Plant Pollen Grains:A Move Towards Green Drug and Vaccine Delivery Systems

Pollen grains and plant spores have emerged as innovative biomaterials for various applications such as drug/vaccine delivery,catalyst support,and the removal of heavy metals.The natural microcapsules comprising spore shells and pollen grain are designed for protecting the genetic materials of plants from exterior impairments.Two layers make up the shell,the outer layer(exine)that comprised largely of sporopollenin,and the inner layer(intine)that built chiefly of cellulose.These microcapsule shells,namely hollow sporopollenin exine capsules have some salient features such as homogeneity in size,non-toxic nature,resilience to both alkalis and acids,and the potential to withstand at elevated temperatures;they have displayed promising potential for the microencapsulation and the controlled drug delivery/release.The important attribute of mucoadhesion to intestinal tissues can prolong the interaction of sporopollenin with the intestinal mucosa directing to an augmented effectiveness of nutraceutical or drug delivery.Here,current trends and prospects related to the application of plant pollen grains for the delivery of vaccines and drugs and vaccine are discussed.

Impact of climate change on dynamic of plant communities, lakes and swamps in Beijing area during Holocene period

From 400-60 cm 26 samples were obtained in an 820 cm profile at Dongganchi of Fangshan in Beijing. They provided a continuous record of vegetation and environmental changes over ca .7000 aB.P., as inferred from Spore-pollen. loss-on-ignition (LOI), and charcoal analysis,impacts of natural fire and human activities on plant communities and lakes and swamps were considered. 1) From 7000-5960 aB.P, the forest development was limited, probably in response to climate Warming. Aquatic and marsh plants began to increase, bat the lakes and swamps in some areas were limited. 2) About 5960-3390 aB.p, presumably in responded to climate warming which was warmer than that at present Aquatic plants began to become abundant,reflected the widespread development of the lakes and swamps, the climate was wet with annual precipitation higher than that at present 3) About 3390-1000 aB.P, human activities have kept to be the dominating factor in the evolution of vegetation and climatic change. Temperature decreased, and the annual precipitation rapidly reduced in Baijing area. the lakes and swamps gradually shrank back, some of them even disappeared. 4) After 1000 aB.P, there was a severe fluntuction, and early during this time, it was comparatively warm and humid, but became cool and dry later. In the meantime. human activities were intensified. agricultural activity was flourished. and large area of water field was cultivated

HAPLOID BREEDING OF POPULUS

After 14 year's growth observation on the plant growth, it was found that obvious segregation appeared among the haploid pollen plants obtained from anther culture of Populus Xiaohei T.S. Hwany ex C. Wang et Tung in vitro. By vegetative propagation, 19 clones were selected and field contrast test was carried out. Statistical analysis result showed a significant difference in volume production. They are superior clones which could be selected from among the pollen plants for utilization. A haploid breeding procedure is suggested in the paper.

Were Herod the Great’s Palace Gardens Unique?

Herod the Great built palaces and complexes with innovative excellence.This article explores his success in creating unique and luxurious gardens in desert areas.It does this by discussing the interaction between Herodian architecture already excavated by archaeologists and the newer science of garden archaeology.The investigation gives a realistic knowledge,through laboratory analysis of the plants grown in Herod’s gardens and how inventive he was.