Integration of Deep-time Digital Data for Mapping Clusters of Porphyry Copper Mineral Deposits

1 Introduction PCDs are generated in continental arcs in response to plate converging processes(subduction and collision)(Hou et al.,2009;Richards,2013).It is generally accepted that the formation of PCDs is associated with igneous activities either originating from lower crust or upper mantle,with contributions of crusts during the evolution of continental lithosphere.

The Major Ore Clusters of Super-Large Iron Deposits in the World, Present Situation of Iron Resources in China, and Prospect

The metamorphosed sedimentary type of iron deposits（BIF） is the most important type of iron deposits in the world, and super-large iron ore clusters of this type include the Quadrilatero Ferrifero district and Carajas in Brazil, Hamersley in Australia, Kursk in Russia, Central Province of India and Anshan-Benxi in China. Subordinated types of iron deposits are magmatic, volcanic-hosted and sedimentary ones. This paper briefly introduces the geological characteristics of major super-large iron ore clusters in the world. The proven reserves of iron ores in China are relatively abundant, but they are mainly low-grade ores. Moreover, a considerate part of iron ores are difficult to utilize for their difficult ore dressing, deep burial or other reasons. Iron ore deposits are relatively concentrated in 11 metallogenic provinces（belts）, such as the Anshan-Benxi, eastern Hebei, Xichang-Central Yunnan Province and middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River. The main minerogenetic epoches vary widely from the Archean to Quaternary, and are mainly the Late Archean to Middle Proterozoic, Variscan, and Yanshanian periods. The main 7 genetic types of iron deposits in China are metamorphosed sedimentary type（BIF）, magmatic type, volcanic-hosted type, skarn type, hydrothermal type, sedimentary type and weathered leaching type. The iron-rich ores occur predominantly in the skarn and marine volcanic-hosted iron deposits, locally in the metamorphosed sedimentary type（BIF） as hydrothermal reformation products. The theory of minerogenetic series of mineral deposits and minerogenic models has applied in investigation and prospecting of iron ore deposits. A combination of deep analyses of aeromagnetic anomalies and geomagnetic anomalies, with gravity anomalies are an effective method to seeking large and deep-buried iron deposits. China has a relatively great oresearching potential of iron ores, especially for metamorphosed sedimentary, skarn, and marine volcanic-hosted iron deposits. For the lower guarantee degree of iron and steel industry, China should give a trading and open the foreign mining markets.

Cluster size and substrate temperature affecting thin film formation during copper cluster deposition on a Si(001) surface

The soft deposition of Cu clusters on a Si （001） surface was studied by molecular dynamics simulations. The embedded atom method, the Stillinger-Weber and the Lennar-Jones potentials were used to describe the interactions between the cluster atoms, between the substrate atoms, and between the cluster and the substrate atoms, respectively. The Cu13, Cu55, and Cu147 clusters were investigated at different substrate temperatures. We found that the substrate temperature had a significant effect on the Cn147 cluster. For smaller Cu13 and Cu55 clusters, the substrate temperature in the range of study appeared to have little effect on the mean center-of-mass height. The clusters showed better degrees of epitaxy at 800 K. With the same substrate temperature, the Cu55 cluster demonstrated the highest degree of epitaxy, followed by Cu147 and then Cu13 clusters. In addition, the Cu55 cluster showed the lowest mean center-of-mass height. These results suggested that the Cu55 cluster is a better choice for the thin-film formation among the clusters considered. Our studies may provide insight into the formation of desired Cu thin films on a Si substrate.

Analytical results for the cluster size distribution in controlled deposition processes

This paper proposes a controlled particle deposition model for cluster growth on the substrate surface and then presents exact results for the cluster （island） size distribution. In the system, at every time step a fixed number of particles are injected into the system and immediately deposited onto the substrate surface. It investigates the cluster size distribution by employing the generalized rate equation approach. The results exhibit that the evolution behaviour of the system depends crucially on the details of the adsorption rate kernel. The cluster size distribution can take the Poisson distribution or the conventional scaling form in some cases, while it is of a quite complex form in other cases.

Clusters Deposition on Surface an Atomic Scale Study by Computer Simulation Method

The investigation is generalized to clusters with sizes up to 3000 atoms, covering this way the range of sizes experimentally available for low energy cluster beam deposition. The atomic scale modeling is carried on by both Molecular Dynamics and Metropolis Monte Carlo. This represents a huge series of simulations (175 cases) to which further calculations are added by spot when finer tuning of the parameters is necessary. Analyzing the results is a major task which is still in progress. This way, not only a realistic range of sizes is covered, but also the whole range of compositions and the temperature range relevant to the solid and the liquid states.

Ultrafine Structure of Calcific Deposits Developed in Calcific Tendinopathy

The ultrafine structure of tendons deposits formed in three patients, males aged 52 and 61 years and a female aged 71 years were evaluated by atomic force microscopy. Three distinctly different structures of deposit surface were identified: (i) compact, smooth and uneven surface composed of closely packed nanoparticles of diameter 30 nm;(ii) surfaces consisting of plate-like crystalline particles about 30 nm thick that formed larger entities divided by deep depressions;(iii) rough surface formed by individual or closely attached elongated needle-like particles with elliptical cross-section of diameter about 30 nm. These surface structures were developed by different formation mechanisms: (i) Aggregation of Posner’s clusters into nanoparticles formed on biological calcific able surfaces and in the bulk of body fluid surrounding the deposits that subsequently settled onto the deposit surface;(ii) Regular crystal growth on surface nuclei generated at low supersaturation of body fluid with respect to the phosphatic phase and/or in a narrow cavity containing a very limited volume of liquid;(iii) Solution mediated re-crystallization of the upper layers of a deposit or unstable crystalline growth governed by volume diffusion of building units to the particle tip. Small rods, 40 nm wide and from 100 to 300 nm long, with no apparent order were detected only on the surface of deposit formed in the female patient. These rods could be debris of collagen fibres that disintegrated into individual building units (macromolecules) with some showing breakdown into smaller fragments.

基于分子束外延技术可控制备Ga原子团簇的研究

本研究基于分子束外延(Molecular Beam Epitaxy,MBE)技术在Si(100)衬底表面成功制备金属Ga原子团簇.通过控制变量法,研究其尺寸形貌与工艺参数之间的关系.第一组对照实验分别在940℃、970℃、1000℃的Ga源温度下制备Ga原子团簇.实验结果表明,Ga源温度的升高导致Ga的蒸发量增加,进而沉积在Si衬底表面的Ga原子增多,Ga原子自组装成团簇,最终表现为Ga原子团簇的高度升高.第二组对照实验分别在3 s、6 s、10 s、40 s、50 s、60 s的沉积时长下制备Ga原子团簇.实验结果表明,沉积时长增加导致团簇的高度逐渐增加,主要由新吸附原子和竞争效应驱动.第三组对照实验分别在0 s、60 s、300 s的退火时长下制备Ga原子团簇.实验结果表明,退火时长的增加导致团簇的高度下降和团簇内的原子重新排列和分布有关.第四组对照实验分别在420℃、500℃的退火温度下制备Ga原子团簇.实验结果表明,升温至500℃退火会促进Ga原子团簇呈现有序排列,是表面原子的热运动和Ga原子团簇与Si(100)的晶格匹配度的共同作用的结果.

基于分子束外延技术可控制备Bi原子团簇的研究

本研究基于分子束外延(MBE)技术在Si(111)衬底表面成功制备金属Bi原子团簇.首先,分别在100℃、125℃、150℃、175℃、200℃的生长温度下,制备了大小均一、密度不同的Bi原子团簇.实验结果表明,可以通过改变生长温度来精细控制Bi原子团簇的密度,当温度升高100℃,密度从1.05×10^(11)cm^(-2)降低至2.5×10^(7)cm^(-2),实现对团簇密度4个数量级的可控调节,并且发现Bi原子团簇密度对生长温度的依赖性符合经典成核理论.其次,分别在10 s、15 s、20 s的沉积时长下,制备了密度相同、尺寸各异的Bi原子团簇.实验结果表明,可以通过改变沉积时长来精细控制Bi原子团簇的尺寸:当沉积时长增加10 s,高度和直径分别从8.5 nm和65 nm增大到13.7 nm和100 nm,实现对团簇尺寸在10 nm高度、80 nm直径范围的可控调节,并且发现Bi原子团簇尺寸对沉积时长的依赖性符合晶体生长动力学.与分子束外延制备传统的Ⅲ族(Al,Ga,In)原子团簇做对比,这些结果可以为制备Ⅴ族原子团簇提供实验参考和指导,从而促进纳米级含Bi材料的制备.

Geological characteristics and metallogenic significance of the Devonian intermediate-basic volcanic rocks in the Dachang deposit, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

Recently discovered intermediate-basic volcanic rocks in the Devonian strata at Dachang, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region are dominated by basalts and andesites. Most of them belong to the calc-alkali and alkali series. Petrology and geochemistry data indicate that the volcanic rocks may be formed in a continental rift environment. The volcanic rocks are in conformable contact with the overlying and underlying wall rocks, with such typical sedimentary structures as laminated and striped ones, and the host rocks of the volcanic rocks contain lots of marine fossils such as tentaculite. Many pieces of evidence indicate that the eruption environment of the volcanic rocks is a sea-facies one. The volcanic rocks are of the LREE-enrichment type, with high ratios of light rare-earth elements to heavy rare-earth elements. In addition, they display moderately negative δEu anomalies and moderately negative δCe anomalies with a higher degree of LREE and HREE fractionation. Through the Q-cluster analysis of the REE samples, it is indicated that the ores have a closer relation with the layered volcanic rocks, and also possess a certain inheritance-consistency relationship with the layered volcanic rocks. The source of ore-forming materials may be related with volcanism. It is proposed that the ore deposit in the study area should be genetically explained as the result of marine volcano-sedimentary exhalation of hot water and late superposition-reworking.

Method to Determine Depositional Range of Sediment Transported from Multiple Sources in Water Area

- The sediment from different sources have different content of the characteristic elements. According to the fuzzy mathematical theory, corresponding calculation and cluster analysis of each sediment sample are carried out, so the main courses of sediment transport in water area can be obtained. The characteristics of sediment from different sources are analysed. It is found that the sediment deposited of certain point in water area is due to the sources' contributions which can be calculated by the formula derived in this paper. Based on the distribution of the contribution values, the depositional range of sediment from each source can be determined. The depositional range in Huangmao Bay is determined as an example.

云南个旧锡多金属矿集区电气石地球化学组成和硼同位素特征——对成矿流体性质和演化的约束

个旧锡矿集区发育与晚白垩世高分异花岗岩有关的世界级Sn-Cu多金属矿床,其成矿物质的来源及流体演化过程一直是研究的热点和难点。个旧地区电气石广泛发育于碳酸盐岩、花岗岩及矽卡岩中,但对电气石尚未进行系统研究,电气石与成矿之间的关系尚未明确。本文对不同类型电气石开展了系统的岩相学观察和电子探针(EPMA)、LA-ICP-MS微量元素和硼同位素分析。结果表明,所有电气石都属于碱性电气石,TurⅠ、TurⅡ、TurⅣ为热液成因,TurⅢ为岩浆成因。岩浆电气石相比于热液电气石具有更低的Mg、Ca等元素,TurⅠ电气石高含量的Sr表明受到了围岩的混染。电气石的微量元素变化表明,从似斑状花岗岩到等粒花岗岩,随着岩浆分异程度逐渐增加,Sn在岩浆中逐渐富集,在似斑状花岗岩和接触带矽卡岩中沉淀卸载。个旧不同类型电气石具有均一的δ11B值(−15.2‰~−12.8‰),与花岗岩的组成范围一致,表明成矿物质来源均来源于花岗质岩浆。

滇西官房铜矿床微量元素R型因子分析及其地质意义研究

官房铜矿床位于我国著名的三江成矿带南澜沧江火山岩段北段,属云县-景谷(火山弧)铜多金属成矿带,是该区最具代表性的玄武岩铜矿床,储量达中型规模。对矿区内矿石的33种微量元素进行聚类分析与R型因子分析,结果显示:经过聚类分析,33种微量元素可分为基性岩元素组合、中低温矿化元素组合、中酸性岩相关元素及中高温矿化元素组合;R型因子分析得到F_(1)、F_(2)、F_(3)、F_(4)四类元素组合因子。其中,聚类分析与R型因子分析的元素分类结果基本一致,能够代表矿床的成矿过程,即成矿分为热液成矿期和中低温地下水热液改造期两个阶段,成矿流体主要来源于深部,成矿物质具有壳幔混合来源的特征,该矿床属于隐伏岩体及岩浆作用有明显成因联系的浅成中-低温热液矿床。

Large clusters of gold deposits and large-scale metallogenesis in the Jiaodong Peninsula, Eastern China

The Jiaodong Peninsula is the largest repository of gold in China based on the production in history. It covers less than 0.2% of China's territory, but production of gold accounts for about one fourth of the whole country. Thus, the Jiaodong Peninsula is a typical area or case of large-scale metallogenesis and a large clusters of mineral deposits in China. It is characterized by the large clusters of gold deposits in large scale, high reserve and short mineralizing stage. In this study, we suggest that the eastern boundary of the large clusters of gold deposits is as same as that of North China Block, the gold deposits are hosted by Archean metamorphic rocks or Mesozoic granites, and the age of gold mineralization is 121.6 to 122.7 Ma. Gold and related ore-forming materials are derived from multisources, i.e. Archean metamorphic rocks, granites and intermediate-mafic dikes, especially, intermediate-mafic dikes and calc-alkaline granites. The metallogenic geodynamic process is constrained by the tectonic evolution of eastern North China Block during Late Mesozoic, and it is the result of the interaction between mantle and crust as the boundary plates are playing role on the block.

基于机器学习的SIP数据砂岩型铀矿氧化-还原带识别研究

砂岩型铀矿成矿过程中,氧化-还原作用是实现铀富集成矿的重要作用之一,有效圈定深部氧化-还原过渡带范围能够对指示深部找矿提供重要线索。频谱激电法(SIP)利用氧化-还原带岩石电化学特性差异,基于柯尔-柯尔(Cole-Cole)模型可反演获得地下介质多个复电阻率参数。采用该参数特征组合开展改进的Kmeans聚类,通过无监督机器学习算法实现数据结果自动分类,从而达到划分砂岩型铀矿氧化-还原分带的目的。经验证地层分带识别结果与钻探剖面验证情况一致性较好,表明Kmeans++法能够有效识别SIP结果数据中蕴含的砂岩型铀矿氧化-还原分带信息,为铀矿勘探缩小找矿范围,指示下一步找矿方向提供参考。

超声膨胀纳米团簇束流沉积SnO2薄膜的氢敏性能研究

氢能源发展如火如荼,氢燃料电池、高压储氢等技术蓬勃发展,但氢气传感器发展却相对落后,主要原因是现有制备手段难以获得兼具小晶粒尺寸和高疏松度的敏感薄膜。论文采用超声膨胀团簇束沉积技术制备了高度疏松的氧化锡薄膜,并研究了退火温度对其表面形貌、结晶度、晶粒尺寸以及化学组分的影响。结果表明,未退火样品氧含量低对氢气没有响应。250℃退火样品为非晶薄膜且保持了较高的疏松度,因此对氢气响应最快且幅值最高,但电阻过高难以实用。500℃退火样品表面吸附氧物种过多导致氢敏性能较差。750℃退火样品具有最佳的综合性能,且在高湿度下氢敏性能可进一步提升,因此,特别适合在氢燃料电池汽车中作为氢气安全传感器使用。

安徽怀宁查家山铁矿地质特征及找矿潜力分析

安徽怀宁查家山铁矿床位于长江中下游成矿带安庆矿集区内,为一典型的矽卡岩型铁矿床。查家山铁矿床主要赋存于下二叠统栖霞组与闪长岩接触带上,其赋矿层位不同于安庆矿集区已知的矽卡岩型矿床赋矿层位,查家山铁矿的发现拓展了区域找矿方向。本文系统总结了查家山铁矿床的地质特征,分析了区域找矿潜力,为安庆矿集区下一步寻找矽卡岩型铁矿工作提供依据。

矿源系统地质-地球化学例析

以胶东金矿集中区矿源系统为例 ,运用现代分形理论、数学地质和模拟实验等方法 ,探索矿质来源和富集过程。结果表明 ,胶东群正变质岩的原岩——太古代拉斑玄武岩为初始矿源岩 ;太古代—元古代胶东群、荆山群和粉子山群变质岩为中间矿源岩 ;中生代剪切重熔岩浆岩——玲珑型花岗岩和郭家岭型花岗岩是成矿物质的直接提供者 ;郭家岭型花岗岩可能既为金成矿提供物质来源 ,又起到“热机”作用。金的成矿作用是在古老地幔分异出的太古代拉斑玄武岩基础上 ,经韧性剪切→区域变质→岩浆重熔等构造热动力作用逐步富集的过程 。

论华南块状硫化物矿床成矿规律与找矿方向

华南块状硫化物矿床,在成因上以同生喷气沉积为主,兼具后期叠加改造特点。在成矿时代上具多期成矿特征,尤以中—晚元古代、泥盆纪、石炭纪和晚侏罗世—白垩纪4个时代为主。在空间分布上具“成带分布、分段集中、成群产出”的规律,受拉张性背景、火山或热泉活动及特殊岩相古地理环境控制。重要矿床集中于一些特殊成矿结中。成矿作用表现出明显的继承性和新生性,成矿物质组合也随着时间和空间而发生规律性变化。需指出,江南古陆周缘,尚未发现大铜矿的成矿带,在前寒武纪含矿层内应重视找铜。

阿尔泰萨热阔布金矿床的自然铋及其与金矿化关系

萨热阔布金矿是阿尔泰山南缘金-多金属矿带中与断裂变质作用有关的石英脉蚀变岩型金矿床。本文通过电子探针的研究,在该矿区发现较多的自然铋矿物,它与金矿化关系非常密切,产出于多金属硫化物阶段,与方铅矿、黄铜矿等共生。矿区蚀变岩和矿石的微量元素R型聚类分析表明,Bi与Au相关最密切,Au、Cu、Ag、Bi是主要的成矿元素组合。Bi异常可以作为金矿化的重要指示,自然铋矿物的出现可以作为含金石英脉富矿地段的重要标志。

流体包裹体和C-H-O同位素对湘中古台山金矿床成因制约

古台山金矿是湘中盆地最典型的高品位石英脉型金矿床,主要赋存于新元古界和震旦系板岩-千枚岩中。为了探明古台山金矿的成矿物质和成矿流体来源,本次工作对其开展了详细的野外地质考察,对不同阶段石英进行了系统的包裹体岩相学观察、显微测温、激光拉曼探针及H-O同位素分析,对与金矿化密切相关的铁白云石进行了C-O同位素分析。包裹体岩相学及测温结果显示,不同阶段石英主要发育CO_2三相和水溶液两相包裹体,金沉淀阶段CO_2三相包裹体丰度最高,包裹体均一温度集中在180~320℃之间,盐度集中在0~13%NaCleqv之间。激光拉曼显示不同阶段石英包裹体成分主要为H_2O、CO12及少量的CH_4和N_2。不同阶段石英的δ^(18)O_(V-SMOW)变化范围为15.6‰~17.9‰,对应的δ8OH_2O变化范围为4.5‰~8.3‰,δD_(V-SMOW)变化范围-78‰^-49‰,显示成矿过程中有岩浆水参与。铁白云石的δ^(13)C_(PDB)集中在-10.3‰^-8.6‰,δ^(18)O_(V-SMOW)分布在13.9‰~15.7‰之间,暗示成矿流体中的碳主要来自深部岩浆。流体不混溶、CH_4气体存在、围岩及脉体发生硫化-碳酸盐化等因素是导致古台山矿床Au沉淀富集的重要机制。综合上述分析,推测古台山金矿可能是一个非典型的造山型金矿床。