Renewable energy in Australia:a wider policy discourse

This paper assesses the evolution of generation technology-mix in Australia,with specific emphasis on understanding how such evolution has been shaped by wider political and socioeconomic influences.This assessment is predicated on the argument that the contemporary,quintessentially techno-economic,policy discourse on renewable energy is deficient,as it ignores climacteric political and socio-economic influences on generation technology-mix.The methodological framework employed in this paper is informed by the core tenets of technological change theory.The assessment suggests that generation technology-mix in Australia has historically been overwhelmingly influenced by the underlying technological paradigm of the electricity industry;and that this technological paradigm essentially draws its imprimatur from the wider political and socio-economic contexts.By implication,it suggests that a rapid uptake of renewables will have widespread ramifications,extending into political,socio-economic and cultural realms of a society.Clearly,existing policy discourse-that tends to focus on technical potentials,cost competitiveness,externalities and risks of various renewable technologies-is deficient.A much broader discourse is needed.This paper also made an attempt to develop a basis for such a discourse by reviewing broader aspects of the Australian society that would be affected by a rapid uptake of renewables.

Research on low-carbon development of electric power industry:from the perspectives of public policy

It is a fundamental way to achieve sustainable development and inclusive growth that China takes the low-carbon development path.And low-carbon development is an effective way to respond to many threats,including global climate anomalies,environmental degradation,and energy shortage.Low-carbon economy is policy economy to a large extent.Although the external environment demands low-carbon development of electric power industry,enterprises lack intrinsic motivation.Electric power industry is the pillar industry of China,and is one of the key industries for China's low-carbon development.The government needs to ensure its dominant position in the low-carbon development of electric power industry,and reform the government performance management system and promote the planning and management of electric power industry through appropriate public policy,in order to adjust the structure of the electric power industry and take a low-carbon development road with Chinese characteristics.

Policy entry points forfacilitating a transition towards alow-carbonelectricityfuture

This study extends the ambit of the debate on electricity transitionby specifically identifying possible policy entry points through which transformative and enduring changes can be made in the electricity and socio-economic systems to facilitate the transition process.Guided by the"essence"of the multi-level perspective-a prominent framework for the study of energy transition,four such entry points have been identified:1)destabilising the dominant,fossil fuel-based electricity regime to create room for renewable technologies tobreak through;2)reconfiguring the electricity regime,which encompasses technology,short-term operational practices and long-term planning processes,to improve flexibility for accommodating large outputs from variable renewable sources whilst maintaining supply security;3)addressing the impactofcoal power phase-outon coal mining regions in terms of economic development and jobs;and 4)facilitating a shift in transition governance towards a learning-based,reflexive process.Specific areas for policy interventions within each of these entry points have also been discussed in the paper.

Dynamic Analysis of Incentive Policy Impacts on Recycling of Retired Batteries for Electric Vehicles

Electric Vehicles(EVs),as a low-carbon means of transportation,have promptly become popular worldwide in the past decade.Since the lifespan of batteries is limited,massive of Electric Vehicle Batteries(EVBs)are being retired,resulting in a rapid increase in the demand for the recycling of retired EVBs in recent years.However,due to high recycling costs and immature recycling technologies,EV manufacturers are facing significant challenges in recycling retired EVBs.China,as the country with the largest number of EV users in the world,is exploring effective incentive policies for the recycling of retired EVBs.In this context,we developed a system dynamics model to analyze the impact of incentive polices such as,recycling subsidies,technological progress,and carbon trading on the retired EVBs recycling.Results show that:1)recycling subsidies can improve the recycling ratios quickly in the short term,and dynamic subsidies are more efficient than static subsidies;2)the policy of technological advancement can reduce the recovery and cascade utilization cost,thus having a positive impact on battery recycling,but the policy effect has a time-delay;3)the carbon trading policy is unable to promote efficient recycling due to the current low carbon prices;4)dynamic subsidy and technological advancement policies complement each other,therefore,the combination of these two policies is the best way to promote the recycling of retired EVBs and reduce carbon emissions.It is hoped that this study will contribute to the ongoing debate on policies for the industrialization of retired EVBs recycling.

The Clean Development Mechanism and Sustainable Development in China's Electricity Sector

The Clean Development Mechanism,a flexibility mechanism contained in the KyotoProtocol, offers China an important tool to attractinvestment in clean energy technology and processesinto its electricity sector. The Chinese electricitysector places centrally in the country’s economy andenvironment, being a significant contributor to theacid rain and air pollution problems that plague manyof China’s cities and regions, and therefore a focusof many related energy and environmental policies.China’s electricity sector has also been the subjectof a number of economic analyses that have showedthat it contains the highest potential for clean energyinvestment through the Clean DevelopmentMechanism of any economic sector in China. Thismechanism, through the active participation frominvestors in more industrialized countries, can helpalleviate the environmental problems attributable toelectricity generation in China through advancingsuch technology as wind electricity generation, cleancoal technology, high efficient natural gas electricitygeneration, or utilization of coal mine methane. Inthis context, the Clean Development Mechanismalso compliments a range of environmental and energypolicies which are strategizing to encourage thesustainable development of China’s economy.

A hybrid policy gradient and rule-based control framework for electric vehicle charging

Recent years have seen a significant increase in the adoption of electric vehicles,and investments in electric vehicle charging infrastructure and rooftop photo-voltaic installations.The ability to delay electric vehicle charging provides inherent flexibility that can be used to compensate for the intermittency of photo-voltaic generation and optimize against fluctuating electricity prices.Exploiting this flexibility,however,requires smart control algorithms capable of handling uncertainties from photo-voltaic generation,electric vehicle energy demand and user’s behaviour.This paper proposes a control framework combining the advantages of reinforcement learning and rule-based control to coordinate the charging of a fleet of electric vehicles in an office building.The control objective is to maximize self-consumption of locally generated electricity and consequently,minimize the electricity cost of electric vehicle charging.The performance of the proposed framework is evaluated on a real-world data set from EnergyVille,a Belgian research institute.Simulation results show that the proposed control framework achieves a 62.5%electricity cost reduction compared to a business-as-usual or passive charging strategy.In addition,only a 5%performance gap is achieved in comparison to a theoretical near-optimal strategy that assumes perfect knowledge on the required energy and user behaviour of each electric vehicle.

Electricity Sector Development Trends in an After-war Country： Afghanistan Aspiration for an Independent Energy Country

The rapid change in economic growth and human civilization has led to a dramatic increase in energy utilization and electricity demand. That faces nations with the challenge of maintaining cost-effective and clean power energy production. This paper aims to present Afghanistan electricity sector development and energy resources exploitation in a broad context. With the global growing interest in Afghanistan rehabilitation, this paper presents energy development trends in Afghanistan. Besides, the future outlook up to 2032 and the challenges that face electricity sector are highlighted. This study tries to emerge the historical development, current status, and future direction of Afghanistan electricity sector till 2032, in a precise collection.

Analysis on the Mode and Competitive Strategy of Electricity Sales in the Background of Electric Power System Reform

A new round of reform of the power system conforms to the national development of the energy revolution and the reform of the electricity market system. As an important promoter of the energy revolution and power reform, a new round of power system reform has brought profound changes to the energy industry and the power industry and the electricity market system has changed dramatically. With the release of the electricity market, market competition intensified. This paper analyzes the competition strategy of electricity sales market, analyzes the characteristics of market participants such as power generation enterprises, power grid enterprises, electricity sales companies and users, and puts forward the corresponding coping strategies to help the market participants to deal with the opportunities and challenges brought by power system reform, provide guidance and reference for the market participants.

Suggestions on the Current Electricity Price Level and Policies in China

The State Council decided to raise the retail electricity price by 0.25 Yuan/kWh from July, 2008. This will, to some extent, relieve the conflicts between power supply and demand, and decrease the economic losses in

美国加州车网互动政策、标准与市场机制最新进展及其启示

电动汽车与电网互动(简称“车网互动”)可以释放电动汽车作为灵活性资源的潜力,能够有效提升电网调峰能力、促进高比例可再生能源消纳、提升电动汽车用户经济收益,日益受到各方重视。美国加利福尼亚州(简称“加州”)近些年在推动电动汽车与电网互动发展方面做了大量工作,取得了重要进展。首先,文中介绍了加州在电动汽车与电网互动配套政策法规方面的最新动向;之后,从技术标准、市场机制两方面介绍了加州在电动汽车与电网互动相关基础工作方面的最新进展;最后,结合中国电动汽车与电网互动发展实际提出了有关建议。

双积分政策下考虑电耗、新能源偏好的决策研究

为探讨汽车制造商面对国内汽车行业电气化转型的生产决策问题,在双积分政策背景下针对制造商、零售商组成的二级供应链构建两种生产情形下不同决策模型,并引入新能源汽车电能消耗和消费者新能源偏好,运用Stackelberg博弈求得不同生产情形中不同决策模式下供应链各成员最优生产决策与收益分析。结果表明:双积分政策的深入实施有利于提高新能源汽车电能消耗水平,降低新能源汽车销售价格,扩大市场规模的同时促使燃油车提高减排水平;车企应选择在集中决策模式下提高新能源车型产能,逐渐减少传统燃油车产量,给供应链中各成员带来更多收益;从短期看制造商继续生产燃油车的生产情形所获收益虽高于停产燃油车情形,但其收益波动较大且制造商停产燃油车全面转型生产新能源汽车后的收益呈稳定增长趋势。

Strategic Placement of Charging Stations for Enhanced Electric Vehicle Adoption in San Diego, California

California mandated that 100% of vehicles sold must be electric by 2035. As electric vehicles (EVs) reach a higher penetration of the car sector, cities will need to provide publicly accessible charging stations to meet the charging demand of people who do not have access to a private charging spot like a personal garage. We have chosen to limit our scope to San Diego County due to its non-trivial size, well-defined shape, and dependence on personal vehicles;this project models 100% of current vehicles as electric, roughly 2.5 million. By planning for the future, our model becomes more useful as well as more equitable. We anticipate that our model will find locations that can service multiple population centers, while also maximizing distance to other stations. Sensitivity analysis and testing of our algorithms are conducted for Coronado Island, an island with 24,697 residents. Our formulation is then scaled to set the parameters for the whole county.

Enhanced Deep Reinforcement Learning Strategy for Energy Management in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles with Entropy Regularization and Prioritized Experience Replay

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles(PHEVs)represent an innovative breed of transportation,harnessing diverse power sources for enhanced performance.Energy management strategies(EMSs)that coordinate and control different energy sources is a critical component of PHEV control technology,directly impacting overall vehicle performance.This study proposes an improved deep reinforcement learning(DRL)-based EMSthat optimizes realtime energy allocation and coordinates the operation of multiple power sources.Conventional DRL algorithms struggle to effectively explore all possible state-action combinations within high-dimensional state and action spaces.They often fail to strike an optimal balance between exploration and exploitation,and their assumption of a static environment limits their ability to adapt to changing conditions.Moreover,these algorithms suffer from low sample efficiency.Collectively,these factors contribute to convergence difficulties,low learning efficiency,and instability.To address these challenges,the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient(DDPG)algorithm is enhanced using entropy regularization and a summation tree-based Prioritized Experience Replay(PER)method,aiming to improve exploration performance and learning efficiency from experience samples.Additionally,the correspondingMarkovDecision Process(MDP)is established.Finally,an EMSbased on the improvedDRLmodel is presented.Comparative simulation experiments are conducted against rule-based,optimization-based,andDRL-based EMSs.The proposed strategy exhibitsminimal deviation fromthe optimal solution obtained by the dynamic programming(DP)strategy that requires global information.In the typical driving scenarios based onWorld Light Vehicle Test Cycle(WLTC)and New European Driving Cycle(NEDC),the proposed method achieved a fuel consumption of 2698.65 g and an Equivalent Fuel Consumption(EFC)of 2696.77 g.Compared to the DP strategy baseline,the proposed method improved the fuel efficiency variances(FEV)by 18.13%,15.1%,and 8.37%over the Deep QNetwork(DQN),Double DRL(DDRL),and original DDPG methods,respectively.The observational outcomes demonstrate that the proposed EMS based on improved DRL framework possesses good real-time performance,stability,and reliability,effectively optimizing vehicle economy and fuel consumption.

低碳转型目标下的电力社会价值研究

能源低碳转型是2030年“碳达峰”的实现途径,低碳转型目标亟待传导至火电、绿电的资源配置。为探究不同发电业的资源调用量应当处于何种水平、怎样实现,优化激励力度,融合效用价值和广义价值理论,引入社会相对效用指标构建社会价值模型,形成“依照目标确定社会价值,参考价值量及基准收益优化政策组合和资源配置”的分析路径,得出配额目标和2℃目标下的电力社会价值。研究表明,太阳能发电的社会价值远高于煤电,且在2种目标下的变动趋势迥异。可据此优化政策力度,并根据实际约束和新目标的贡献度优化目标结构。从价值的形成和实现进行治理,使资源配置、各类发电业的发展与社会目标相契合,进而为政府政策组合提供新的决策工具。

基于负荷转移的售电公司分时电价优化策略

随着电价新政的发布,电力市场将进一步开放,同时目录电价的取消将加快分时电价机制的建立,在此背景下售电公司如何针对电力用户采取有效的分时电价措施是亟需解决的问题。为此在分析湖南省钢铁、电石等高能耗工业用户用电特性的基础上,结合售电公司、工业用户的成本及收益构建了售电公司成本收益模型、工业用户负荷转移成本模型,进一步提出了售电公司峰谷分时电价双层优化模型,上层模型优化目标为售电公司收益最大,下层模型优化目标为工业用户用电成本最小,以此确定峰谷分时电价套餐。以钢铁、电石等高能耗工业用户数据为例的仿真测算结果表明通过双层优化模型所得的峰谷分时电价套餐能够保证双方的利益,并有效引导工业用户合理用电、削峰填谷。

中国“十四五”时期可再生能源发展预测分析

为检验中国的可再生能源产业是否能够延续过去的快速发展势头并实现《“十四五”可再生能源发展规划》中的既定目标,采用平均弱化缓冲算子对风电、太阳能发电等非水可再生能源原始数据进行缓冲预处理,消除产业政策带来的冲击扰动,并在此基础上对可再生能源消费总量和发电量、风力和太阳能发电量等预测对象采用GM(1,1)模型建模预测。预测结果显示,上述预测对象均不能保证按期实现“十四五”规划中既定的发展目标。为确保按期实现“十四五”规划目标,一要增强市场消纳能力,提升可再生能源利用水平;二要完善市场化发展机制,实现可再生能源市场驱动发展;三要继续加强节能减排工作,控制能源消费总量增速。

基于LSTM车速预测和深度确定性策略梯度的增程式电动汽车能量管理

为提高增程式电动汽车的能量管理性能,首先利用长短时记忆(LSTM)神经网络进行车速预测,然后计算出预测时域内的需求功率,并将其与当前时刻的需求功率共同输入深度确定性策略梯度(DDPG)智能体,由智能体输出控制量,最后通过硬件在环仿真验证了控制策略的实时性。结果表明,采用所提出的LSTM-DDPG能量管理策略相对于DDPG能量管理策略、深度Q网络(DQN)能量管理策略、功率跟随控制策略在世界重型商用车辆瞬态循环(WTVC)工况下的等效燃油消耗量分别减少0.613 kg、0.350 kg、0.607 kg,与采用动态规划控制策略时的等效燃油消耗量仅相差0.128 kg。

德国新型储能政策及市场机制对江苏的启示

当前,新型储能成为构建新型电力系统的重要支撑手段,合理的储能政策及市场机制将会对新型储能的健康发展产生深远影响,因此有必要借鉴储能发展较好国家的先进经验。首先对德国的新能源及新型储能的规划及发展现状开展调研,从经济性、政策刺激、补贴政策等方面分析新型储能增长的内在因素,进一步研究德国储能参与电力市场机制及主要收益模式。然后分析江苏新型储能规划发展现状、市场机制、调用模式。最后对比江苏与德国储能发展的差异性,提出了可供江苏电网借鉴的新型储能发展的相关经验。

印度尼西亚电动汽车产业政策和标准法规及趋势研究

随着空气污染以及全球变暖对印度尼西亚的影响明显加剧,印度尼西亚政府近年来越来越重视气候问题,提出净零碳排放和零排放车辆(ZEVs)目标,并将实现车辆电气化作为解决其气候问题的有效途径。印度尼西亚政府大力发展新能源汽车(主要是电动汽车)产业,颁发了一系列电动汽车产业扶持政策及标准法规。本文研究印度尼西亚电动汽车产业政策和标准法规体系,并分析其电动汽车产业政策和标准法规趋势,为深化我国与印度尼西亚电动汽车标准化合作提供参考,支持促进中、印尼双方电动汽车贸易投资便利化。

基于改进DDPG的变速抽蓄机组参与系统调频研究

在挖掘双馈型抽水蓄能(DFIM-PSH)机组调频能力的基础上,提出一种基于改进深度确定性策略梯度(DDPG)算法的系统频率控制方法。首先,基于所确定的DFIM-PSH机组在发电与抽水工况下的频率控制环节,构建考虑风电接入的含DFIMPSH单区域系统频率控制模型。其次,在考虑机组运行约束的基础上以最小化系统频率偏差及调频出力为目标,引入DDPG算法对各机组的AGC控制指令进行优化。通过在预学习中同时引入随机外部扰动与模型参数变化,提高AGC控制器在具有强不确定性环境中的适应性。最后,在仿真验证DFIM-PSH调频优势的基础上,在不同风电接入及扰动等多场景进行仿真分析,结果表明,所提频率控制方法能有效改善新型电力系统的频率特性且具有强鲁棒性。