In recent years,researchers have devoted considerable attention to identifying the causes of urban environmental pollution.To determine whether migrant populations significantly affect urban environments,we examined t...In recent years,researchers have devoted considerable attention to identifying the causes of urban environmental pollution.To determine whether migrant populations significantly affect urban environments,we examined the relationship between urban environmental pollutant emissions and migrant populations at the prefectural level using data obtained for 90 Chinese cities evidencing net in-migration.By dividing the permanent populations of these cities into natives and migrants in relation to the population structure,we constructed an improved Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population,Affluence and Technology model(STIRPAT)that included not only environmental pollutant emission variables but also variables on the cities’attributes.We subsequently conducted detailed analyses of the results of the models to assess the impacts of natives and migrants on environmental pollutant emissions.The main findings of our study were as follows:1)Migrant populations have significant impacts on environmental emissions both in terms of their size and concentration.Specifically,migrant populations have negative impacts on Air Quality Index(AQI)as well as PM2.5 emissions and positive impacts on emissions of NO2 and CO2.2)The impacts of migrant populations on urban environmental pollutant emissions were 8 to 30 times weaker than that of local populations.3)Urban environmental pollutant emissions in different cities differ significantly according to variations in the industrial structures,public transportation facilities,and population densities.展开更多
Biomass is considered a renewable and cleaner energy source alternative to fossil fuels.In recent years,industrial biomass boilers have been rapidly developed and widely used in the industrial field.This work makes a ...Biomass is considered a renewable and cleaner energy source alternative to fossil fuels.In recent years,industrial biomass boilers have been rapidly developed and widely used in the industrial field.This work makes a review on the fuel types used in industrial biomass boilers,the fuel characteristics and the characteristics of air pollutants emitted from the combustion of industrial biomass boilers and other contents in different studies.However,the existing research still has many deficiencies.In the future,further research on biomass fuel,industrial biomass boiler combustion process and the pollutants emitted by industrial biomass boiler combustion,especially the carbonaceous aerosol emitted by in-dustrial biomass boiler and carbonaceous aerosol optical properties still need to be made.At the same time,the potential harm of carbonaceous aerosols emitted from industrial biomass boiler sources to human health and climate change needs to be studied in depth.This review provides a scientific basis for the accurate evaluation of industrial biomass boilers and the effective prevention and control of various pollutants of industrial biomass boilers.展开更多
Charcoal stove is widely used in the developing countries especially in Africa and Central America.Even reported to have a high impact on human health,stoves promoted in the related areas still mainly focus on fuel sa...Charcoal stove is widely used in the developing countries especially in Africa and Central America.Even reported to have a high impact on human health,stoves promoted in the related areas still mainly focus on fuel saving and little knowledge was reported for the stove performance in the field.This research evaluated four commercialized charcoal stoves with clay baseline stove using a modified Chinese cooking stove protocol that considered the local cooking habit to make the testing results more useful for the local stove promotion.The results showed that the thermal efficiency of tested charcoal stoves ranged from 38.7%to 47.5%,and the cooking power was around 640-1200 W.The CO emission factors of the improved stove had a 60%reduction compared with baseline stove.Different indicators reporting the same aspect of the stove were evaluated,and it suggested choosing the indicators according to the project requirements.展开更多
As the world's most populous country,China has witnessed rapid urbanization in recent decades,with population migration from rural to urban(RU)regions as the major driving force.Due to the large gap between rural ...As the world's most populous country,China has witnessed rapid urbanization in recent decades,with population migration from rural to urban(RU)regions as the major driving force.Due to the large gap between rural and urban consumption and investment level,large-scale RU migration impacts air pollutant emissions and creates extra uncertainties for air quality improvement.Here,we integrated population migration assessment,an environmentally extended inputeoutput model and structural decomposition analysis to evaluate the NOx,SO2 and primary PM2.5 emissions induced by RU migration during China's urbanization from 2005 to 2015.The results show that RU migration increased air pollutant emissions,while the increases in NOx and SO2 emissions peaked in approximately 2010 at 2.4 Mt and 2.2 Mt,accounting for 9.2%and 8.7%of the national emissions,respectively.The primary PM2.5 emissions induced by RU migration also peaked in approximately 2012 at 0.3 Mt,accounting for 2.8%of the national emissions.The indirect emissions embodied in consumption and investment increased,while household direct emissions decreased.The widening gap between urban and rural investment and consumption exerted a major increasing effect on migration-induced emissions;in contrast,the falling emission intensity contributed the most to the decreasing effect benefitting from end-of-pipe control technology applications as well as improving energy efficiency.The peak of air pollutant emissions induced by RU migration indicates that although urbanization currently creates extra environmental pressure in China,it is possible to reconcile urbanization and air quality improvement in the future with updating urbanization and air pollution control policies.展开更多
Study is conducted on the life cycle assessment of bio-ethanol used for transportation vehicles and their emissions. The emissions that are analyzed include greenhouse gases, volatile organic compounds, sulfur oxide, ...Study is conducted on the life cycle assessment of bio-ethanol used for transportation vehicles and their emissions. The emissions that are analyzed include greenhouse gases, volatile organic compounds, sulfur oxide, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, particulate matter with the size less than 10 and 2.5 microns. Furthermore, various blends of bio-ethanol and gasoline are studied to learn about the impacts of higher blend on emissions. The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) model software are used to simulate for emissions. The research analyzes two pathways of emissions: Well-to-Pump and Pump-to-Vehicle analyses. It is found that the fuel cell vehicles using 100% bio-ethanol have shown the most reduction in the amount of all the pollutants from the Pump-to-Vehicle emission analysis. The Well-to-Pump analysis shows that only greenhouse gases (GHGs) reduce with higher blends of bio-ethanol. All other pollutants VOC, CO, NO<sub>x</sub>, SO<sub>x</sub>, PM10 and PM2.5 emissions increase with the higher blending ratios. The Pump-to-Vehicle analysis shows that all the pollutant emissions reduce with the percentage increase of bio-ethanol in the fuel blends.展开更多
[Objective]The aim was to study the characteristics of the emission of sulfur derivative pollutants in cyanobacteria.[Method]Based on water odor in drink water from Gonghu Bay in Lake Taihu,the sulfur derivatives poll...[Objective]The aim was to study the characteristics of the emission of sulfur derivative pollutants in cyanobacteria.[Method]Based on water odor in drink water from Gonghu Bay in Lake Taihu,the sulfur derivatives pollutants were extracted by head space solid phase microextraction(HS-SPME) and the odor substance was identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Decomposed simulation was conducted in closed tube of water and cyanobacteria samples collected from Gonghu Bay in Lake Taihu.The cyanobacteria rotten odor substances was analyzed and detected by HS-SPME-GC-MS for 10 days.The sulfur derivative pollutant was expounded.[Result]The primary or secondary metabolites by cyanobacteria in water samples such as β-cyclocitral,indol,methylphenol,mercaptan and thioether were detected with scan.During the decomposition process,the emission of β-cyclocitral changed little.The maximum emission of dimethyl trisulfide appeared on the seventh and eighth day.The maximum emission of dimethyl disulfide appeared on the forth day.The maximum emission of the diethyl sulfide was on the eighth and ninth day.The maximum concentration of dimethyl trisulfide was 2 344.79 ng/L,which was much more than the olfactory threshold.[Conclusion] The sewage in Gonghu Bay in the end of May in 2007 resulted from the accumulation of cyanobacteria.展开更多
A 600 MW coal-fired boiler with a four-corner tangential combustion mode is considered here to study the combustion features and pollutant emissions at different loads for large-percentages of blending dried sludges.T...A 600 MW coal-fired boiler with a four-corner tangential combustion mode is considered here to study the combustion features and pollutant emissions at different loads for large-percentages of blending dried sludges.The influence of the over-fired air(OFA)coefficient is examined and the impact of the blending ratio on the boiler operation is explored.The results show that for low blending ratios,a slight increase in the blending ratio can improve the combustion of bituminite,whereas a further increase leads to the deterioration of the combustion of blended fuels and thus reduces the boiler efficiency.Enhancing the supporting capability of the secondary air effectively reduces the slagging degree in the bottom ash hopper and improves the burnout rate of coals.For a large-percentage blending case at full load,it is found that the OFA coefficient must be reduced appropriately,otherwise,a secondary high-temperature combustion zone can be generated in the vicinity of the furnace arches,causing high temperature slagging and superheater tube bursting.Considering the influences of combustion and pollutant emissions,the recommended OFA coefficient is 0.2.Blending dried sludge under low loads increases the flue gas temperature at the furnace exit.While reducing the flue gas temperature in the main combustion region,which is beneficial to the safe operation of the denitrification system.Increasing the blending ratio and reducing load lead to an increase in NOx concentration at the furnace exit Sludges with low nitrogen content are suggested for the practical operation of boilers.展开更多
In order to investigate the effect of a certain type of fuel additives on the emission and performance of vehicles,according to the Limits and Measurement Methods for Exhaust Pollutants from Vehicles Equipped Ignition...In order to investigate the effect of a certain type of fuel additives on the emission and performance of vehicles,according to the Limits and Measurement Methods for Exhaust Pollutants from Vehicles Equipped Ignition Engine under Two-speed Idle Conditions and Simple Driving Mode Conditions(GB 18285-2005),the double idle method is used to detect the emission changes of different vehicles before and after the use of a certain type of fuel additives,and then the fuel consumption and power are evaluated.The results show that the use of fuel additives and the appropriate selection of fuel can effectively reduce the emissions of vehicle pollutants,which is of great significance for energy saving and emission reduction.展开更多
A detailed chemical mechanism to describe the combustion of natural gas in internal combustion (IC) engine has been developed,which is consisting of 233 reversible reactions and 79 species.This mechanism accounts fo...A detailed chemical mechanism to describe the combustion of natural gas in internal combustion (IC) engine has been developed,which is consisting of 233 reversible reactions and 79 species.This mechanism accounts for the oxidation of methane,ethane,propane and nitrogen.It has been tested using IC engine model of CHEMKIN 4.1.1 and experimental measurements.The performance of the proposed mechanism was evaluated at various equivalence ratios (φ=0.6 to φ=1.3),initial reactor conditions (Tini=500 to 3500 ℃; Pini=1.0 to 10 atm) and engine speed (2000-7000 rpm).The proposed kinetic mechanism shows good concordances with GRI3.0 mechanism especially in the prediction of temperature,pressure and major product species (H2O,CO2) profiles at stoichiometric conditions (φ=1.0).The experimental results of measured cylinder pressure,species fractions were also in agreement with simulation results derived from the proposed kinetic mechanism.The proposed mechanism successfully predicts the formation of gaseous pollutants (CO,NO,NO2,NH3) in the engine exhaust.Although there are some discrepancies among each simulation profile,the proposed detailed mechanism is good to represent the combustion of natural gas in IC engine.展开更多
Investigation showed that mercury emission in Chongqing City, China is about 2.1 t/a, 70% of which came from coal burning.Mercury in many water bodies have been detected, in vegetables and milk had exceeded the food ...Investigation showed that mercury emission in Chongqing City, China is about 2.1 t/a, 70% of which came from coal burning.Mercury in many water bodies have been detected, in vegetables and milk had exceeded the food standard value in some places.展开更多
The high-speed rail(HSR)network in China has experienced rapid development since the 2000s.In 2016,the State Council of the People’s Republic of China issued a revised version of the“Mid-and Long-term Railway Networ...The high-speed rail(HSR)network in China has experienced rapid development since the 2000s.In 2016,the State Council of the People’s Republic of China issued a revised version of the“Mid-and Long-term Railway Network Plan”,detailing the expansion of the railway network and construction of an HSR system.In the future,the HSR construction efforts in China will further increase,which is considered to impact regional development and air pollutant emissions.Therefore,in this paper,we apply a transportation network-multiregional computable general equilibrium(CGE)model to estimate the dynamic effects of HSR projects on economic growth,regional disparities,and air pollutant emissions in China.The results indicate that HSR system improvement could generate a positive economic impact but could also increase emissions.The gross domestic product(GDP)growth per unit investment cost stimulated by HSR investment is found to be the largest in eastern China but the smallest in the northwest regions.Conversely,HSR investment in Northwest China contributes to a substantial reduction in regional disparities in terms of the GDP per capita.In regard to air pollution emissions,HSR construction in South-Central China results in the largest increase in CO_(2) and NO_(X) emissions,while for CO,SO_(2),and fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))emissions,the largest increase occurs due to HSR construction in Northwest China.At the regional level,the provinces with large changes in accessibility also experience large changes in their air pollutant emissions.展开更多
Industrial emissions are the main source of atmospheric pollutants in China.Accurate and reasonable prediction of the emission of atmospheric pollutants from single enterprise can determine the exact source of atmosph...Industrial emissions are the main source of atmospheric pollutants in China.Accurate and reasonable prediction of the emission of atmospheric pollutants from single enterprise can determine the exact source of atmospheric pollutants and control atmospheric pollution precisely.Based on China’s coking enterprises in 2020,we proposed a quantitative method for pollutant emission standards and introduced the quantification results of pollutant emission standards(QRPES)into the construction of support vector regression(SVR)and random forest regression(RFR)prediction methods for SO_(2) emission of coking enterprises in China.The results show that,affected by the types of coke ovens and regions,China’s current coking enterprises have implemented a total of 21 emission standards,with marked differences.After adding QRPES,it was found that the root mean squared error(RMSE)of SVR and RFR decreased from 0.055 kt/a and 0.059 kt/a to 0.045 kt/a and 0.039 kt/a,and the R2 increased from 0.890 and 0.881 to 0.926 and 0.945,respectively.This shows that the QRPES can greatly improve the prediction accuracy,and the SO_(2) emissions of each enterprise are highly correlated with the strictness of standards.The predicted result shows that 45%of SO_(2) emissions from Chinese coking enterprises are concentrated in Shanxi,Shaanxi and Hebei provinces in central China.The method created in this paper fills in the blank of forecasting method of air pollutant emission intensity of single enterprise and is of great help to the accurate control of air pollutants.展开更多
Air pollution is a major issue related to national economy and people's livelihood.At present,the researches on air pollution mostly focus on the pollutant emissions in a specific industry or region as a whole,and...Air pollution is a major issue related to national economy and people's livelihood.At present,the researches on air pollution mostly focus on the pollutant emissions in a specific industry or region as a whole,and is a lack of attention to enterprise pollutant emissions from the micro level.Limited by the amount and time granularity of data from enterprises,enterprise pollutant emissions are stll understudied.Driven by big data of air pollution emissions of industrial enterprises monitored in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei,the data mining of enterprises pollution emissions is carried out in the paper,including the association analysis between different features based on grey association,the association mining between different data based on association rule and the outlier detection based on clustering.The results show that:(1)The industries affecting NOx and SO2 mainly are electric power,heat production and supply industry,metal smelting and processing industries in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei;(2)These districts nearby Hengshui and Shijiazhuang city in Hebei province form strong association rules;(3)The industrial enterprises in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei are divided into six clusters,of which three categories belong to outliers with excessive emissions of total vOCs,PM and NH3 respectively.展开更多
‘Co-control',or synergistically reducing CO_(2)and local air polluta nt emissions,is an important strategy for cities to achieve'low carb on'and'blue sky'simultaneously.However,there were few stud...‘Co-control',or synergistically reducing CO_(2)and local air polluta nt emissions,is an important strategy for cities to achieve'low carb on'and'blue sky'simultaneously.However,there were few studies to evaluate and compare the level of co-control of CO_(2) and local air pollutants in cities year.The present study proposed qualitative and quantitative methods to evaluate the level of co-control of CO_(2)and three local air pollutant(SO_(2).NOX,and particulate matter PM)emissions in key environmental protection cities in China over two periods(2012-2015 and 2015-2018).Statistical analysis found that,though three local air pollutant emissions positively correlated with CO_(2) emission,no significantly positive correlation was found between local air pollutants emission reductions and CO_(2) emission reductions,indicating that co-control effects were poor in general.By using the co-control effect coordinate system,qualitative evaluation showed that less than half of the sample cities could achieve co-control of the total amount of CO_(2) and local air pollutants.By employing the indicator of emission reduction equivalence(EReq),quantitative evaluation showed that the co-control level of the sample cities improved in 2015-2018 compared with 2012-2015.Further regression analysis showed that,reducing coal consumption and economic development significantly enhanced the co-control performance of the observed cities.The present case study proved that the proposed methods for evaluation and comparison of the city co-control performance works well,and can be used in other countries and regions to promote global cities racing to carbon and local air pollutants co-control.展开更多
The flue gas pollutants deep-removal technology(DRT) focusing on PM2.5removal is the prime method of further reducing pollutants emission from coal-fired power plants. In view of the four key technological challenges ...The flue gas pollutants deep-removal technology(DRT) focusing on PM2.5removal is the prime method of further reducing pollutants emission from coal-fired power plants. In view of the four key technological challenges in developing the DRT, studies were conducted on a series of purification technologies and the DRT was developed and successfully applied in 660 MW and 1000 MW coal-fired units. This paper analyzes the application results of the demonstration project, and proposes a roadmap for the follow-up researches and optimizations.展开更多
Rice husk with high volatile content was burned in a pilot scale vortexing fluidized bed incinerator. The fluidized bed incinerator was constructed of 6 mm stainless steel with 0.45 m in diameter and 5 m in height. Th...Rice husk with high volatile content was burned in a pilot scale vortexing fluidized bed incinerator. The fluidized bed incinerator was constructed of 6 mm stainless steel with 0.45 m in diameter and 5 m in height. The emission characteristics of CO, NO, and SO2 were studied. The effects of operating parameters, such as primary air flow rate, secondary air flow rate, and excess air ratio on the pollutant emissions were also investigated. The results show that a large proportion of combustion occurs at the bed surface and the freeboard zone. The SO2 concentration in the flue gas decreases with increasing excess air ratio, while the NOx concentration shows reverse trend. The flow rate of secondary air has a significant impact on the CO emission. For a fixed primary air flowrate, CO emission decreases with the secondary air flowrate. For a fixed excess air ratio, CO emission decreases with the ratio of secondary to primary air flow. The minimum CO emission of 72 ppm is attained at the operating condition of 40% excess air ratio and 0.6 partition air ratio. The NOx and SO2 concentrations in the flue gas at this condition are 159 and 36 ppm, which conform to the EPA regulation of Taiwan.展开更多
Residential low efficient fuel burning is a major source of many air pollutants produced during incomplete combustions, and household air pollution has been identified as one of the top environmental risk factors. Her...Residential low efficient fuel burning is a major source of many air pollutants produced during incomplete combustions, and household air pollution has been identified as one of the top environmental risk factors. Here we compiled literature-reported emission factors of pollutants including carbon monoxide(CO), total suspended particles(TSPs), PM2.5, organic carbon(OC),elemental carbon(EC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) for different household energy sources, and quantified the potential for emission reduction by clean fuel adoption. The burning of crop straws, firewood and coal chunks in residential stoves had high emissions per unit fuel mass but lower thermal efficiencies, resulting in high levels of pollution emissions per unit of useful energy, whereas pelletized biofuels and coal briquettes had lower pollutant emissions and higher thermal efficiencies. Briquetting coal may lead to 82%–88% CO, 74%–99%TSP, 73%–76% PM2.5, 64%–98% OC, 92%–99% EC and 80%–83% PAH reductions compared to raw chunk coal. Biomass pelletizing technology would achieve 88%–97% CO, 73%–87% TSP, 79%–88%PM2.5, 94%–96% OC, 91%–99% EC and 63%–96% PAH reduction compared to biomass burning. The adoption of gas fuels(i.e., liquid petroleum gas, natural gas) would achieve significant pollutant reduction, nearly 96% for targeted pollutants. The reduction is related not only to fuel change, but also to the usage of high efficiency stoves.展开更多
For achieving air pollutant emission reduction targets,total pollutant amount control is being continuously promoted in China.However,the traditional pattern of pollutant emission reduction allocation regardless of ec...For achieving air pollutant emission reduction targets,total pollutant amount control is being continuously promoted in China.However,the traditional pattern of pollutant emission reduction allocation regardless of economic cost often results in unreasonable emission reduction pathways,and industrial enterprises as the main implementers have to pay excessively high costs.Therefore,this study adopted economic efficiency as its main consideration,used specific emission reduction measures(ERMs)of industrial enterprises as minimum allocation units,and constructed an enterprise-level pollutant emission reduction allocation(EPERA)model with minimization of the total abatement cost(TAC)as the objective function,and fairness and feasibility as constraints for emission reduction allocation.Taking City M in China as an example,the EPERA model was used to construct a Pareto optimal frontier and obtain the optimal trade-off result.Results showed that under basic and strict emission reduction regulations,the TAC of the optimal trade-off point was reduced by 46.40%and 45.77%,respectively,in comparison with that achieved when only considering fairness,and the Gini coefficient was 0.26 and 0.31,respectively.The abatement target was attained with controllable cost and relatively fair and reasonable allocation.In addition,enterprises allocated different emission reduction quotas under different ERMs had specific characteristics that required targeted optimization of technology and equipment to enable them to achieve optimal emission reduction effects for the same abatement cost.展开更多
In this study,combustion instabilities and flue gas emission changes under different dilutions of N_(2)(nitrogen)and Ar(argon)of a promising biogas mixture(70%CH4-30%CO_(2))in the fight against greenhouse gas emission...In this study,combustion instabilities and flue gas emission changes under different dilutions of N_(2)(nitrogen)and Ar(argon)of a promising biogas mixture(70%CH4-30%CO_(2))in the fight against greenhouse gas emissions were investigated.In the experiments,additions were made from 0%to 50%at intervals of 10%for both gases.In order to detect the instability of the flame,external acoustic enforcements at different frequencies was applied through the speakers placed in the combustion chamber arms.The dynamic pressure fluctuation values were recorded.The results showed that low dilution ratios were effective in reducing flame instability for both inert gases.However,as the dilution ratio increased,the fuel/air mixture became leaner and blowoff occurred.In the case of comparing two different gases,it has been observed that the effect of argon gas on reducing dynamic pressure fluctuation is higher.Burner outlet temperature and brightness values of the flame decreased in both Ar and N_(2)dilution.CO and NOx emissions increased with increasing diluent volume for all dilution conditions.When the emissions of the two diluent gases are compared,the CO emission,which was 3134 ppm in the undiluted condition,increased up to 4949 ppm in 50%Ar dilution,while it increased to 4521 ppm in 50%N_(2)dilution.展开更多
Iron ore sintering process is the main CO_(2) emission source throughout the integrate steelworks,which primarily comes from the combustion of solid fuels.Improving the combustion efficiency and reducing the solid fue...Iron ore sintering process is the main CO_(2) emission source throughout the integrate steelworks,which primarily comes from the combustion of solid fuels.Improving the combustion efficiency and reducing the solid fuel consumption are important ways to reduce the CO_(2) emission in the sintering process.Around the efficient combustion of fuel,the migration behavior and combustion characteristics of solid fuel in the granulation process were investigated.The results indicated that during the granulation process,fuel particles with size less than 0.5 mm mainly migrated into the granules with grain size of 1-3,3-5 and 5-8 mm;fuel particles with size of 0.5^(-1)mm mainly migrated into granules of 1-3 mm;fuel particles with size of 1-3,3-5 and 5-8 mm mainly entered the granules with the same grain size.With the increase in fuel particles grain size from-0.5 to+8 mm,the combustion efficiency exhibited a firstly-increasing and then decreasing tendency,while the NO_(x) exhibited a decreasing tendency.Potential reason can be described that finer fuel particles(-1 mm)easily distributed in the outer layer of the granules,which combusted fiercely due to its larger specific surface area,leading to the development of incomplete combustion and the conversion of fuel nitrogen;the combustion efficiency of larger fuel particles was restricted by the inner diffusion of O_(2),which then contributed to the reduction of NO_(x) under the inadequate combustion atmosphere.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of Shanxi Scholarship Council of China(No.2017-003)
文摘In recent years,researchers have devoted considerable attention to identifying the causes of urban environmental pollution.To determine whether migrant populations significantly affect urban environments,we examined the relationship between urban environmental pollutant emissions and migrant populations at the prefectural level using data obtained for 90 Chinese cities evidencing net in-migration.By dividing the permanent populations of these cities into natives and migrants in relation to the population structure,we constructed an improved Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population,Affluence and Technology model(STIRPAT)that included not only environmental pollutant emission variables but also variables on the cities’attributes.We subsequently conducted detailed analyses of the results of the models to assess the impacts of natives and migrants on environmental pollutant emissions.The main findings of our study were as follows:1)Migrant populations have significant impacts on environmental emissions both in terms of their size and concentration.Specifically,migrant populations have negative impacts on Air Quality Index(AQI)as well as PM2.5 emissions and positive impacts on emissions of NO2 and CO2.2)The impacts of migrant populations on urban environmental pollutant emissions were 8 to 30 times weaker than that of local populations.3)Urban environmental pollutant emissions in different cities differ significantly according to variations in the industrial structures,public transportation facilities,and population densities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant Nos.42265011,41765009,and 52064037)the Training Program for Academic and Technical Leaders of Major Disciplines in Jiangxi Province,China(grant No.20212BCJL23054)。
文摘Biomass is considered a renewable and cleaner energy source alternative to fossil fuels.In recent years,industrial biomass boilers have been rapidly developed and widely used in the industrial field.This work makes a review on the fuel types used in industrial biomass boilers,the fuel characteristics and the characteristics of air pollutants emitted from the combustion of industrial biomass boilers and other contents in different studies.However,the existing research still has many deficiencies.In the future,further research on biomass fuel,industrial biomass boiler combustion process and the pollutants emitted by industrial biomass boiler combustion,especially the carbonaceous aerosol emitted by in-dustrial biomass boiler and carbonaceous aerosol optical properties still need to be made.At the same time,the potential harm of carbonaceous aerosols emitted from industrial biomass boiler sources to human health and climate change needs to be studied in depth.This review provides a scientific basis for the accurate evaluation of industrial biomass boilers and the effective prevention and control of various pollutants of industrial biomass boilers.
基金supported in part by Agricultural Product Quality Inspection Bureau Project-Agricultural Industry Standard Development for“Determination method of major atomosphere pollutants from rural household stoves”(No.181721301092371112)the bilateral China-South Africa MoST-NRF joint project“Development of Scientifically Robust and Culturally Appropriate Metrics and Protocols for Evaluating Clean(Combustion)Cookstoves”+1 种基金the World Bank Group Project for“Clean and Efficient Heating Stove South-South Knowledge Exchange”(No.7182688)the Project for“China-Ghana Renewable Energy Technology Transfer Cooperation”(No.CG211/2-3)from the Administrative Center for China's Agenda 21.
文摘Charcoal stove is widely used in the developing countries especially in Africa and Central America.Even reported to have a high impact on human health,stoves promoted in the related areas still mainly focus on fuel saving and little knowledge was reported for the stove performance in the field.This research evaluated four commercialized charcoal stoves with clay baseline stove using a modified Chinese cooking stove protocol that considered the local cooking habit to make the testing results more useful for the local stove promotion.The results showed that the thermal efficiency of tested charcoal stoves ranged from 38.7%to 47.5%,and the cooking power was around 640-1200 W.The CO emission factors of the improved stove had a 60%reduction compared with baseline stove.Different indicators reporting the same aspect of the stove were evaluated,and it suggested choosing the indicators according to the project requirements.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.72025401,71974108,and 71690244)the Tsinghua University-Inditex Sustainable Development Fund.
文摘As the world's most populous country,China has witnessed rapid urbanization in recent decades,with population migration from rural to urban(RU)regions as the major driving force.Due to the large gap between rural and urban consumption and investment level,large-scale RU migration impacts air pollutant emissions and creates extra uncertainties for air quality improvement.Here,we integrated population migration assessment,an environmentally extended inputeoutput model and structural decomposition analysis to evaluate the NOx,SO2 and primary PM2.5 emissions induced by RU migration during China's urbanization from 2005 to 2015.The results show that RU migration increased air pollutant emissions,while the increases in NOx and SO2 emissions peaked in approximately 2010 at 2.4 Mt and 2.2 Mt,accounting for 9.2%and 8.7%of the national emissions,respectively.The primary PM2.5 emissions induced by RU migration also peaked in approximately 2012 at 0.3 Mt,accounting for 2.8%of the national emissions.The indirect emissions embodied in consumption and investment increased,while household direct emissions decreased.The widening gap between urban and rural investment and consumption exerted a major increasing effect on migration-induced emissions;in contrast,the falling emission intensity contributed the most to the decreasing effect benefitting from end-of-pipe control technology applications as well as improving energy efficiency.The peak of air pollutant emissions induced by RU migration indicates that although urbanization currently creates extra environmental pressure in China,it is possible to reconcile urbanization and air quality improvement in the future with updating urbanization and air pollution control policies.
文摘Study is conducted on the life cycle assessment of bio-ethanol used for transportation vehicles and their emissions. The emissions that are analyzed include greenhouse gases, volatile organic compounds, sulfur oxide, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, particulate matter with the size less than 10 and 2.5 microns. Furthermore, various blends of bio-ethanol and gasoline are studied to learn about the impacts of higher blend on emissions. The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) model software are used to simulate for emissions. The research analyzes two pathways of emissions: Well-to-Pump and Pump-to-Vehicle analyses. It is found that the fuel cell vehicles using 100% bio-ethanol have shown the most reduction in the amount of all the pollutants from the Pump-to-Vehicle emission analysis. The Well-to-Pump analysis shows that only greenhouse gases (GHGs) reduce with higher blends of bio-ethanol. All other pollutants VOC, CO, NO<sub>x</sub>, SO<sub>x</sub>, PM10 and PM2.5 emissions increase with the higher blending ratios. The Pump-to-Vehicle analysis shows that all the pollutant emissions reduce with the percentage increase of bio-ethanol in the fuel blends.
基金Supported by National Science and Technology Support Plan(2007BAC26B02-M)Doctorate Scientific Research Fund in Zaozhuang College (2010UZZB056)
文摘[Objective]The aim was to study the characteristics of the emission of sulfur derivative pollutants in cyanobacteria.[Method]Based on water odor in drink water from Gonghu Bay in Lake Taihu,the sulfur derivatives pollutants were extracted by head space solid phase microextraction(HS-SPME) and the odor substance was identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Decomposed simulation was conducted in closed tube of water and cyanobacteria samples collected from Gonghu Bay in Lake Taihu.The cyanobacteria rotten odor substances was analyzed and detected by HS-SPME-GC-MS for 10 days.The sulfur derivative pollutant was expounded.[Result]The primary or secondary metabolites by cyanobacteria in water samples such as β-cyclocitral,indol,methylphenol,mercaptan and thioether were detected with scan.During the decomposition process,the emission of β-cyclocitral changed little.The maximum emission of dimethyl trisulfide appeared on the seventh and eighth day.The maximum emission of dimethyl disulfide appeared on the forth day.The maximum emission of the diethyl sulfide was on the eighth and ninth day.The maximum concentration of dimethyl trisulfide was 2 344.79 ng/L,which was much more than the olfactory threshold.[Conclusion] The sewage in Gonghu Bay in the end of May in 2007 resulted from the accumulation of cyanobacteria.
文摘A 600 MW coal-fired boiler with a four-corner tangential combustion mode is considered here to study the combustion features and pollutant emissions at different loads for large-percentages of blending dried sludges.The influence of the over-fired air(OFA)coefficient is examined and the impact of the blending ratio on the boiler operation is explored.The results show that for low blending ratios,a slight increase in the blending ratio can improve the combustion of bituminite,whereas a further increase leads to the deterioration of the combustion of blended fuels and thus reduces the boiler efficiency.Enhancing the supporting capability of the secondary air effectively reduces the slagging degree in the bottom ash hopper and improves the burnout rate of coals.For a large-percentage blending case at full load,it is found that the OFA coefficient must be reduced appropriately,otherwise,a secondary high-temperature combustion zone can be generated in the vicinity of the furnace arches,causing high temperature slagging and superheater tube bursting.Considering the influences of combustion and pollutant emissions,the recommended OFA coefficient is 0.2.Blending dried sludge under low loads increases the flue gas temperature at the furnace exit.While reducing the flue gas temperature in the main combustion region,which is beneficial to the safe operation of the denitrification system.Increasing the blending ratio and reducing load lead to an increase in NOx concentration at the furnace exit Sludges with low nitrogen content are suggested for the practical operation of boilers.
文摘In order to investigate the effect of a certain type of fuel additives on the emission and performance of vehicles,according to the Limits and Measurement Methods for Exhaust Pollutants from Vehicles Equipped Ignition Engine under Two-speed Idle Conditions and Simple Driving Mode Conditions(GB 18285-2005),the double idle method is used to detect the emission changes of different vehicles before and after the use of a certain type of fuel additives,and then the fuel consumption and power are evaluated.The results show that the use of fuel additives and the appropriate selection of fuel can effectively reduce the emissions of vehicle pollutants,which is of great significance for energy saving and emission reduction.
文摘A detailed chemical mechanism to describe the combustion of natural gas in internal combustion (IC) engine has been developed,which is consisting of 233 reversible reactions and 79 species.This mechanism accounts for the oxidation of methane,ethane,propane and nitrogen.It has been tested using IC engine model of CHEMKIN 4.1.1 and experimental measurements.The performance of the proposed mechanism was evaluated at various equivalence ratios (φ=0.6 to φ=1.3),initial reactor conditions (Tini=500 to 3500 ℃; Pini=1.0 to 10 atm) and engine speed (2000-7000 rpm).The proposed kinetic mechanism shows good concordances with GRI3.0 mechanism especially in the prediction of temperature,pressure and major product species (H2O,CO2) profiles at stoichiometric conditions (φ=1.0).The experimental results of measured cylinder pressure,species fractions were also in agreement with simulation results derived from the proposed kinetic mechanism.The proposed mechanism successfully predicts the formation of gaseous pollutants (CO,NO,NO2,NH3) in the engine exhaust.Although there are some discrepancies among each simulation profile,the proposed detailed mechanism is good to represent the combustion of natural gas in IC engine.
文摘Investigation showed that mercury emission in Chongqing City, China is about 2.1 t/a, 70% of which came from coal burning.Mercury in many water bodies have been detected, in vegetables and milk had exceeded the food standard value in some places.
基金supported by funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41821005 and 42077196).
文摘The high-speed rail(HSR)network in China has experienced rapid development since the 2000s.In 2016,the State Council of the People’s Republic of China issued a revised version of the“Mid-and Long-term Railway Network Plan”,detailing the expansion of the railway network and construction of an HSR system.In the future,the HSR construction efforts in China will further increase,which is considered to impact regional development and air pollutant emissions.Therefore,in this paper,we apply a transportation network-multiregional computable general equilibrium(CGE)model to estimate the dynamic effects of HSR projects on economic growth,regional disparities,and air pollutant emissions in China.The results indicate that HSR system improvement could generate a positive economic impact but could also increase emissions.The gross domestic product(GDP)growth per unit investment cost stimulated by HSR investment is found to be the largest in eastern China but the smallest in the northwest regions.Conversely,HSR investment in Northwest China contributes to a substantial reduction in regional disparities in terms of the GDP per capita.In regard to air pollution emissions,HSR construction in South-Central China results in the largest increase in CO_(2) and NO_(X) emissions,while for CO,SO_(2),and fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))emissions,the largest increase occurs due to HSR construction in Northwest China.At the regional level,the provinces with large changes in accessibility also experience large changes in their air pollutant emissions.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFC1800106)。
文摘Industrial emissions are the main source of atmospheric pollutants in China.Accurate and reasonable prediction of the emission of atmospheric pollutants from single enterprise can determine the exact source of atmospheric pollutants and control atmospheric pollution precisely.Based on China’s coking enterprises in 2020,we proposed a quantitative method for pollutant emission standards and introduced the quantification results of pollutant emission standards(QRPES)into the construction of support vector regression(SVR)and random forest regression(RFR)prediction methods for SO_(2) emission of coking enterprises in China.The results show that,affected by the types of coke ovens and regions,China’s current coking enterprises have implemented a total of 21 emission standards,with marked differences.After adding QRPES,it was found that the root mean squared error(RMSE)of SVR and RFR decreased from 0.055 kt/a and 0.059 kt/a to 0.045 kt/a and 0.039 kt/a,and the R2 increased from 0.890 and 0.881 to 0.926 and 0.945,respectively.This shows that the QRPES can greatly improve the prediction accuracy,and the SO_(2) emissions of each enterprise are highly correlated with the strictness of standards.The predicted result shows that 45%of SO_(2) emissions from Chinese coking enterprises are concentrated in Shanxi,Shaanxi and Hebei provinces in central China.The method created in this paper fills in the blank of forecasting method of air pollutant emission intensity of single enterprise and is of great help to the accurate control of air pollutants.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 72271033]the Beijing Municipal Education Commission and Beijing Natural Science Foundation[grant number KZ202110017025]the National Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Plan Project(2022J00244).
文摘Air pollution is a major issue related to national economy and people's livelihood.At present,the researches on air pollution mostly focus on the pollutant emissions in a specific industry or region as a whole,and is a lack of attention to enterprise pollutant emissions from the micro level.Limited by the amount and time granularity of data from enterprises,enterprise pollutant emissions are stll understudied.Driven by big data of air pollution emissions of industrial enterprises monitored in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei,the data mining of enterprises pollution emissions is carried out in the paper,including the association analysis between different features based on grey association,the association mining between different data based on association rule and the outlier detection based on clustering.The results show that:(1)The industries affecting NOx and SO2 mainly are electric power,heat production and supply industry,metal smelting and processing industries in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei;(2)These districts nearby Hengshui and Shijiazhuang city in Hebei province form strong association rules;(3)The industrial enterprises in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei are divided into six clusters,of which three categories belong to outliers with excessive emissions of total vOCs,PM and NH3 respectively.
基金This work was co-supported by The Energy Foundation project‘Co-control effect assessment of deep decarbonization measures and the co-control path way in China'(G-1809-28536)the Major Projects of the National Social Science Foundation‘Study on action plan for peaking carbon emissions by 2030 in China'(21ZDA085).
文摘‘Co-control',or synergistically reducing CO_(2)and local air polluta nt emissions,is an important strategy for cities to achieve'low carb on'and'blue sky'simultaneously.However,there were few studies to evaluate and compare the level of co-control of CO_(2) and local air pollutants in cities year.The present study proposed qualitative and quantitative methods to evaluate the level of co-control of CO_(2)and three local air pollutant(SO_(2).NOX,and particulate matter PM)emissions in key environmental protection cities in China over two periods(2012-2015 and 2015-2018).Statistical analysis found that,though three local air pollutant emissions positively correlated with CO_(2) emission,no significantly positive correlation was found between local air pollutants emission reductions and CO_(2) emission reductions,indicating that co-control effects were poor in general.By using the co-control effect coordinate system,qualitative evaluation showed that less than half of the sample cities could achieve co-control of the total amount of CO_(2) and local air pollutants.By employing the indicator of emission reduction equivalence(EReq),quantitative evaluation showed that the co-control level of the sample cities improved in 2015-2018 compared with 2012-2015.Further regression analysis showed that,reducing coal consumption and economic development significantly enhanced the co-control performance of the observed cities.The present case study proved that the proposed methods for evaluation and comparison of the city co-control performance works well,and can be used in other countries and regions to promote global cities racing to carbon and local air pollutants co-control.
文摘The flue gas pollutants deep-removal technology(DRT) focusing on PM2.5removal is the prime method of further reducing pollutants emission from coal-fired power plants. In view of the four key technological challenges in developing the DRT, studies were conducted on a series of purification technologies and the DRT was developed and successfully applied in 660 MW and 1000 MW coal-fired units. This paper analyzes the application results of the demonstration project, and proposes a roadmap for the follow-up researches and optimizations.
文摘Rice husk with high volatile content was burned in a pilot scale vortexing fluidized bed incinerator. The fluidized bed incinerator was constructed of 6 mm stainless steel with 0.45 m in diameter and 5 m in height. The emission characteristics of CO, NO, and SO2 were studied. The effects of operating parameters, such as primary air flow rate, secondary air flow rate, and excess air ratio on the pollutant emissions were also investigated. The results show that a large proportion of combustion occurs at the bed surface and the freeboard zone. The SO2 concentration in the flue gas decreases with increasing excess air ratio, while the NOx concentration shows reverse trend. The flow rate of secondary air has a significant impact on the CO emission. For a fixed primary air flowrate, CO emission decreases with the secondary air flowrate. For a fixed excess air ratio, CO emission decreases with the ratio of secondary to primary air flow. The minimum CO emission of 72 ppm is attained at the operating condition of 40% excess air ratio and 0.6 partition air ratio. The NOx and SO2 concentrations in the flue gas at this condition are 159 and 36 ppm, which conform to the EPA regulation of Taiwan.
基金Funding for the study was supported by the United Nation Foundation (No. RFP 13-1)the National Natural Science Foundation (No. 41301554)Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation (No. BK20131031)
文摘Residential low efficient fuel burning is a major source of many air pollutants produced during incomplete combustions, and household air pollution has been identified as one of the top environmental risk factors. Here we compiled literature-reported emission factors of pollutants including carbon monoxide(CO), total suspended particles(TSPs), PM2.5, organic carbon(OC),elemental carbon(EC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) for different household energy sources, and quantified the potential for emission reduction by clean fuel adoption. The burning of crop straws, firewood and coal chunks in residential stoves had high emissions per unit fuel mass but lower thermal efficiencies, resulting in high levels of pollution emissions per unit of useful energy, whereas pelletized biofuels and coal briquettes had lower pollutant emissions and higher thermal efficiencies. Briquetting coal may lead to 82%–88% CO, 74%–99%TSP, 73%–76% PM2.5, 64%–98% OC, 92%–99% EC and 80%–83% PAH reductions compared to raw chunk coal. Biomass pelletizing technology would achieve 88%–97% CO, 73%–87% TSP, 79%–88%PM2.5, 94%–96% OC, 91%–99% EC and 63%–96% PAH reduction compared to biomass burning. The adoption of gas fuels(i.e., liquid petroleum gas, natural gas) would achieve significant pollutant reduction, nearly 96% for targeted pollutants. The reduction is related not only to fuel change, but also to the usage of high efficiency stoves.
基金This study was supported by the Capital Blue Sky Action Cultivation Program of“Research on the Whole Process Control Technology of Pollution Sources in Industrial Parks and Research and Demonstration of Smart Environmental Protection Platforms”Project of Beijing Science and Technology Plan(Project No.Z191100009119010).
文摘For achieving air pollutant emission reduction targets,total pollutant amount control is being continuously promoted in China.However,the traditional pattern of pollutant emission reduction allocation regardless of economic cost often results in unreasonable emission reduction pathways,and industrial enterprises as the main implementers have to pay excessively high costs.Therefore,this study adopted economic efficiency as its main consideration,used specific emission reduction measures(ERMs)of industrial enterprises as minimum allocation units,and constructed an enterprise-level pollutant emission reduction allocation(EPERA)model with minimization of the total abatement cost(TAC)as the objective function,and fairness and feasibility as constraints for emission reduction allocation.Taking City M in China as an example,the EPERA model was used to construct a Pareto optimal frontier and obtain the optimal trade-off result.Results showed that under basic and strict emission reduction regulations,the TAC of the optimal trade-off point was reduced by 46.40%and 45.77%,respectively,in comparison with that achieved when only considering fairness,and the Gini coefficient was 0.26 and 0.31,respectively.The abatement target was attained with controllable cost and relatively fair and reasonable allocation.In addition,enterprises allocated different emission reduction quotas under different ERMs had specific characteristics that required targeted optimization of technology and equipment to enable them to achieve optimal emission reduction effects for the same abatement cost.
基金The authors wish to thank by Erciyes University Research Foundation(Project No.FBAÜ-2022-11955)for its financial support.
文摘In this study,combustion instabilities and flue gas emission changes under different dilutions of N_(2)(nitrogen)and Ar(argon)of a promising biogas mixture(70%CH4-30%CO_(2))in the fight against greenhouse gas emissions were investigated.In the experiments,additions were made from 0%to 50%at intervals of 10%for both gases.In order to detect the instability of the flame,external acoustic enforcements at different frequencies was applied through the speakers placed in the combustion chamber arms.The dynamic pressure fluctuation values were recorded.The results showed that low dilution ratios were effective in reducing flame instability for both inert gases.However,as the dilution ratio increased,the fuel/air mixture became leaner and blowoff occurred.In the case of comparing two different gases,it has been observed that the effect of argon gas on reducing dynamic pressure fluctuation is higher.Burner outlet temperature and brightness values of the flame decreased in both Ar and N_(2)dilution.CO and NOx emissions increased with increasing diluent volume for all dilution conditions.When the emissions of the two diluent gases are compared,the CO emission,which was 3134 ppm in the undiluted condition,increased up to 4949 ppm in 50%Ar dilution,while it increased to 4521 ppm in 50%N_(2)dilution.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52274344)Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Hunan(No.2022JJ30723)+1 种基金Independent Exploration and Innovation Project of graduate students of Central South University,Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Achievement Transformation and Industrialization Program(No.2020GK4055)China Baowu Low Carbon Metallurgy Innovation Foundation(No.BWLCF202118).
文摘Iron ore sintering process is the main CO_(2) emission source throughout the integrate steelworks,which primarily comes from the combustion of solid fuels.Improving the combustion efficiency and reducing the solid fuel consumption are important ways to reduce the CO_(2) emission in the sintering process.Around the efficient combustion of fuel,the migration behavior and combustion characteristics of solid fuel in the granulation process were investigated.The results indicated that during the granulation process,fuel particles with size less than 0.5 mm mainly migrated into the granules with grain size of 1-3,3-5 and 5-8 mm;fuel particles with size of 0.5^(-1)mm mainly migrated into granules of 1-3 mm;fuel particles with size of 1-3,3-5 and 5-8 mm mainly entered the granules with the same grain size.With the increase in fuel particles grain size from-0.5 to+8 mm,the combustion efficiency exhibited a firstly-increasing and then decreasing tendency,while the NO_(x) exhibited a decreasing tendency.Potential reason can be described that finer fuel particles(-1 mm)easily distributed in the outer layer of the granules,which combusted fiercely due to its larger specific surface area,leading to the development of incomplete combustion and the conversion of fuel nitrogen;the combustion efficiency of larger fuel particles was restricted by the inner diffusion of O_(2),which then contributed to the reduction of NO_(x) under the inadequate combustion atmosphere.