit regarding the gender dimensions of processes of economic liberalization and globalization in India's multi-ethnic North East. Beginning with a review of the Vision 2020 development road-map,this article surveys some recent studies in changing gender relations in the NER,focusing in particular on the traditional and contemporary roles of women in trading activities. It is suggested that similar and comparative case studies in the wider region of the BCIM countries might contribute constructively to gender-sensitive policy design,as well as to theoretical debates on the dilemmas of gender and development.