Physico-chemical characteristics and heavy metal concentrations of copper mine wastes in Zambia:implications for pollution risk and restoration

Soil characterization is a vital activity to develop appropriate and effective restoration protocols for mine wastelands while insights into the total content of heavy metals in the soil is an important step in estimating the hazards that the metals may pose to the vital roles of soil in the ecosystem.This study addressed the following research questions:(1)To what extent do the physico-chemical characteristics vary between mine waste sediments and the nearby forest soil?(2)Are the concentrations of heavy metals high enough to be considered as toxic?and(3)Are heavy metals present in mine waste sediments potential sources of pollution?We hypothesized that the physicochemical characteristics of mine waste sediments are less favorably for plant establishment and growth while the concentrations of heavy metals are very high,thus restricting the success of revegetation of mine waste lands.Mine waste sediments were sampled following a diagonal transect across tailings dams,overburden dump sites and the local forest soil from the top layer(0-20 cm)using a closed auger.Samples were analyzed for arsenic,barium,lead,cadmium,cobalt,copper,chromium,nickel,vanadium,and zinc as well as for soil physico-chemical properties.The mine waste sediments were dominated by silt whilst the forest soil by sand particles,with significantly high bulk density in the former.Both the forest soil and overburden sediments were acidic than the alkaline tailings dam sediment.Total organic carbon and nitrogen contents were significantly low in mine wasteland substrates but the concentration of Ca and Mg were significantly higher in tailings dam substrate than the forest soil.The concentrations of available P,K and Na were similar across sites.The mean concentrations of heavy metals were significantly(p<0.01)higher in mine waste sediments than the forest soil;except for cadmium(p=0.213).The order of contamination by heavy metals on the tailings was Cu>Co>Ba>Ni>As>Zn>Pb>Cr>V>Cd,and that on the overburdens was Cu>Co>Ba>Ni>Zn>Cr>Pb>V>As>Cd.The pollution load index(PLI)was nearly twice higher for the tailings dam(8.97)than the overburden(5.84).The findings show that the copper mine wastes(the tailings dams and overburden waste rock sites)are highly contaminated by heavy metals;which,in turn,might pose serious hazards to human health and agricultural productivity.In addition,poor macro-nutrient availability,substrate compaction and soil acidity(particularly on overburden sites)coupled with toxic level of heavy metals would be the main challenges for successful phytostabilization of copper mine wastelands.

Assessing effects of “source-sink” landscape on non-point source pollution based on cell units of a small agricultural catchment

Ascertaining the relationship between "source-sink" landscape and non-point source(NPS) pollution is crucial for reducing NPS pollution, however, it is not easy to realize this target on cell unit scale. To reveal the relationships between "sourcesink" landscape and NPS pollution based on cell units of a small catchment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region(TGRR), the runoff and nutrient yields were simulated first by rainfall events on a cell unit scale based on the Annualized AGricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Model(AnnAGNPS). Landscape structure and pattern were quantified with "sourcesink" landscape indicators based on cell units including landscape area indices and locationweighted landscape indices. The results showed that:the study case of small Wangjiagou catchment highlighted a good prediction capability of runoff and nutrient export by the AnnAGNPS model. Throughout the catchment, the spatial distribution trends of four location-weighted landscape indices were similar to the trends of simulated total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP), which highlighted the importance of spatial arrangement of "source" and "sink" landscape types in a catchment when estimating pollutant loads. Results by Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the location-weighted landscape index provided a more comprehensive account of multiple factors, and can better reflect NPS-related nutrient loss than other landscape indices applied in single-factor analysis. This study provides new findings for applying the "source-sink" landscape indices based on cell units in small catchments to explain the effect of "source-sink" landscape on nutrient export based on cell unit, and helps improve the understanding of the correlation between "source-sink" landscape and NPS pollution.

Heavy metals pollution in sediment cores from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea

The distribution of metals (Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn) was determined in sediment cores collected from five major areas representing different anthropogenic activities along the Jordanian coast during 27 February-11 March 2008. Metal concentrations in these sediments were relatively low compared to reported values from polluted areas. At some of the sites metal concentrations showed fluctuations with depth in the core suggesting changes in metal loading with time. The calculated contamination factors (CFs) for the suite of metals decreased in the following order Cd > Pb > Cr > Ni >Zn > Cu. The Pollution Loading Index (PLI) calculated for the different areas were highest at Phosphate Loading Berth (0.008, 0.2607, 0.0161, 0.007, 47.9375 and 0.0296 for Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn, Cd and Cr, respectively) and lowest at Hotel Area (0.0001, 0.0075, 0.0008, 0.0006, 1.0483 and 0.0005 for Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn, Cd and Cr, respectively) with others sites between these extremes. Result of this study could be used to assess the magnitude of pollution at each site and guide rational management decisions. Moreover, the data constitutes a baseline against which future anthropogenic effects can be assessed.

An Evaluation Performance of Potential Pollution of Arsenic, Chromium and Cadmium in the Road Side Soil of Kirkuk City, Northern Iraq

The present work is to evaluate and investigate the distribution of heavy metals (As, Cr and Cd) and to assess the road side samples contamination using an Index (SEPI), (CPI), (GAI), (CF) and (PLI). From right and left Khasa in Kirkuk city, road soil samples were collected in order to estimate the probable contamination level of heavy metals (Cd), (As) and (Cr) in the study area. The heavy metal concentrations were determined in the way side samples by using (ICP-MS) technique. The 22 samples have collected in August, 2013. The results of average levels of heavy metals revealed Cr, As and Cd recorded the highest concentration of (178.6 ppm, 10.4 ppm and 0.599 ppm) in right Khasa respectively. These heavy metals are recorded the lowest value (165.8, 8.29 and 0.4 ppm) in left Khasa respectively. However, the concentration of Cr and As was higher than the studied worldwide permissible of contaminated soil. The highest (SEPI) for As in right Khasa and Cr in left in Khasa seems therefore to be that this road side soil is the most polluted in the city of Kirkuk classified moderately contamination. The accounted of (CPI) for As, Cd and Cr ranged from 0.82 to 1.30 with average 1.01 and 0.6 to 1.12 with an average 0.78 in right and left Khasa respectively. The highest values in the right Khasa which suggest multi-elements contamination and suggested this area of study area received more heavy metals comes from manmade and industrial activities. The GAI showed a moderate contaminated with Cd in right Khasa of study area, while the other metals are in their uncontaminated level. The CF results has been showed by a considerable contamination metals (As, Cr and Cd) in of right Khasa, but low to moderate contamination in left Khasa. The results of (PLI) revealed a deterioration of site quality in all samples of Kirkuk city. Thus the evaluation methods revealed that the studied areas especially right Khasa impacted with heavy industrial activity, phosphate fertilizer, emission of gasses from automobile manufacture tire abrasion and workshop causing an increasing in metal concentrations towards the right Khasa.

迭置指数法在工业园区地下水污染风险评价中的应用

工业园区作为重要的地下水污染源,以园区为研究对象开展地下水污染风险评价对推进地下水污染防治工作具有重要意义,以四川省西南某工业园区为例,采用迭置指数法对园区地下水污染风险进行评价,并利用地下水硝酸盐浓度与地下水污染风险等级之间的Spearman等级相关系数,对评价结果进行验证。研究结果表明:研究区地下水污染风险整体较低,大部分区域为中、低风险区,高风险区域占比3.24%,在研究区中部、北部零星分布。Spearman等级相关系数ρ=0.81,相关性显著,表明迭置指数法可应用于工业园区地下水污染评价之中。研究结果为降低工业园区地下水污染风险和园区地下水污染防治工作提供了科学依据。

清远市南部淡水养殖鱼塘水质抽样调查与污染评价

选取清远市南部水产养殖区5镇抽样调查的12个典型水产养殖淡水鱼塘的水质进行抽样检测,同时采用环境污染指数评价法对检测结果进行评价。结果表明溶解氧较丰富,pH值和水温基本符合鱼类生长要求,但是主要污染指标COD_(Cr)、NH_(4)^(+)-N和TP超标率分别为90%、33.3%、95%以上,其中TP污染负荷分担率最高,在25.9%~65.71%之间,鱼塘尾水直接排放,氮、磷有污染周边水体风险。

Development of a location-weighted landscape contrast index based on the minimum hydrological response unit

The changing patterns of watersheds in a landscape, driven by human activities, play an important role in non-point source pollution processes. This paper aims to improve the location-weighted landscape contrast index using remote sensing and GIS technology to account for the effects of scale and ecological processes. The hydrological response unit(HRU) with a single land use and soil type was used as the smallest unit. The relationship between the landscape index and typical ecological processes was established by describing the influence of the landscape pattern on non-point source pollution. To verify the research method, this paper used the Yanshi River basin as a study area. The results showed that the relative intensity of non-point source pollution in different regions of the watershed and the location-weighted landscape contrast index based on the minimum HRU can qualitatively reflect the risk of regional nutrient loss.

Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Sea Bed Sediment of the Bight of Bonny, Southern Atlantic Coast of Nigeria Using Index Model Analysis

The heavy metal contamination status of Bight of Bonny sea bed sediment was investigated. Sediment samples were collected from eleven locations grouped into three stations. The samples were analyzed to determine the heavy metals (Fe, Pb, Ni, Zn, Mn, Co, Cd, Cu, Cr) concentration using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Index model analyses, such as geo-accumulation index (I-geo), Enrichment factor (EF), and Pollution load index (PLI) were used for pollution assessment of sea bed sediment. The most predominant heavy metals in the upstream sediment were Fe;13.57 ± 1.838 mg/kg, cobalt;7.987 ± 3.550 mg/kg, and Ni;1.020 ± 0.802 mg/kg, midstream sediment were Fe;8.554 ± 3.010 mg/kg, Co;8.520 ± 4.00 mg/kg, and Ni;1.140 ± 0.879 mg/kg, while the downstream sediment result had Fe;11.12 ± 3.825 mg/kg, Co;7.275 ± 1.700 mg/kg, and Cd;1.025 ± 0.159 /kg. The I-geo results indicate that Cu, Mn, Pb, Cr, Fe, Zn, Ni, and Co were in their background concentrations while Cd had I-geo > 3 which implies a moderately or heavily polluted environment. The EF indicates metal enrichment from anthropogenic sources for Co, Ni, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Cr while Fe and Mn predicate biogenic origin. The PLI of the heavy metals in the three sample stations of sea bed sediment was found to be generally low (<1). The Enrichment Factor and geo-accumulation index strongly suggest the Bight of Bonny sea bed sediment contamination by Cd from anthropogenic sources.

土壤重金属污染多种评价方法对比研究——以南京市龙潭沿江地区为例

近年来,土壤重金属污染问题日益突出,关于重金属污染评价方法众多。为比较各种方法的优缺点,选取单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法、地累积指数法、污染负荷指数法和潜在生态风险指数法,对南京市龙潭沿江地区表层土壤样品的Hg、Pb、Cd、As、Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni元素指标进行评价,不同评价方法得出了类似但又有所区别的结果。内梅罗综合污染指数法结合单因子污染评价能够全面反映重金属对土壤的危害程度,地累积指数法侧重评价各采样点某重金属元素的污染,污染负荷指数法侧重评价某一区块的综合污染程度,潜在风险指数法则侧重考虑生态效应等方面的影响。后三种方法更合适评价人类活动对重金属的污染情况。在实际评价中,应注意选择合适的评价方法。

黄岛区水库底泥重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险评价

底泥是水库生态内源污染重要释放源。为全面了解山东省黄岛区主要水库底泥中重金属含量及其潜在生态危害程度,采集了黄岛区狄家河水库在内的10个水库的水样,测试了底泥中Hg、Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Fe、Mn和As等10种重金属含量,分析了各元素的含量,利用多方法综合对水库底泥污染程度及潜在的生态风险进行评价,并结合周边生活、生产环境分析了重金属的可能来源。结果表明,西寨水库Hg含量超过标准要求,花沟水库Cd含量超过标准要求,其余水库各重金属含量均未超过标准要求;底泥重金属污染程度由强到弱依次为:Hg>Cd>Zn>Pb≥Cu≥As>Ni≥Cr,Hg、Cd为最主要的重金属污染元素;重金属潜在生态危害由强到弱依次为:Hg>Cd>As>Pb>Cu>Cr>Ni>Zn,Hg、Cd是潜在的生态危害元素。花沟水库、吉利河河道、西寨水库、狄家河水库,尤其是西寨水库,污染程度较为严重,水库污染的因素主要为人为因素,主要来源为工业污水和生活用水排放。

基于arcgis的地下水污染荷载评估--以川东南某市为例

地下水作为我国重要的备用水资源,其作用不可替代。近年来,人类活动对地下水造成了难以恢复的影响。为评估研究区污染源对地下水的影响,通过开展研究区污染源调查,建立地下水污染荷载评估指标体系,采用arcgis叠加分析方法,评估地下水污染荷载。结果表明,研究区地下水污染荷载(PI)最终分为5个等级,最终分区受工业污染源和矿山开采区影响较大,受垃圾填埋场和危废处置场影响较小,分值高区域主要分布在研究区中部长江沿线一带,与工业企业污染源分布具有高度耦合性。本次研究为摸清研究区内地下水污染程度、探索地下水污染防治方法、改善地下水环境质量、合理开发利用地下水资源提供了依据。

浅谈都匀市中心城区环境空气质量状况及污染特征

结合都匀市环境空气自动监测系统提供的原始监测数据,并运用贵州省生态环境监测中心“丽正”数据平台运算的统计数据,通过分析综合指数以及各污染因子的浓度值,随季节和气候气象条件之间的关系,图文并貌进行剖析2021-2022年都匀市中心城区环境空气质量状况和污染特征,根据都匀市的地理环境特征和经济发展情况,以此得出生活和生产中应该如何防护环境空气污染的相应措施。

中小型河流污染负荷特征自动提取方法研究——以济宁河流为例

为提高河流污染治理的合理性,提出中小型河流污染负荷特征自动提取方法研究。分析河流污染源主要包括工厂污染、生活污染、养殖污染以及农业污染,确定每类污染负荷计算公式,明确污染排放量,建立三层水箱模型,模拟水源与污染物的流入扩散过程,以降水量、蒸发量和用水量为模型输入参数,将综合水质指数作为污染负荷特征指标,经过模型计算即可提取出河流的负荷特征。实验以济宁河流为研究对象,分别从时间与空间两方面实现特征提取,提取结果表现为:河流冬季污染比夏季严重,且下游综合水质指数高,污染物沉积严重,中上游污染较轻。

攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿区土壤重金属地球化学特征及污染评价

为了解攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿区土壤重金属的特征及污染程度,采集了矿区表层土壤样品和两个土壤剖面,用多种分析方法有针对性地分析了Cu、Pb、Zn、Ti、V、Co、Ni、As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Mn十二种元素。在分析分布特征基础上,对重金属进行了污染物负荷指数评价,结果发现:1)攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿矿区表层土壤大部分属于中等污染,少数属于强污染,个别达到了极强污染;2)Co、V、Cu、Cd、Ti几种元素的最高污染系数大,Zn、Mn、Ni、Cr四种元素的最高污染系数次之,Hg、Pb两种元素的最高污染系数较小,As的最高污染系数最小;3)从各区域的污染物负荷指数来看,排土场周围和朱矿采矿场下游附近污染程度较大,远离矿区以及矿区上游污染较小。

某多金属矿周围牧区土壤重金属形态及环境风险评测

采集某多金属矿周围牧区土壤样品,分析土壤中含量相对较高的Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Sr、Zn的赋存形态,采用污染负荷指数法（PLI）、内梅罗综合指数法、风险评价编码法（RAC）和聚类分析比较探讨该矿区周围土壤重金属污染程度。结果表明,该区域土壤中大部分重金属含量都超过了对照土壤背景值。PLI与内梅罗综合指数法分析显示,该矿区周围土壤处于被污染状态,重金属元素污染程度顺序为Zn〉Cu〉Ni〉Cr〉Sr〉Pb。赋存形态分析表明,重金属的主要形态是残渣态,其中Sr的可交换态（4.99%～42.11%）和碳酸盐结合态（4.05%～41.10%）所占百分比最高,Cu和Ni的有机结合态明显高于其他元素。RAC结果显示Sr处于高风险,Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn基本处于中低风险,Cr基本处于无风险等级。重金属非残渣态聚类分析结果表明,该区域土壤中重金属非残渣态可分为两个集群,分别是Ni、Pb、Cu、Cr以及Zn、Sr,其中Sr和Zn环境污染风险最大。以上结果表明该地区已受到一定程度的污染,并且存在继续污染的风险,应该加强该地区金属矿开采和尾矿的管理和监督。

应用污染负荷指数法评价攀枝花地区金沙江水系沉积物中的重金属

本文对攀枝花地区金沙江水系沉积物中8个重金属元素的地球化学特征、空间分布特征进行了研究,并应用污染负荷指数法对各重金属的污染程度进行了评价。研究发现,重金属在支流与金沙江交汇点下游处含量高于上游处,重金属污染不严重,属轻度污染。污染程度为:Mn>V>Pb>Zn>As>Cr>Cu>Co。污染较严重的是攀钢冶金区、攀钢选矿区、攀钢采矿区以及攀钢尾矿坝。

基于污染负荷指数法评价淮河(安徽段)底泥中重金属污染研究

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)对淮河(安徽段)27个底泥样品中的重金属元素进行测试,分析了Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr,Co,V,Mn共7种元素的含量分布特征,并基于Tomlinson提出的污染负荷指数(PLI)法对重金属进行了污染评价.结果表明,淮河(安徽段)整体上受到的污染较轻微,其中只有凤台到淮南段的PLI值为1.28,属中等污染.各重金属污染程度排序为Cr>Co>Mn=Cu>Pb>Zn>V,其中Cr的含量是背景值的6.72倍,是淮河水体(安徽段)的主要污染物,其原因可能与该地区煤矿开采和电厂的污染排放有关.

包头某稀土尾矿库周边土壤重金属污染特征与生态风险评价

为了解包头某稀土尾矿库周边表层土壤中重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的富集特征及污染程度和生态风险状况,以尾矿库南侧湿地和西侧农田为研究样点,以相对无污染的小白河黄河湿地自然保护区和尾矿库西侧8 km的农田为对照样地,利用国标方法进行重金属含量测定,并利用综合污染指数、污染负荷指数、地积累指数和生态风险指数法进行污染程度和生态风险评价。结果显示:各样点土壤重金属含量均高于国家和内蒙古土壤背景值,其中以Cd和As污染最为严重,且As超过国家二级标准(GB15618—1995)。尾矿库周边土壤的重金属污染程度和生态风险均显著高于对照样地。湿地土壤污染程度显著高于农田,且随着与尾矿库距离的增大而减轻。该稀土尾矿库是造成周边土壤重金属污染的根本原因。研究揭示了该地区的重金属污染特征和生态风险,可作为当地土地资源保护与生态恢复的科学依据。

“等标污染法”在山东省水环境农业非点源污染源评价中的应用

综合评价不同污染源对水环境的影响是进行污染物总量控制的前提,也是农业非点源污染源头预防的重要依据。采用"等标污染法"计算了2007年山东省化肥、畜禽粪便、生活排污3种污染源中总氮、总磷2种污染物的流失量,以及全省17个地市3种污染源中2种污染物的等标污染负荷与等标污染指数。结果表明:全省总氮流失量以化肥贡献率最高,而总磷流失量以畜禽粪便所占比例最大,畜禽粪便、化肥、生活排污3种污染源中营养元素流失量分别占总流失量的49.3%、42.6%、8.1%;山东省总氮等标污染负荷略高于总磷,不同地市间差异较大,化肥与畜禽粪便以潍坊市最高,而临沂市生活排污等标污染负荷最大,2种污染物等标污染负荷均以潍坊市最高;3种污染源中以畜禽粪便对山东省水环境的影响强度最大,生活排污、化肥、畜禽粪便的等标污染负荷比例为1:4:7;受等标污染负荷与水环境总量的共同影响,山东省不同地市间等标污染指数差异明显,等标污染指数以德州市最高,农业非点源污染潜在威胁最大,其次为聊城、菏泽、滨州、泰安。应针对各区域不同的重点污染源进行农业非点源污染防控技术研究,降低其对水资源污染的威胁。

矿区农田土壤重金属分布特征与污染风险研究

对渭北旱原矿区130个农田土壤样品的Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn含量进行了测定,结果显示,Cd、Cu、Pb平均含量均高于陕西省土壤背景值,而Cr和Zn含量低于背景值。利用地统计方法得到的土壤重金属含量分布图显示,土壤各重金属含量由西向东呈下降趋势,水泥厂周边土壤重金属含量最高。相关性分析和主成分分析结果表明,5种重金属之间呈极显著正相关,说明其存在较高的同源性或复合关系。第1主成分主要由Cd构成,且主要反映了人为活动的影响,而第2主成分中的Cr所占负荷最高,体现了成土母质的作用,Cu、Pb和Zn含量受人为活动和成土母质共同影响。分别利用污染负荷指数(PLI)法和潜在生态危害指数(PER)法对研究区域土壤污染风险进行了评价,评价结果为煤矿区呈无污染或轻微到中度污染,水泥厂区土壤呈中度污染水平,单一元素污染程度由高到低依次为Cd、Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn。