Quantitative lithium substitution of carboxyl hydrogens in polyacrylic acid binder enables robust SiO electrodes with durable lithium storage stability

The design of advanced binders plays a critical role in stabilizing the cycling performance of large-volume-effect silicon monoxide(SiO)anodes.For the classic polyacrylic acid(PAA)binder,the self-association of-COOH groups in PAA leads to the formation of intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds,greatly weakening the bonding force of the binder to SiO surface.However,strengthening the binder-material interaction from the perspective of binder molecular regulation poses a significant challenge.Herein,a modified PAA-Li_(x)(0.25≤x≤1)binder with prominent mechanical properties and adhesion strength is specifically synthesized for SiO anodes by quantitatively substituting the carboxylic hydrogen with lithium.The appropriate lithium substitution(x=0.25)not only effectively increases the number of hydrogen bonds between the PAA binder and SiO surface owing to charge repulsion effect between ions,but also guarantees moderate entanglement between PAA-Li_x molecular chains through the ion-dipole interaction.As such,the PAA-Li_(0.25)/SiO electrode exhibits exceptional mechanical properties and the lowest volume change,as well as the optimum cycling(1237.3 mA h g^(-1)after 100cycles at 0.1 C)and rate performance(1000.6 mA h g^(-1)at 1 C),significantly outperforming the electrode using pristine PAA binder.This work paves the way for quantitative regulation of binders at the molecular level.

Synthesis of a Macromer, MPEGAA, Used to Prepare an AMPS-modified Polyacrylic Acid Superplasticizer

A macromer, methoxypolyethylene glycol acrylate （MPEGAA）, was synthesized by direct esterification using methoxypolyethylene glycol （MPEG-1200） and acrylic acid （AA） as the main materials. MPEGAA was then used to prepare a polyacrylic acid superplasticizer modified with 2-acrylamido-2- methylpropane sulfonic acid （AMPS）. A single-factor test was performed to investigate the effects of the molar ratio of acid to alcohol （n（AA）/n（MPEG））, inhibitor amount, catalyst amount, temperature, and time of esterification on the synthesis of MPEGAA. The experimental results showed that the optimal esterification conditions were as follows： n（AA）/n（MPEG）, 3.5：1; amount of hydroquinone （as an inhibitor）, 1.2%; amount of para-toluenesulfonic acid （as a catalyst）, 5.5%; reaction temperature, 95 ~C; and reaction time, 6 h. The AMPS- modified polyacrylic acid superplasticizer prepared under the optimal esterification conditions enabled the achievement and maintenance of high cement dispersibility. At an admixture amount of 0.15%, the cement paste fluidity was initially as high as 300 mm, and then decreased to 315 mm after 1 h and to 290 mm after 2 h.

Synthesis and Properties of an AMPS-Modified Polyacrylic Acid Superplasticizer

A 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propylene sodium sulfonic （AMPS）-modified polyacrylic acid superplasticizer was synthesized using aqueous solution polymerization with the major monomers including the self-made active macromers polyethylene glycol mono-methyl ether acrylate acrylic （MPEGAA）, acrylic acid （AA）, AMPS, and sodium methyl allyl sulfonate （SMAS）. The ratios of the monomers were determined using an orthogonal experiment. This research focused on the effects of the dosages of different macromers, the polymerization conditions, and the length of MPEGAA side chains on the properties of the AMPS-modified polyacrylic acid super-plasticizer. The best polymerization conditions of the AMPS-modified polyacrylic acid superplasticizer are when （n（MPEGAA）：n（SMAS）：n（AMPS）：n（AA） equals 0.1：0.1：0.2：0.65, the molecular weight of monomethoxypolyethylene glycol is 1 200, the initiator ammonium persulfate accounts for 5% of the total mass of the polymerized monomers, the polymerization temperature is 80 ~C, and the reaction time is 4 h. The AMPS-modified polyacrylic acid superplasticizer synthesized in the best conditions exhibited excellent dispersivity and dispersion retainability. When the dosage ratio was 0.24%, the initial fluidity was 400 mm and the fluidity had nearly no loss after 1 h.

The Synthesis Technique of Polyacrylic Acid Superplasticizer

Using water separation technique,acrylic acid （AA） and polyethylene glycol （PEG） 1000,of which the ratio was 1.5,were esterified and the optimum esterification ratio of 90% could be reached under the condition of 110 ℃×3 h.Using polyoxyethylene acrylate macromonomer （PA） prepared in the esterification,AA and sodium methylacryl sulfonate （MAS） as monomers,a copolymer which could be used as superplasticizer was prepared by free radical coolymerization in n（PA）：n（AA）：n（MAS） of 1：7：3.When the synthesis condition was 80 ℃× 5 h,the optimal dosage of initiator was 3.0%-4.0%,the fluidity of cement paste with the samples could reach 270 mm.By analyzing the effect of the content of residual small molecule sulfonic monomer on the properties of sample,n（MAS）/n（PA） was controlled in a range of 2.5-3.8.

Effects of an AMPS-Modified Polyacrylic Acid Superplasticizer on the Performance of Cement-based Materials

A self-made AMPS-modified polyacrylic acid superplasticizer and two others of the same type but with different molecular structures, which are commercially available, are used in this study to investigate the effect of a 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propylene sulfonic （AMPS）-modified polyacrylic acid superplasticizer on the properties of cement-based materials. In the experiments, initial fluidity, 1 and 2 h fluidity over time after admixtion, bleeding rate of the net cement mortar, and adsorption capacity and rate of cement particles are determined by adding different dosages of the three superplasticizers into the cement paste to characterize the dispersivity and the dispersion retention capability of each superplasticizer. Water-reducing rates of three kinds of mortars are simultaneously determined to characterize the water-reducing capacity of each superplasticizer, as well as the 3 and 28 d compressive strengths to characterize the compression resistance. Results show that water-reducing effect and fluidity better maintain the capability of the AMPS-modified polyacrylic acid superplasticizer than the two commercially available polyacrylic acid superplasticizers, and the compressive strengths after 3 and 28 d show significant growth. In conclusion, the effects of water reduction and strengthening of the AMPS-modified polyacrylic acid superplasticizer are evidently better than those of the two commercially available polyacrylic acid superplasticizers.

Effect of Molecular Structure on the Performance of Polyacrylic Acid Superplasticizer

The effects of structure parameters, such as molecular structure, segment kinds, molecular weight, and organic functional groups, on the performance of polyacrylic acid superplasticizer were discussed. According to the differences of chain sections, functional groups, eic, polyacrylic acid superplasticizer could be divided into A, B, C three parts. Among them, A chain section included sulfonic acid groups, B chain section carboxyl groups, C chain section polyester. Polyacrylic acid superplasticizers with different matching of A, B, C chain sections, different length of C chain section and different molecular weights were synthesized by acrylic acid, polyethylene glycol, sodium methyl allylsulfonate; the relation between the molecular structure and perfolxnance was also studied. The expetimental results indicate that the water-reduction ratio increases obviously with the increment of the proportion of sodium methyl allylsulfonate chain section in the molecular; the slump retention increases greatly with the increment of the proportion of acrylic acid chain section; the dispersion of cement particles increases with the increment of the chain length of polyethylene glycol; when the molecular weight is in the range of 5000, the dispersion and slump retentibity increase with the increment of the average molecular weight of polymers.

A new approach for development of vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis: Lipophosphoglycan and polyacrylic acid conjugates

Objective: To determine the antileishmanial vaccine effectiveness of lipophosphoglycan(LPG) and polyacrylic acids(PAA) conjugates on in vivo mice models.Methods: LPG molecule was isolated and purified from large-scale Leishmania donovani parasite culture. Protection efficacies of LPG alone, in combination with Freund's adjuvant, in a physical mixture and in conjugate(consisting of various LPG concentrations) with PAA, were comparatively determined by various techniques, such as cultivation with the micro-culture method, assessment of in vitro infection rates of peritoneal macrophages, determination of parasite load in liver with Leishman-Donovan Units, and detection of cytokine responses.Results: Obtained results demonstrated that the highest vaccine-mediated immune protection was provided by LPG-PAA conjugate due to all parameters investigated. According to the Leishman-Donovan Units results, the sharpest decline in parasite load was seen with a ratio of 81.17% when 35 mg LPG containing conjugate was applied. This value was 44.93% for the control group immunized only with LPG. Moreover, decreases in parasite load were 53.37%, 55.2% and 65.8% for the groups immunized with 10 mg LPG containing LPG-PAA conjugate, a physical mixture of the LPG–PAA, and a mixture of LPG + Freund's adjuvant, respectively. Furthermore, cytokine results supported that Th1 mediated protection occurred when mice were immunized with LPG-PAA conjugate.Conclusions: It has been demonstrated in this study that conjugate of LPG and PAA has an antileishmanial vaccine effect against visceral leishmaniasis. In this respect, the present study may lead to new vaccine approaches based on high immunogenic LPG molecule and adjuvant polymers in fighting against Leishmania infection.

Radiation synthesis and characterization of polyacrylic acid hydrogels

The pH-sensitive polyacrylic acid (PAA) hydrogels were synthesized by gamma-ray irradiation at an am- bient temperature. The influences of dose, monomer concentration, cross-linking agent content, pH, and ionic strength on the swelling ratio (SR) of the PAA hydrogels were investigated in detail. The results show that the SR of the hy- drogel decreases with an increase in the dose, monomer concentration, and cross-linking agent content. In alkaline so- lution, the SR of the hydrogels is much higher than that in acid solution. Also, the ionic strength can influence the SR of the hydrogels. The more the concentration, the lower the

IN SITU INTERFEROMETRIC STUDY ON THE GELATION PROCESS OF POLYACRYLIC ACID GELS

In situ interferometry was used to investigate the gelation process of polyacrylic acid (PAA) gels. The basic principle of the in situ interferometry technique is illustrated. It can give sufficient information for non-destructive and successful investigation of the whole gelation process. The effect of initiator concentration on the gelation process was studied. The polymerization rate of AA increases with increasing initiator concentration. The error arising from the thermal effect in the gelation process can be neglected.

Dynamic Behavior and Mass Transport in Polyacrylic Acid Gel by Dynamic Light Scattering

Dynamic behaviors on polyacrylic acid (PAA) gels and mass (small molecules) transports in the gels have been studied mainly by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The cross-linking degree (fc), monomer concentration (Cm) and temperature of the gels have significant influences on its dynamic behavior and mass transport in the gels. The increase of fc leads to decrease of the mesh sizes of the gels, thus the obstacle of the gels for mass transport is increased. As a result, small molecular diffusion Dk in the gels is decreased. So even if for small molecules, the Dk also is influenced.

Effects of an AMPS-modified Polyacrylic Acid Superplasticizer on the Performance of Concrete Materials

A self-made 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propylene sulfonic （AMPS）-modified polyacrylic acid superplasticizer and two other commercially available superplasticizers with different molecular structures are used in this study to investigate the effect of an AMPS-modified polyacrylic acid superplasticizer on the properties of concrete materials. In the experiments, initial and 1.5 h slumps over time after admixtion are determined by adding different dosages of three superplasticizers into the premixed concrete to characterize the slump loss resistance of the premixed concrete. The water-reducing rates of three different types of concrete are determined to characterize the water-reducing capacity of the concrete with each superplasticizer. The 3, 7 and 28 d compressive strength is determined to characterize the mechanical properties of the concrete with each superplasticizer. In the meanwhile, 1, 1.5 and 2.0 h slump loss rates over time after admixtion are determined by adding different dosages of the three superplasticizers into the high-performance concrete （HPC） to characterize the slump loss resistance of HPC. The 7, 28, 60 and 90 d compressive strength is determined to characterize the compressive properties of HPC with each superplasticizer. The dry shrinkage rates of three different types of HPC are determined with each superplasticizer. Electric flux after standard curing for 56 d and chloride ion diffusion coefficient after curing for 28 d of I-IPC are determined to characterize the impermeability of HPC with each superplasticizer. The cross-section was examined using a scanning electron microscopy （SEM） system. Results demonstrate that the AMPS-modified polyacrylic acid superplasticizer has better water-reducing effect and slump than the two commercially available polyacrylie acid superplasticizers. The AMPS-modified polyacrylic acid superplasticizer also shows significant improvement of the compressive strength, especially in comprehensive performance of HPC. In conclusion, the AMPS-modified polyacrylic acid superplastieizer is particularly suitable for the preparation of HPC.

负载姜黄素/紫草素混合色素的PVA-PAA薄膜的应用

每年有数十亿吨的食物被浪费,其中20%的食物属于过期而浪费,因此包装材料对于食品安全显得尤为重要。智能包装材料可实时跟踪食品新鲜度,由于姜黄素/紫草素混合色素对pH具有较高的敏感性,将其作为交联聚乙烯醇-聚丙烯酸膜的酸碱指示剂,从而获得了具有卓越气敏性和显色能力的薄膜。还比较分析了膜的微观结构、力学性能、热稳定性、气敏性。结果表明:半互穿网络的成功构建,使交联聚乙烯醇-聚丙烯酸膜热稳定性提高、溶胀性能提升、拉伸强度增加而断裂伸长率降低。扫描电子显微镜结果表明色素的加入使膜的微观结构更加致密。将负载姜黄素和紫草素的指示膜用于猪肉和虾的新鲜度检测,结果表明,在25℃环境下,随着时间延长猪肉和虾的pH和挥发性盐基氮含量不断上升,18h后均超过可接受限值,表明猪肉和虾开始腐败,指示膜呈现肉眼可见的颜色变化。该研究有望应用于多种食品的新鲜检测。

Preparation and Properties of pH-Responsive Intelligent Medical Dressing Based on Bacterial Cellulose/Polyacrylic Acid

Bacterial cellulose/polyacrylic acid (BC/PAA) pH-responsive hydrogels were prepared by free-radical polymerization (in situ) using BC as the raw material and AA as the monomer. The hydrogels were loaded with curcumin (Cur) to prepare pH-responsive intelligent medical dressings. The preparation process of the hydrogels was optimized by a single factor and response surface experiment using their swelling degree as an index. The structures of BC/PAA pH-responsive hydrogels were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and tensile tester, and the swelling properties, mechanical properties, bacteriostatic properties, and drug release behavior were investigated. The results showed that the BC/PAA pH-responsive hydrogel has a three-dimensional network structure with the swelling rate up to 1600 g/g, compressive strength of up to 8 KPa, and good mechanical properties, and the drug release behavior was in line with the logistic dynamics model, and it has good inhibitory effects on common pathogens of wound infection: E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa.

Effects of Peracetic Acid(PAA) Combined with Calcium Treatments on Storage Quality of Loquat Fruit

[Objective] The paper was to evaluate effects of peracetic acid （PAA） combined with calcium treatments on storage quality of Ioquat fruits, so as to pro- vide practical techniques to solve the problems of postharvest rot and quality deteri- oration for Ioquat fruits. [Method] With Ioquat fruits of Qingzhong variety as materi- als, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.8% PAA combined with 0.8% CaCI2 was used to soak Ioquat fruits for 4 min, 0.8% CaCl2 and water treatments were set as two controls; the fruits were dried and packaged by 0.02 mm PE bags, then stored under non-chilling low temperature of （7±1） ℃. The indicators related to storage quality of Ioquat fruits were randomly tested once every 3 d, and their variation situations were analyzed. [Result] Compared with two control treatments and 0.2% PAA, 0.8% PAA combined with calcium treatments, the treatment of 0.4% PAA combined with 0.8% CaCl2 could significantly inhibit rot index, weight loss rate, firmness and cell membrane permeability of Ioquat fruits during storage period, which could also effectively delay the reduction of titratable acid, vitamin C, soluble solid content and juice yield, and maintain respiration intensity of fruits at a low level; the appearance and flavor qual- ity of fruits were good after stored for 25 d. [Conclusion] 0.4% PAA combined with 0.8% CaCl2 treatment is an efficient, safe and economical practice technology in an- ti-corrosion and quality preservation for postharvest Ioquat fruits .

Oxygen self-doping pyrolyzed polyacrylic acid as sulfur host with physical/chemical adsorption dual function for lithium-sulfur batteries

Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries with high theoretical capacity and energy density need to solve problems such as the high decomposition energy barrier of Li_(2)S and large volume change of sulfur in the charging process caused by the shuttle effect before practical application.Herein,a green synthesis method is used to prepare polyacrylic acid(PAA)superabsorbent material,and then the pyrolyzed PAA(P/PAA)material is obtained as the positive electrode of Li-S battery.Density functional calculation reveals that the oxygen self-doping pyrolyzed polyacrylic acid(P/PAA)delivered stronger binding energy toward Li2S species in carbonyl C=O than that of graphite powder(GP)which are-1.58 eV and-1.02 eV,respectively.Coupled with the distribution of relaxation time analysis and the in-situ electrochemical impedance approach,it is further demonstrated that the designed P/PAA as sulfur host plays a physical/chemical adsorption dual function in maintaining the stability and rate performance of batteries.With an initial discharge capacity of 1258 mAh/g at 0.1 C and a minimal capacity decline of 0.05%per cycle even after 800 cycles at 0.5 C,the produced cathode demonstrated outstanding electrochemical performance.The average Coulombic efficiency is nearly 100%.The P/PAA electrodes may typically retain 96%of their capacity while declining on average only 0.033%per cycle after 130 cycles at 3 C.This effort provides a new method for the future development of heteroatomic self-doping superabsorbent with promising adsorption properties for polysulfides as cathode materials of Li-S batteries.

PAAc-NHS酯/明胶复合水凝胶口腔贴剂的性能研究

目的 比较不同n-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯接枝的聚丙烯酸(PAAc-NHS酯)含量对PAAc-NHS酯/明胶复合水凝胶机械性能及体外黏附性能的影响。方法 采用紫外交联法制备PAAc-NHS酯/明胶复合水凝胶,根据PAAc-NHS酯质量分数分为A(10%)、B(20%)、C(30%)3组。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察复合水凝胶表面形貌;傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)仪检测PAAc-NHS酯/明胶复合水凝胶表面特征性官能团;通过拉伸实验检测水凝胶机械性能;检测复合水凝胶的溶胀率与保水率;评价水凝胶的黏附性能及细胞毒性。结果 SEM结果显示PAAc-NHS酯/明胶复合水凝胶具备多孔的微观结构,孔隙大小随PAAc-NHS酯质量分数增大而减小;FT-IR结果表明各组PAAc-NHS酯均与明胶交联;拉伸结果显示C组具有最强的机械性能,拉伸应力(140.15±45.24)kPa,断裂伸长率(310.19±11.43)%;溶胀性和保水性实验结果显示A组具有最高的吸水率和保水率;体外黏附实验显示3组PAAc-NHS酯/明胶复合水凝胶均具有良好的体外黏附性能且均未表现出细胞毒性。结论 各组PAAc-NHS酯/明胶复合水凝胶均具有良好的机械性能及体外黏附性能,且未显示出细胞毒性,具有作为口腔贴剂的应用潜能。

PAN/PAAc复合纤维膜的吸附动力学研究

以聚丙烯腈(PAN)为结构框架,制备了PAN/聚丙烯酸(PAAc)复合纤维膜,研究了其吸附动力学。结果表明:当N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、PAN、丙烯酸、丙烯酸羟丙酯、2-羟基-2-甲基-1-苯基-1-丙酮的质量分数分别为87.30%,9.70%,1.47%,1.47%,0.06%时,PAN/PAAc复合纤维膜对镍离子的吸附效率高达75.39%,且该吸附行为较符合准二级吸附动力学模型,其中,外扩散占主导作用。

低分子量PAA的制备与纳米二氧化硅颗粒分散性能研究

采用恒流滴定法,以高效液相色谱跟踪聚丙烯酸(PAA)水溶液聚合反应过程,系统研究了单体浓度、体系pH、链转移剂量、加料时间、引发剂量及反应温度等对PAA分子量的影响,获得了低分子量PAA的可控合成方法。以所制的PAA为超分散剂,利用正交试验研究了pH、PAA分子量及其质量分数等因素对纳米二氧化硅颗粒分散性能的影响。研究结果表明:单体丙烯酸浓度不宜过大,控制在小于30%为宜;若要获得低分子聚合物,单体pH应该小于4.5;随着链转移剂异丙醇量的增加,PAA分子量下降,当异丙醇/丙烯酸质量比为2.9∶1时,PAA分子量降为3000左右;随着加料时间的延长,PAA分子量逐渐下降并趋缓,综合考虑,加料时间控制在120 min为宜;随着引发剂量增大或反应温度增加,PAA的动力学链长减小,分子量相应减小。多因素方差分析表明,pH对分散效果影响最大。同时确定了纳米二氧化硅的最优分散条件为:pH为7,PAA分子量为5210,质量分数为2.0%。