Smart Cellulose‑Based Janus Fabrics with Switchable Liquid Transportation for Personal Moisture and Thermal Management

The Janus fabrics designed for personal moisture/thermal regulation have garnered significant attention for their potential to enhance human comfort.However,the development of smart and dynamic fabrics capable of managing personal moisture/thermal comfort in response to changing external environments remains a challenge.Herein,a smart cellulose-based Janus fabric was designed to dynamically manage personal moisture/heat.The cotton fabric was grafted with N-isopropylacrylamide to construct a temperature-stimulated transport channel.Subsequently,hydrophobic ethyl cellulose and hydrophilic cellulose nanofiber were sprayed on the bottom and top sides of the fabric to obtain wettability gradient.The fabric exhibits anti-gravity directional liquid transportation from hydrophobic side to hydrophilic side,and can dynamically and continuously control the transportation time in a wide range of 3–66 s as the temperature increases from 10 to 40℃.This smart fabric can quickly dissipate heat at high temperatures,while at low temperatures,it can slow down the heat dissipation rate and prevent the human from becoming too cold.In addition,the fabric has UV shielding and photodynamic antibacterial properties through depositing graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets on the hydrophilic side.This smart fabric offers an innovative approach to maximizing personal comfort in environments with significant temperature variations.

Industrial solid wastes to environmental protection materials for removal of gaseous pollutants:A review

The application of industrial solid wastes as environmentally functional materials for air pollutants control has gained much attention in recent years due to its potential to reduce air pollution in a cost-effective manner.In this review,we investigate the development of industrialwaste-based functional materials for various gas pollutant removal and consider the relevant reaction mechanism according to different types of industrial solid waste.We see a recent effort towards achieving high-performance environmental functional materials via chemical or physical modification,in which the active components,pore size,and phase structure can be altered.The review will discuss the potential of using industrial solid wastes,these modified materials,or synthesized materials from raw waste precursors for the removal of air pollutants,including SO_(2),NO_(x),Hg^(0),H_(2)S,VOCs,and CO_(2).The challenges still need to be addressed to realize this potential and the prospects for future research fully.The suggestions for future directions include determining the optimal composition of these materials,calculating the real reaction rate and turnover frequency,developing effective treatment methods,and establishing chemical component databases of raw industrial solid waste for catalysts/adsorbent preparation.

Numerical Modeling of Air Pollutants Emitted by Waterway Transportation

The world maritime transportation is suffering a large increase in recent years and as a result of this increased on global trade, there is a consequent increase in waterway transportation and demand for fossil fuels, resulting in emissions of air pollutants. Consequently, the impact of transport emissions on climate change was put on the list of priorities. It has a high fuel demand as a result of continuous use of main engines for propulsion, electricity and heat production. The highest exposure levels of air pollution are found in ports and near them because most of the world fleet is positioned in these areas. The port of Rio de Janeiro city, in the Southeast Brazilian coastal, is inserted in the Guanabara Bay (GB), where the breezes recirculate pollutants in Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro (MRRJ). Therefore, the aim of this research was to use the Brazilian Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (BRAMS) to generate the wind fields in the MRRJ and to calculate the trajectories of pollutants emitted on GB related to the waterway transportation, using a 3D kinematic trajectories model. Results demonstrated that for the periods analysed, the Central and west areas in the coastal region of the Rio de Janeiro city were the local most affected in the summer. In winter the trajectories reached the cities of the Rio de Janeiro and Duque de Caxias. Both in summer and winter, the trajectories followed towards the South Atlantic Ocean in the morning. Conclusions about this study show the need of decision-making process for better management of waterway transportation sector, improving the harmful effects on air quality in cities located in coastal regions.

Spatiotemporal Variations and Regional Transport of Air Pollutants in Two Urban Agglomerations in Northeast China Plain

Characteristics of air pollution in Northeast China(NEC) received less research attention in the past comparing to other heavily polluted regions in China.Spatiotemporal variations of six criteria air pollutants(PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, O3 and CO) in Central Liaoning Urban Agglomeration(CLUA) and Harbin-Changchun Urban Agglomeration(HCUA) in NEC Plain were analyzed in this study based on three-year hourly observations of air pollutants and meteorological variables from 2015 to 2017.The results indicated that the annual mean concentrations of air pollutants are generally higher in the middle and southern regions in NEC Plain and lower in the northern region.Megacities such as Shenyang, Harbin and Changchun experience severe air pollution, with a three-year averaged air quality index(AQI) larger than 80, far exceeding the daily AQI standard at the first-level of 50 in China.The annual mean PM and SO2 concentrations decrease most significantly in NEC urban agglomerations from 2015 to 2017, followed by CO and NO2, while O3 shows a slight increasing trend.All the six pollutants exhibit obvious seasonal and diurnal variations, and these variations are dictated by local emission and meteorological conditions.PM2.5 and O3 concentrations in NEC urban agglomerations strongly depend on wind conditions.High O3 concentrations at different cities usually occur in presence of strong winds but are independent on wind direction(WD), while high PM2.5 is usually accompanied by weak winds and poor dispersion condition, and sometimes also occur when the northerly or southerly winds are strong.Regional transport of air pollutants between NEC urban agglomerations is common.A severe haze event on November 1–4, 2017 is examined to demonstrate the role of regional transport on pollution.

The Vertical Transport of Air Pollutants by Convective Clouds Part Ⅱ：Transport of Soluble Gases and Sensitivity Tests

A two-dimensional, non-reactive convective cloud transport model is used to simulate in detail the vertical transport and wet scavenging of soluble pollutant gases by a deep thunderstorm systems Simulations show that for gases with not very high solubility, a deep and intense thunderstorm can still rapidly and efficiently transport them from boundary layer(PBL) up to mid and upper troposphere. resulting in a local significant increase of concentration in the upper layer and a reduction in PBL. Dissolution effects decrease both the incloud gas concentration and the upward net fluxes. The higher the solubility is, the more remarkable the decrease is. However, for very low soluble gases (H<102 Matm-1), the influences are very slight. In addition, the effects of irreversible dissolution and aqueous reactions in drops on the vertical transport of gaseous pollutants are estimated in extreme.

Experiments and numerical simulations on transport of dissolved pollutants around spur dike

The flow field around a spur dike has three-dimensional characteristics. In order to analyze the influence of the flow field on pollutant transport, based on a compressive volume of fluid （VOF） scheme, the three-dimensional transient compressive pollutant transport model （CPTM） and the cubic equation （CE） bounded differencing scheme were developed. For the calibration and validation of CPTM, laboratory experiments were carried out in a flume with a non-submerged spur dike. The spur dike was angled at 60°, 90°, and 120° from the upstream direction. The simulation results agreed with the experimental results. The simulations and experiments showed that the distribution of pollutant concentration was determined by circumfluence and the main flow. Concentration decay in the circumfluenee zone was slower than that in the main flow. Downstream of the spur dike, the concentration fluctuation became intensive with the increase of spur dike angle.

Transport patterns and numerical simulation of heavy metal pollutants in soils of lead–zinc ore mines

Exploring transport patterns of soil contaminants is essential for solving the problem of heavy metal contamination in mine soils.In this study,contamination of Pb,Zn,and Cd in the mountain soils of the lead–zinc ore mines in Ganxi Township,Hengdong County,Hunan Province,China was investigated,and their transport patterns were further explored using a soil-column model and numerical simulation techniques.In total,111 mine soil samples were collected and placed into six experimental soil columns.By controlling the water flow,a control soil column group(CK),two mixed soil columns X1 with daily water flows of 1 and 5 L,and three mixed soil columns X3 with daily water flows of 2,3,and 4 L were evaluated.The results showed that the residual fraction of Pb accounted for 71.93%of the content on average,whereas the exchangeable fractions of Zn,Cd,and Fe-Mn oxide-bound fractions of Zn and Cd accounted for 28.60%,31.07%,and 43.2%and 53.54%of the content,respectively.Pb,Zn,and Cd in the soils of the CK,X1,and X3 groups mainly were accumulated at a depth from approximately 0 to 20 cm,and the content at this depth accounted for 60.09%of that at a 0~40 cm depth.The soil at a depth range of 0~10 cm was most seriously contaminated,and the proportion of content was 32.39%of that at a 0~40 cm depth.Numerical simulation showed that on the 5 th day,the pollutant transport range was 0~24 cm,and on the 9 th day,the pollutant transport range exceeded 40 cm.On the 15 th day,the transport capacity of pollutants at depths of 0~40 cm was close to the stable state,but the soil at a depth of 0~10 cm was still heavily polluted.These results reflect the transport pattern of heavy metal pollutants in the soil of lead–zinc ore mines and may provide a reliable scientific support for the prevention of heavy metal contamination in mine environments.

The Vertical Transport of Air Pollutants by Convective Clouds. Part I: A Non-Reactive Cloud Transport Model

A convective cloud transport model, without chemical processes, is developed by joining a set of concentration conservative equations into a two-dimensional, slab-symmetric and fully elastic numerical cloud model, and a numerical experiment is completed to simulate the vertical transport of ground-borne, inert gaseous pollutant by deepthunderstorm. The simulation shows that deep convective storm can very effectively transport high concentrated pollutant gas from PBL upward to the upper troposphere in 30 to 40 minutes, where the pollutant spreads laterally outward with strong anvil outflow, forming an extensive high concentration area. Meanwhile, relatively low concentration areas are formed in PBL both below and beside the cloud, mainly caused by dynamic pumping effect and sub-cloud downdraft flow. About 80% of the pollutant gas transported to the upper troposphere is from the layer below 1.5 km AGL (above ground level).

The Vertical Transport of Air Pollutants by Convective Clouds．Part Ⅲ：Transport Features of Different Cloud Systems

The vertical transport features of gaseous pollutants, with a negative exponent profile of concentration, by different types of convective cloud systems are numerically investigated by using a two-dimensional, reactlonless convective cloud transport model. The results show that an isolated, weak storm is able to pump pollutant gas out PBL and transport it to the mid-troposphere, whereas a deep. intense thunderstorm can very efficiently transport air pollutants up to the mid and upper troposphere and laterally spread with anvil, forming an extensive concentration surge layer at aliitnde of ten odd kilometers altitude. Each type of convective transport results in concentration reduction in PHL. In a wind shear environment the transport efficiency of deep thunderstorm significantly increases and the pollutants enter into clouds on the downshear side at low level and spread downwind in anvil layer. On the other hand, for a cumulus cloud with plenty of liquid water. the gas dissolution effect is increased, and the irreversible aqueous reactions, in extreme, may significantly weaken the vertical transports of pollutant gases even with solubility coefficients no more than 103 M atm-1.

Research on a TOPSIS energy efficiency evaluation system for crude oil gathering and transportation systems based on a GA-BP neural network

As the main link of ground engineering,crude oil gathering and transportation systems require huge energy consumption and complex structures.It is necessary to establish an energy efficiency evaluation system for crude oil gathering and transportation systems and identify the energy efficiency gaps.In this paper,the energy efficiency evaluation system of the crude oil gathering and transportation system in an oilfield in western China is established.Combined with the big data analysis method,the GA-BP neural network is used to establish the energy efficiency index prediction model for crude oil gathering and transportation systems.The comprehensive energy consumption,gas consumption,power consumption,energy utilization rate,heat utilization rate,and power utilization rate of crude oil gathering and transportation systems are predicted.Considering the efficiency and unit consumption index of the crude oil gathering and transportation system,the energy efficiency evaluation system of the crude oil gathering and transportation system is established based on a game theory combined weighting method and TOPSIS evaluation method,and the subjective weight is determined by the triangular fuzzy analytic hierarchy process.The entropy weight method determines the objective weight,and the combined weight of game theory combines subjectivity with objectivity to comprehensively evaluate the comprehensive energy efficiency of crude oil gathering and transportation systems and their subsystems.Finally,the weak links in energy utilization are identified,and energy conservation and consumption reduction are improved.The above research provides technical support for the green,efficient and intelligent development of crude oil gathering and transportation systems.

Numerical simulation of the transport and diffusion of dissolved pollutants in the Changjiang (Yangtze) River estuary

Based on a coupled hydrodynamic–ecological model for regional and shelf seas (COHERENS), a three-dimensional baroclinic model for the Changjiang (Yangtze) River estuary and the adjacent sea area was established using the sigma-coordinate in the vertical direction and spherical coordinate in the horizontal direction. In the study, changing-grid technology and the "dry-wet" method were designed to deal with the moving boundary. The minimum water depth limit condition was introduced for numerical simulation stability and to avoid producing negative depths in the shallow water areas. Using the Eulerian transport approaches included in COHERENS for the advection and dispersion of dissolved pollutants, numerical simulation of dissolved pollutant transport and diffusion in the Changjiang River estuary were carried out. The mass centre track of dissolved pollutants released from outlets in the south branch of the Changjiang River estuary water course has the characteristic of reverse current motion in the inner water course and clockwise motion offshore. In the transition area, water transport is a combination of the two types of motion. In a sewage-discharge numerical experiment, it is found that there are mainly two kinds of pollution distribution forms: one is a single nuclear structure and the other is a double nuclear (dinuclear) structure in the turbid zone of the Changjiang River estuary. The rate of expansion of the dissolved pollutant distribution decreased gradually. The results of the numerical experiment indicate that the maximum turbid zone of the Changjiang River estuary is also the zone enriched with pollutants. Backward pollutant flow occurs in the north branch of the estuary, which is similar to the backward salt water flow, and the backward flow of pollutants released upstream is more obvious.

Efficient removal and upcycling of pollutants in wastewater:a strategy for reconciling environmental pollution and resource depletion crisis

Due to the relentless exploitation of non-renewable resources,humanity is faced with a resource depletion crisis in the coming decades and serious environmental issues.Achieving efficient removal and upcycling of pollutants(ERUP)may become a potential strategy to address these issues.Wastewater,characterized by its large production volume and fluidity,can easily cause widespread environmental pollution through natural water networks.Due to solubility constraints,pollutants in wastewater typically exhibit low concentrations and complex compositions,thereby impeding effective recovery.Therefore,achieving ERUP in wastewater is both highly significant and extremely challenging.Unlike conventional wastewater treatment strategies that are focused on removing pollutants,ERUP strategies can not only realize the efficient removal of pollutants from water but also convert pollutants into valuable and functional products.Herein,we enumerated the latest research progress on ERUP in wastewater and highlighted studies that demonstrate the simultaneous achievement of pollutant removal and the direct conversion of these contaminants into high-efficiency catalysts,hydrogen energy,electrical energy,and other high-value chemicals.Finally,we identified the problems and challenges in the development of ERUP in wastewater and outlined potential research directions for future studies.

Dynamic release process of pollutants during suspended sediment transport in aquatic system

Pollutants release is highly consistent with suspended sediment concentration （SSC） in water column, especially during re-suspension and transport events. The present research focuses on pollutant dynamic release from re-suspended sediment, especially the vertical distribution relationship between them. The sediment erosion experiments on a series of uniform flow are conducted in a circulate flume. Reactive tracer （phosphorus） is used as the contaminant in fine-grained sediments to identify the release characteristic length and time. Experimental results show that the flow condition near-bed depends on the sediment surface roughness. The region with high turbulent intensities corresponds to a high concentration sediment layer. In addition, the SSC decreases with the distance, water depth, and particle grain size. The sediment in a smaller grain size takes much more time to reach equilibrium concentration. Total phosphorus （TP） concentration changes along the water depth as SSC in the initial re-suspension stage, appearing in two obvious concentration regimes： the upper low-concentration layer and the high-concentration near-bottom layer. This layered phenomenon remains for about 3 hours until SSC distri- bution tends to be uniform. Longitudinal desorption plays an important role in long-way transport to reduce the amount of suspended sediment in water column.

Evaluating the role of transportation system in community seismic resilience

The swift recuperation of communities following natural hazards heavily relies on the efficiency of transporta-tion systems,facilitating the timely delivery of vital resources and manpower to reconstruction sites.This paper delves into the pivotal role of transportation systems in aiding the recovery of built environments,proposing an evaluative metric that correlates transportation capacity with the speed of post-earthquake recovery.Focusing on optimizing urban population capacity in the aftermath of earthquakes,the study comprehensively examines the impact of pre-earthquake measures such as enhancing building or bridge seismic performance on post-earthquake urban population capacity.The methodology is demonstrated through an analysis of Beijing’s transportation sys-tem,elucidating how enhancements to transportation infrastructure fortify the resilience of built environments.Additionally,the concept of a resource supply rate is introduced to gauge the level of logistical support available after an earthquake.This rate tends to decrease when transportation damage is significant or when the demands for repairs overwhelm available resources,indicating a need for retrofitting.Through sensitivity analysis,this study explores how investments in the built environment or logistical systems can increase the resource supply rate,thereby contributing to more resilient urban areas in the face of seismic challenges.

Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies canopy effects on deposition of air pollutants

Tree canopies influence atmospheric pollutant depositions depending on type,ecosystem characteristics,and local climatic conditions.This study investigated the impact of Pinus sylvestris L.and Picea abies(L.)H.Karst.,and a mixture of both,on the chemical composition of pre-cipitation.Three permanent plots within the ICP forest level Ⅱ monitoring network in Lithuania were selected to illustrate typical hemiboreal coniferous forests.The study analysed(1)the concentrations of NO_(2),NH_(3) and SO_(2) in the ambi-ent air;(2)the concentrations of SO_(4)^(2−),NO_(3)^(−),NH_(4)^(+),Na^(+),K^(+),Ca^(2+) and Cl^(-) in throughfall beneath canopies and in precipitation collected in an adjacent field,and(3)S and total N,Na^(+),K^(+),Ca^(2+)and Cl−depositions in throughfall and precipitation over 2006-2022.Results show a signifi-cant decrease in SO_(2) emissions in the ambient air;NO_(2) and NH_(3) emissions also decreased.The canopies reduced the acidity of throughfall,although they led to notably higher concentrations of SO_(4)^(2−),NO_(3)^(−),Na^(+),and particularly K^(+).During the study,low variability in NO_(3)^(-)deposition and a decrease in NH_(4)^(+)deposition occurred.Deposition loads increased by 20-30%when precipitation passed through the canopy.The cumulative deposition of S,Cl,Na,K,Ca,and N was greater under P.abies than under P.sylvestris.How-ever,K deposition in throughfall was considerably lower under P.sylvestris compared to the P.abies or mixed stand.Throughfall S depositions declined across all three coniferous plots.Overall,there was no specific effect of tree species on throughfall chemistry.

Hydrodynamic Cavitation Enhanced SR-Aops Degradation of Organic Pollutants in Water:A Review

SR-AOP(sulfate radical advanced oxidation process)is a novel water treatment method able to eliminate refractory organic pollutants.Hydrodynamic cavitation(HC)is a novel green technology,that can effectively produce strong oxidizing sulfate radicals.This paper presents a comprehensive review of the research advancements in these fields and a critical discussion of the principal factors influencing HC-enhanced SR-AOP and the mechanisms of synergistic degradation.Furthermore,some insights into the industrial application of HC/PS are also provided.Current research shows that this technology is feasible at the laboratory stage,but its application on larger scales requires further understanding and exploration.In this review,some attention is also paid to the design of the hydrodynamic cavitation reactor and the related operating parameters.

Investigation on a Regulatory Framework for Seed Transportation of Spartina alterniflora in the Presence of Tidal Currents:A Case Study of Zhanhua District,Binzhou,China

Seed movement is a key hub for the management of Spartina alterniflora.Seed transport patterns under varying dominant wind directions and initiation rates were evaluated by tidal model combined with ecological model.Before the simulation,S.alterniflora distribution in the research area was determined and seed deposition rate was measured experimentally.Research findings indicated that:1)Wind direction affected the primary direction of seed dispersal for S.alterniflora.2)A positive correlation was discovered between wind speed and the distance traveled by S.alterniflora seeds,such that seeds showed the longest displacement under prevailing summer winds,with maximum displacement of up to 25 m.3)Starting velocity played a key role in the determination of the extent of S.alterniflora seed dispersal.Specifically,when initiation flow velocity reached 0.1 m s^(-1),seed transport range was maximized.Furthermore,as time progressed,seed transport range continued to expand.

Advances in the electrochemical degradation of environmental persistent organochlorine pollutants:materials,mechanisms,and applications

Pollution from persistent organic chlorinated pollutants(POCPs)in water environments is attributable to historical reasons and the lack of effective discharge regulations.Electrochemical degradation of POCPs,as a key study for POCP degradation,involves the use of electrons as reducing or oxidizing agents.The occurrence of this degradation depends on the environmental characteristics of the POCPs,the electrochemical materials used,and the technology and mechanisms involved.Furthermore,regarding the development of new materials and technologies,such as micro-,nano-,and atomic-sized materials,the degradation of POCPs achieves higher degradation efficiency and maximizes current utilization efficiency.In this review article,we first summarize the current status and future opportunities of the electrochemical degradation of POCPs.Environmental characteristics of POCPs facilitate a comparison of POCP degradation,and a comparison of electrochemical materials and their methods is made.Subsequently,we discuss technologies for the electrochemical degradation of POCPs from three aspects:oxidation,reduction,and a combination of oxidation and reduction.Moreover,the mechanisms were generalized in terms of molecular structure,electrode materials,and solution environment.In addition to maximizing the intrinsic enhancement factors of degradation,strategies to improve environmental accessibilities are equally important.This review article aims to effectively guide the advancement of POCP degradation and the remediation of environmental water pollution.

Review of Maritime Transportation Air Emission Pollution and Policy Analysis

The study of air emission in maritime transportation is new, and the recognition of its importance has been rising in the recent decade. The emissions of CO2, SO2, NO2 and particulate matters from maritime transportation have contributed to climate change and environmental degradation. Scientifically, analysts still have controversies regarding how to calculate the emissions and how to choose the baseline and methodologies. Three methods are generally used, namely the ＇bottom up＇ approach, the ＇top down＇ approach and the STEEM, which produce very different results, leading to various papers with great uncertainties. This, in turn, resuits in great difficulties to policy makers who attempt to regulate the emissions. A recent technique, the STEEM, is intended to combine the former two methods to reduce their drawbacks. However, the regulations based on its results may increase the costs of shipping companies and cause the competitiveness of the port states and coastal states. Quite a few papers have focused on this area and provided another fresh perspective for the air emission to be incorporated in maritime transportation regulations; these facts deserve more attention. This paper is to review the literature on the debates over air emission calculation, with particular attention given to the STEEM and the refined estimation methods. It also reviews related literature on the economic analysis of maritime transportation emission regulations, and provides an insight into such analysis. At the end of this paper, based on a review and analysis of previous literature, we conclude with the policy indications in the future and work that should be done. As the related regulations in maritime transportation emissions are still at their beginning stage in China, this paper provides specific suggestions on how China should regulate emissions in the maritime transportation sector.

Privacy-Preserving Large-Scale AI Models for Intelligent Railway Transportation Systems:Hierarchical Poisoning Attacks and Defenses in Federated Learning

The development of Intelligent Railway Transportation Systems necessitates incorporating privacy-preserving mechanisms into AI models to protect sensitive information and enhance system efficiency.Federated learning offers a promising solution by allowing multiple clients to train models collaboratively without sharing private data.However,despite its privacy benefits,federated learning systems are vulnerable to poisoning attacks,where adversaries alter local model parameters on compromised clients and send malicious updates to the server,potentially compromising the global model’s accuracy.In this study,we introduce PMM(Perturbation coefficient Multiplied by Maximum value),a new poisoning attack method that perturbs model updates layer by layer,demonstrating the threat of poisoning attacks faced by federated learning.Extensive experiments across three distinct datasets have demonstrated PMM’s ability to significantly reduce the global model’s accuracy.Additionally,we propose an effective defense method,namely CLBL(Cluster Layer By Layer).Experiment results on three datasets have confirmed CLBL’s effectiveness.