Synergism of Zinc Oxide/Organoclay-Loaded Poly(lactic acid) Hybrid Nanocomposite Plasticized by Triacetin for Sustainable Active Food Packaging

The synergistic effect of organoclay(OC)and zinc oxide(ZnO)nanoparticles on the crucial properties of poly(lactic acid)(PLA)nanocompositefilms was systematically investigated herein.After their incorporation into PLA via the solvent casting technique,the water vapor barrier property of the PLA/OC/ZnOfilm improved by a maximum of 86%compared to the neat PLAfilm without the deterioration of Young’s modulus or the tensile strength.Moreover,thefilm’s self-antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogens,including gram-negative(Escherichia coli,E.coli)and gram-positive(Staphylococcus aureus,S.aureus)bacteria,was enhanced by a max-imum of approximately 98–99%compared to the neat PLAfilm.Furthermore,SEM images revealed the homo-geneous dispersion of both nano-fillers in the PLA matrix.However,the thermal stability of thefilm decreased slightly after the addition of the OC and ZnO.Thefilm exhibited notable light barrier properties in the UV-Vis range.Moreover,the incorporation of a suitable biodegradable plasticizer significantly decreased the Tg and notably enhanced theflexibility of the nanocompositefilm by increasing the elongation at break approxi-mately 1.5-fold compared to that of the neat PLAfilm.This contributes to its feasibility as an active food packa-ging material.

Efficient and selective upcycling of waste polylactic acid into acetate using nickel selenide

The conversion of waste polylactic acid(PLA)plastics into high-value-added chemicals through electrochemical methods is a promising and sustainable approach.However,developing efficient and highly selective catalysts for lactic acid oxidation reaction(LAOR)and understanding the reaction process are challenging.Here,we report the electrooxidation of waste PLA to acetate at a high current density of 100 mA cm-2 with high Faraday efficiency(~95%)and excellent stability(>100 h)over a nickel selenide nanosheet catalyst.In addition,a total Faraday efficiency of up to 190%was achieved for carboxylic acids,including acetic acid and formic acid,by coupling with the cathodic CO_(2) reduction reaction.In situ experimental results and theoretical simulations revealed that the catalytic activity center of LAOR was dynamically formed NiOOH species,and the surface-adsorbed SeO_(x) species accelerated the formation of Ni~(3+)species,thus promoting catalytic activity.The mechanism of lactic acid electrooxidation was further elucidated.Lactic acid was dehydrogenated to produce pyruvate first and then formed CH_3CO due to preferential C-C bond cleavage,resulting in the presence of acetate.This work demonstrated a sustainable method for recycling waste PLA and CO_(2) into high-value-added products.

Poly(lactic acid)-aspirin microspheres prepared via the traditional and improved solvent evaporation methods and its application performances

Drug-loaded microspheres are significant for the development of modern pharmaceutical products. It is well known that the taken of aspirin for long-term increases the risk of serious gastrointestinal complications, therefore a controllable delivery of aspirin is of importance to lighten those side effects. In this work, poly(lactic acid)(PLA) was chosen as the carrier to prepare PLA-aspirin microspheres by using the traditional and the improved solvent evaporation methods. It was found that no matter which experimental condition was, the encapsulation efficiency of aspirin was higher by using the improved method than that of the traditional method. Specifically, when the concentration of polyvinyl alcohol = 1%(mass),the polymer concentration = 1:20, the oil/water rate = 1:2.5, PLA-aspirin microspheres were obtained via the improved method with a high yield of 82.83%(mass) and an encapsulation efficiency of 44.09%. PLAaspirin microspheres were then prepared continuously using the improved method, which further enhanced the encapsulation efficiency to 54.56%. Approximate 85% aspirin released from microspheres within 7 days. Obvious degradation which was represented by reduction on hardness was observed by soaking microspheres in PBS for 60 days. This work is of interest because it provides a continuous route to prepare PLA-aspirin microspheres continuously with a high drug encapsulation efficiency.

Morphological, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Poly(lactic acid)(PLA)/Cellulose Nanofibrils(CNF) Composites Nanofiber for Tissue Engineering

Composite nanofiber membranes based on biodegradable poly(lactic acid)(PLA) and cellulose nanofibrils(CNF) were produced via electrospinning. The influence of CNF content on the morphology, thermal properties, and mechanical properties of PLA/CNF composite nanofiber membranes were characterized by field scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), thermogravimetric analysis(TGA), and dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA), respectively. The results show that the PLA/CNF composite nanofibers with smooth, free-bead surface can be successfully fabricated with various CNF contents. The introduction of CNF is an effective approach to improve the crystalline ability, thermal stability and mechanical properties for PLA/CNF composite fibers. The Young's moduli and tensile strength of the PLA/CNF composite nanofiber reach 106.6 MPa and 2.7 MPa when the CNF content is 3%, respectively, which are one times higher and 1.5 times than those of pure PLA nanofiber. Additionally, the water contact angle of PLA/CNF composite nanofiber membranes decreases with the increase of the CNF loading, resulting in the enhancement of their hydrophilicity.

Blends of Poly(lactic acid) with Thermoplastic Acetylated Starch

Blends of poly（lactic acid）（PLA） and thermoplastic acetylated starch（ATPS） were prepared by means of the melt mixing method. The results show that PLA and ATPS were partially miscible, which was confirmed with the measurement of Tg by dynamic mechanical analysis（DMA） and differrential scanning calorimetry（DSC）. The mechanical and thermal properties of the blends were improved. With increasing the ATPS content, the elongation at break and impact strength were increased. The elongation at break increased from 5% of neat PLA to 25% of the blend PLA/ATPS40. It was found that the cold crystallization behavior of PLA changed evidently by addition of ATPS. The cold crystallization temperature（Tcc） of each of PLA/ATPS blends was found to shift to a lower temperature and the width of exothermic peak became narrow compared with that of neat PLA. The thermogravimetry analysis（TGA） results showed that the peak of derivative weight for ATPS moved to higher temperature with increasing PLA content in PLA/ATPS blends. It can be concluded that PLA could increase the thermal stability of ATPS. The rheological measurement reveals the melt elasticity and viscosity of the blends decreased with the increased concentration of ATPS, which was favorable to the processing properties of PLA.

Poly(lactic acid)-starch/Expandable Graphite (PLA-starch/EG) Flame Retardant Composites

This work reports on the effect of commercial expandable graphite(EG)on the flammability and thermal decomposition properties of PLA-starch blend.The PLA-starch/EG composites were prepared by melt-mixing and their thermal stability,volatile pyrolysis products and flammability characteristics were investigated.The char residues of the composites,after combustion in a cone calorimeter,were analyzed with environmental scanning electron microscopy(ESEM).The thermal decomposition stability of the composites improved in the presence of EG.However,the char content was less than expected as per the combination of the wt%EG added into PLA-starch and the%residue of PLA-starch.The flammability performance of the PLA-starch/EG composites improved,especially at 15 wt%EG content,due to a thick and strong worm-like char structure.The peak heat release rate(PHRR)improved by 74%,the total smoke production(TSP)by 40%and the specific extinction area(SEA)by 55%.The improvements are attributed to the ability of EG to exfoliate at increased temperatures during which time three effects occurred:(i)cooling due to an endothermic exfoliation process,(ii)dilution due to release of H2O,SO2 and CO2 gases,and (iii)formation of a protective intumescent char layer.However,the CO and CO2 yields were found to be unfavorably high due to the presence of EG.

The Green Composites: Millet Husk Fiber (MHF) Filled Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) and Degradability Effects on Environment

This study provides an overview on green composites degradability. Practically, the main drawbacks of using natural fibers are their poor dimensional stability, degradability and high degree of moisture absorption. While, end use of product from natural fiber filled or reinforced composites has become subject of concern to material engineers and scientist. The major properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites are greatly dependent on the hydrophilic tendency and dimensional stability of the fibers used, morphology aspect ratio for long fiber, while voids for powder fibers. The effects of chemical treatments on cellulosic fibers that are used as reinforcements for thermoplastics were studied. The chemical source for the treatments is alkalization. The significance of chemically-treated natural fibers is seen through the improvement of mechanical properties. The untreated fiber composites degrade faster in municipal soil compared to treated fiber composites.

Use of Poly-Lactic Acid (PLA) to Enhance Properties of Paper Based on Recycled Pulp

Nowadays, recycled paper is broadly used due to environmental reasons. Furthermore, the addition of starch as a dry strength additive improves the properties of recycled paper. Poly-Lactic Acid (PLA), a product from bio-refinery process, has recently been shown to act as a promising strength additive that could be used in combination with starch to further improve the strength of paper. In this study, the use of PLA of three molecular weights (MW) in combination with four different starches was investigated. Three recycled pulps from different origins, with the kappa number of 27.9 to 66 were used. Paper handsheets were made, and selected paper properties were tested. The results indicate that handsheets properties were influenced by the MW of PLAs, the type of starch used, and the lignin content of the pulp. The paper handsheets made from lignin-rich pulp (pulp A, kappa number 66), combined with 0.1% medium MW PLA (PLA_1) and 0.9% cationic starch containing 0.43% N gave the highest improvement for tensile strength, wet tensile strength, air and water resistance. This result verifies that a higher kappa number pulp has better attraction to the hydrophobic PLA. Moreover, the higher charge cationic starch led to higher tensile strength due to the increase of affinity to the anionic fiber surface. Interestingly, results show that amphoteric starch is a promising substitute for high cationic charge starch when combined with the medium MW PLA to improve tensile strength of paper. This study demonstrated that a starch-PLA blend represents a promising approach in improving properties of recycled paper.

Controlled release of cisplatin and cancer cell apoptosis with cisplatin encapsulated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles

The goal of the present study is to utilize cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (cisplatin) loaded polymer nanoparticles (NPs) to give a controlled, extended, and local drug therapy for the treatment of cancer. We have used biodegradable and biocompatible poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) to prepare the NPs by adjusting the double emulsion technique using poly(vinylalcohol) as a surface active agent. The PLGA NPs were characterized for particle size and shape, controlled release of cisplatin, and degradation. Cisplatin solubility in deionized water was increased up to 4 mg/mL by simply changing the solution parameters. Cisplatin encapsulated NPs were incubated in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at 37?C to study the release kinetics of cisplatin. Cisplatin was released in a sustained manner with less than 20% release during a 3-day period followed by 50% release during a 21-day period. A degradation study of PLGA NPs demonstrated the loss of spherical shape during a 21-day period. We also examined the cisplatin sensitive A2780 cell apoptosis when cells were incubated with cisplatin encapsulated PLGA NPs. A large number of cell apoptosis occurred as a result of cisplatin release from the PLGA NPs. These results suggest that cisplatin encapsulated PLGA NPs can be used to treat the cancer cells by injecting them into a localized site minimizing the side effects.

Improving the Compatibility of Biodegradable Poly (Lactic Acid) Toughening with Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) and Compatibilized Meltblown Nonwoven

Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer which originates from natural resources such as corn and starch, offering excellent strength, biodegradability, nevertheless its inherent brittleness and low impact resistance properties have limited its application. On the other hand, Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) has high toughness, durability and flexibility, which is one of the most potential alternatives for enhancing the flexibility and mechanical strength of Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA) by blending it with a compatibilizer. With the aim to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA) meltblown nonwovens, The Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) was melt blended with Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA) at the different corresponding proportions for toughening the Poly (Lactic Acid) and the corresponding PLA/TPU MBs (meltblown nonwovens) were also manufactured. Joncryl ADR 4400 is mixed into the PLA matrix during processing. It was found that Joncryl had a much higher chain extension that substantially increased the molecular weight of the PLA matrix. SEM study revealed that Joncryl ADR 4400 is a good compatibilizer. Moreover, in this study, the crystallization, thermal and rheological behaviors of the corresponding PLA and TPU blends were also investigated. PLA/TPU MBs were also characterized by morphology and mechanical properties. The rheological property of the PLA/TPU meltblown nonwoven revealed that the viscosity is increasing as the amount of TPU is increasing in the blend, PLA/TPU meltblown nonwovens exhibited excellent mechanical properties;they are soft, elastic, and have certain tensile strength. New materials have potential applications in the medical and agricultural fields. Joncryl ADR 4400 compatibilized blends showed higher strength than simple PLA/TPU blends at the same PLA/TPU ratio.

高导电、低逾渗PLA/CNTs导电复合材料的结构设计及性能研究

通过溶液吸附⁃熔融法制备了具有低逾渗高导电性能的左旋聚乳酸/右旋聚乳酸/碳纳米管(PLA/PDLA/CNTs)复合材料。在PLA/CNTs复合材料内部通过添加PDLA以提高复合材料的结晶性能,起到良好的体积排斥作用,促进了CNTs的分散,对PLA/PDLA/CNTs复合材料的导电网络结构进行有效调控;随着PDLA含量的增加,PLA/PDLA/CNTs复合材料的导电性能表现出了先增加后降低的趋势,当PDLA的含量仅为0.2%时,PLA/0.2%PDLA/0.6%CNTs的电导率从10^(-6) S/m提升到了10^(-4) S/m,提高了2个数量级,并且复合材料的导电逾渗值从0.58%(PLA/CNTs)降低到0.45%(PLA/PDLA/0.6%CNTs)。此外,CNTs和PDLA的引入可以有效的提高复合材料的结晶性能和复数黏度,相比于纯PLA,PLA/0.5%PDLA/0.6%CNTs的开始结晶温度(T_(o))和最大峰结晶温度(T_(p))分别提高了30.6℃和20.8℃。通过力学性能数据分析发现,在CNTs和PDLA的协同作用下,PLA/PDLA/CNTs复合材料的拉伸强度得到进一步的改善。因此,在PLA/CNTs复合材料中通过添加PDLA可以对导电网络结构进行有效调控的同时,改善其力学性能,为提升导电复合材料的综合性能提供了新方法。

3D打印工艺参数对PLA/PTW共混物力学性能影响的研究

采用3D打印中的熔融沉积成型(FDM)工艺制备了聚乳酸/乙烯-丙烯酸丁酯-甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯共聚物(PLA/PTW),通过单因素实验探究了3D打印工艺参数(喷头温度、打印平台温度和打印速度)对PLA/PTW共混物力学性能的影响,并在此基础上设计了三因素三水平正交实验,优化了3D打印的工艺参数。结果表明,共混物的冲击强度和拉伸强度均随喷头温度的增加呈现先上升后下降、均随打印平台温度的增加而增加、均随打印速度的增加出现下降的趋势。各工艺参数对PLA/PTW共混物综合力学性能的影响从大到小依次为:喷头温度、打印速度、打印平台温度,且当喷头温度为210℃、打印平台温度为80℃以及打印速度为40 mm/s时,打印出的PLA/PTW共混物的综合力学性能最佳。

Preparation and properties of short natural fiber reinforced poly(lactic acid) composites

The natural fiber/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites were prepared with ramie and jute short fiber as reinforcement and PLA as matrix. The mechanical and thermal properties of the composites were investigated. The results show that the properties of the composites are better than those of plain PLA. When the content of the fiber is 30%, the composites can get the best mechanical properties. The dynamic mechanical analysis results show that the storage moduli of the PLA/ramie and PLA/jute composites increase with respect to the plain PLA. The Vicat softening temperature of the composites is greatly higher than that of PLA. The results of thermogravimetric analysis show that adding fiber to the PLA matrix can improve the degradation temperature of PLA.

Preparation and phase change performance of Na_2HPO_4·12H_2O@poly(lactic acid) capsules for thermal energy storage

Micro-encapsulated phase-change materials(micro PCMs) with Na_2 HPO_4·12 H_2 O encapsulated in poly(lactic acid)(PLA) shell were prepared by a solvent evaporation–precipitation method that involves the use of a coaxial needle. The effects of PLA concentration, stirring speed, injection rate of core and shell solutions, and polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) concentration on phase change properties were investigated. The thermal properties of microP CMs were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). The capsules prepared under the optimal conditions are about 2 mm in diameter and show a latent heat of up to 122.2 J·g^(-1).

Synergistic effect of MXene on the flame retardancy and thermal degradation of intumescent flame retardant biodegradable poly(lactic acid)composites

The effect of Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets on the intumescent flame retardant(IFR)poly(lactic acid)(PLA)composites was investigated among a series of PLA/IFR/MXene,which were prepared by melt blending 0-2.0 wt%MXene,10.0 wt%-12.0 wt%IFR and PLA together.The results of limiting oxygen index(LOI)and vertical burning(UL-94)discover that the combination of 0.5 wt%MXene and 11.5 wt%IFR synergistically improves the fire safety of PLA to reach UL-94 V-0 rating with LOI value of 33.0%.The PLA/IFR/MXene composites perform an obvious reduction in peak of heat release rate(HRR)in cone calorimeter tests(CCTs).Furthermore,the carbon residues after CCTs were characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM),laser Raman spectroscopy(LRS),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).It is demonstrated that both the titanium composition of the MXene structure and the characteristics of the two-dimensional material enhance the PLA/IFR/MXene composite materials’ability to produce a dense barrier layer to resist burnout during thermal degradation.

Study of Thermal,Phase Morphological and Mechanical Properties of Poly(L-lactide)-b-Poly(ethylene glycol)-b-Poly(L-lactide)/Poly(ethylene glycol)Blend Bioplastics

A poly(L-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-lactide)(PLLA-PEG-PLLA)block copolymer has great potential for use as a flexible bioplastic.Highly flexible bioplastics are required for flexible packaging applications.In this work,a PEG was incorporated into block copolymer as a plasticizer by solvent casting.PLLA-PEG-PLLA/PEG blends with different blend ratios were prepared,and the plasticizing effect and miscibility of PEG in block copolymer were intensively investigated compared to PLLA/PEG blends.The results indicated that the PEG was an effective plasticizer for the block copolymer.The blending of PEG decreased glass-transition temperature and accelerated the crystallization of both the PLLA and PLLA-PEG-PLLA matrices.The PEG was completely miscible when blended with block copolymer and it improved thermal stability of the block copolymer matrix but not of the PLLA matrix.Film extensibility of PLLA-PEG-PLLA/PEG blends steadily increased as the PEG ratio increased.These non-toxic and highly flexible PLLA-PEG-PLLA/PEG bioplastics are promising candidates for several applications such as biomedical devices,tissue scaffolds and packaging materials.

Preparation and Characterization of Poly Lactic Acid/Graphene Oxide/Nerve Growth Factor Scaffold with Electrical Stimulation for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration in vitro

A novel conductive drug-loading system was prepared by using an improved emulsion electrostatic spinning method which contained polylactic acid (PLA),graphene oxide (GO),and nerve growth factor (NGF) coated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoparticles.Firstly,the structure,mechanical properties,morphology and electrical conductivity of PLA/GO electro spun fiber membranes with different GO ratios were characterized.PLA/GO scaffolds can exhibit superior porosity,hydrophilic and biomechanical properties when the GO incorporation rate is 0.5%.The addition of GO in the PLA/GO electro spun fiber membranes can also create appropriate pH environment for the repair of injured nerve when the GO incorporation rate is above 0.5%.Secondly,PLA/GO/BSA/Genipin/NGF particles (with a ratio of BSA/NGF=3:1) prepared by modified emulsion electro spinning method will release more NGF than PLA/GO/NGF particles.In addition,PLA/0.5%GO/NGF scaffold can maintain its structure stability for at least 8 weeks observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM).Moreover,the degradation of PLA/0.5%GO/NGF scaffold is consistent with its weight loss.Finally,in vitro assay confirmes that PLA/GO composite scaffold exhibits low cytotoxicity to RSC96 cells.Cellular results have demonstrated that PLA/0.5%GO/NGF sustained-release drug sustained-release system with appropriate electrical stimulation (ES) can promote PC12 cell proliferation,and it can maintain its differentiation capability for at least 3 weeks.In conclusion,PLA/0.5%GO/NGF sustained-release drug sustained-release system can maintain its biological activity for at least 3 weeks and promote cell proliferation with appropriate ES.

Comparison of morphological and functional outcomes of mouse sciatic nerve repair with three biodegradable polymer conduits containing poly (lactic acid)

Poly（lactic acid）（PLA）-containing nerve guidance conduits（NGCs） are currently being investigated for nerve repair as an alternative to autograft, which leads to permanent functional impairment in the territory innervated by the removed nerve. Combination of polymers modifies the physical properties of the conduits, altering their nerve-guidance properties. Conduits made from PLA-only or combined with other polymers have been used successfully for nerve repair, but their efficiency has not been compared. We compared the morphological and functional outcomes of peripheral nerve repair by using NGCs made of poly（lactic acid） and combined or not with polycaprolactone（PLA/PCL） or polyvinylpyrrolidone（PLA/PVP）. To assess the functional recovery, we employed a mechanical hyperalgesia analysis, sciatic functional index（SFI）, and electroneuromyography. The mechanical hyperalgesia analysis showed that the PLA group improved more rapidly than the PLA/PVP and PLA/PCL groups; similarly, in the electroneuromyography assay, the PLA group exhibited higher amplitude than the PLA/PCL and PLA/PVP groups. However, the SFI improvement rates did not differ among the groups. Morphologically, the PLA group showed more vascularization, while the nerve fiber regeneration did not differ among the groups. In conclusion, the PLA-only conduits were superior to the other NGCs tested for nerve repair.

PLA纳米复合材料结晶行为的研究进展

综述了近年来聚乳酸(PLA)纳米复合材料结晶行为的研究进展,重点介绍了PLA/纳米碳基复合材料、PLA/纳米黏土复合材料、其他PLA纳米复合材料,以及PLA/纳米杂化复合材料的结晶行为,并阐述了增塑剂与纳米填料,以及剪切流动场与纳米填料的协同效应对PLA结晶行为的影响。分析表明,添加少量纳米填料可以有效促进PLA结晶,提高其耐热性和力学性能,并赋予其气体阻隔性、抗紫外线和抗菌性等特殊功能。最后,对PLA纳米复合材料结晶调控的未来研究方向进行了展望。

Melt Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(L-lactic Acid) Chain Linked by Multifunctional Epoxy Compound

High molecular weight（Mw） poly（L-lactic acid）s（PLLAs） were synthesized using multifunctional epoxy compound（Joncryl-ADR4370） as chain extender. The products were characterized by gel permeation chromatography（GPC） and spectroscopy（1HNMR and FTIR）. The results indicated that the Mw of PLLA increased with the increasing of the ratio of epoxy compound and the extending of reaction time. The highest Mw of PLLA reached 360 000 g/mol when the ratio of epoxy compound was 1.5 wt%. However, the reactants turned to cross-linking when the ratio of epoxy compound was over 1.5 wt%. Differential scanning calorimetry（DSC） measurements demonstrated that the glass transition（Tg） and melting temperatures（Tm） of products increased slightly as the increase of the molecular weight. Analysis of the hydrolytic degradation in vitro showed that the branched PLLA possessed the quicker degradability than that of the linear PLLA.