Experimental investigation of the inhibition of deep-sea mining sediment plumes by polyaluminum chloride

Deep-sea sediment disturbance may occur when collecting polymetallic nodules,resulting in the creation of plumes that could have a negative impact on the ecological environment.This study aims to investigate the potential solution of using polyaluminum chloride(PAC)in the water jet.The effects of PAC are examined through a self-designed simulation system for deep-sea polymetallic nodule collection and sediment samples from a potential deep-sea mining area.The experimental results showed that the optimal PAC dose was found to be 0.75 g/L.Compared with the test conditions without the addition of PAC,the presence of PAC leads to a reduction in volume,lower characteristic turbidity,smaller diffusion velocity,and shorter settling time of the plume.This indicates that PAC inhibits the entire development process of the plume.The addition of PAC leads to the flocculation of mm-sized particles,resulting in the formation of cm-sized flocs.The flocculation of particles decreases the rate of erosion on the seabed by around 30%.This reduction in erosion helps to decrease the formation of plumes.Additionally,when the size of suspended particles increases,it reduces the scale at which they diffuse.Furthermore,the settling velocity of flocs(around 10^(-2) m/s)is much higher that of compared to sediment particles(around 10^(-5) m/s),which effectively reduces the amount of time the plume remains in suspension.

Influence of Polyaluminum Chloride Residue on the Strength andMicrostructure of Cement-Based Materials

In this paper,cement and dechlorinated Polyaluminum Chloride Residue(PACR)have been used to prepare a net slurry and mortar specimens.Two hydration activity indicators have been used to quantitatively analyze the dechlorinated PACR hydration activity.In particular,the effect of dechlorinated PACR content on the compressive strength of mortar has been assessed by means of compressive strength tests.Moreover,X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)have been employed to observe the microstructure of the considered hydration products.The following results have been obtained.The 28th day activity index of the dechlorinated PACR is 75%,and therefore it meets the criterion for the use of active admixture.The increase in the content of the dechlorinated PACR tends to reduce the compressive strength of mortar specimens,however,it is beneficial to its later strength growth.When the content is not greater than 10%,the strength remains unchanged,otherwise,it decreases.The PACR does not form a new crystalline phase in the cement slurry,and the dechlorinated PACR remains active until the age of the 28th day.The inclusion of the PACR mainly deteriorates the early strength of the cement slurry,but it promotes the production of hydration products in the cement slurry after the 7th day.

Effects of Slow-Mixing on the Coagulation Performance of Polyaluminum Chloride （PACI）

Conventional jar tests and on-line size monitoring were used to investigate the effects of slow-mixing intensity and duration on residual turbidity and floc size during charge neutralization coagulation and sweep floc- culation with polyaluminum chloride. The compensatory effect of slow-mixing on coagulation performance fol- low!ng inadequate_or excessive rapid-mi_xing was also examined. It is found that slowTmixing intensity has a more marked positive ettect on charge neutralization coas;ulatlon tlaan on sweep tlocculatlon. llle optimal root-mean- square velocity gradient, G, for slow-mixing is 15 s-＇ for both coagulation mechanisms, and charge neutralization coagulation requires a longer slow-mixing duration. The optimal slow-mixing duration, based on residual turbidity,is longer than the time to tbrm the largest mean Ilocs. The optimal product of G and mixing duration, GT, lbr slow-mixing during charge neutralization coagulation （13500） are higher than that during sweep flocculation （4500） and both are less than the range of values recommended by the American Water Works Association （24000-84000）.The optimal GT value under various slow-mixing conditions increases with G. Appropriate extension＇of slow-mixing duration during charge neutralization coagulation can improve coagulation performance after an inadequate or excessive rapid-mixing duration, but during sweep flocculation, appropriate shortening of slow-mixing duration after an excessive rapid-mixing or appropriate extension of slow-mixing duration after an inadequate rapid-mixing is favorable.

PAC-PAM联合处理汽车织布废水的应用研究

研究了聚合氯化铝(PAC)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)单独以及联合处理汽车织布废水,考察了净水剂投加量、pH值和温度三个重要因素对纺织废水中COD_(Cr)去除效果的影响。结果表明PAC与PAM联合使用去除COD_(Cr)的效果要明显优于单独使用的效果;PAC与PAM联合使用时最佳的pH值为7~9,适宜的水温为20~40℃,可在较小的投加量(PAC 50.0 mg/L,PAM 3.0 mg/L)下实现较高的去除效率(80%)。上述实验研究可为实际工程应用中混凝沉淀提供工程应用数据支持。

Features and mechanism for coagulation－flocculation processes of polyaluminum chloride

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Coagulation behavior of polyaluminum chloride: Effects of pH and coagulant dosage

Coagulation mechanisms of polyaluminum chloride(PACl) at various dosages were studied using a conventional jar test at different final and initial pH values during treating kaolin suspension. The optimal final pH and dosages for PACl were obtained based on residual turbidity and zeta potential of flocs. The coagulation zones at various PACl dosages and solution p H values were developed and compared with those of alum. It is found that the optimal mechanism under acidic condition is charge neutralization, while alkaline condition will facilitate the coagulation of PACl. Both charge neutralization coagulation and sweep coagulation can achieve high coagulation efficiency under the alkaline condition ranging from final p H 7.0 to 10.0. Stabilization, charge neutralization destabilization, restabilization and sweep zones occur successively with increasing PACl dosages with the final p H values fixed at 7.0 and 8.0, but restabilization zone disappears at final p H 10.0. When the final p H is not controlled and consequently decreases with increasing PACl dosage, no typical sweep zone can be observed and the coagulant efficiency decreases at high PACl dosage. It seems that the final pH is more meaningful than the initial p H for coagulation. Charge neutralization coagulation efficiency is dominated by zeta potential of flocs and PACl precipitates. The charge neutralization and sweep coagulation zones of PACl are broader in the ranges of coagulant dosage and p H than those of alum. The results are helpful for us to treat water and wastewater using PACl and to understand the coagulation process of PACl.

Preparation and characterization of organic polymer modified composite polyaluminum chloride

Compared with traditional aluminum salts, polyaluminum chloride （PACI） has better coagulation-flocculation performance in turbidity removal. However, it is still inferior to organic polymers in terms of bridging function. In order to improve the aggregating property of PACl, different composite PACl flocculants were prepared with various organic polymers. The effect of organic polymer on the distribution or Al（Ⅲ） species in composite flocculants was studied using ^27TAl NMR and Al-ferron complexation methods. The charge neutralization and surface adsorption characteristics of composite flocculants were also investigated. Jar tests were conducted to evaluate the turbidity removal efficacy of organic polymer modified composite flocculants. The study shows that cationic polymer and anionic polymer have significant influences on the coagulation-flocculation behaviors of PACl. Both cationic and anionic polymers can improve the turbidity removal performancc of PACl but the mechanisms arc much different： cationic organic polymer mainly increases the charge neutralization ability, but anionic polymer mainly enhances the bridging function.

Preparation of high concentration polyaluminum chloride with high content of Al_b or Al_c

A novel membrane distillation concentration method was used m prepare high concentration polyaluminum chloride （PAC1） with high content of AID or Ale. 2.52 mol/L PACl1 with 88% Alb and 2.38 mol/L PACl2 with 61% Ale were successfully prepared. Three coagulants, AlCl3, PACl1 and PACl2 were investigated on their hydrolysis behavior and speciation under different conditions. The effects of pH and dilution ratio on Al species distribution were investigated by ferron assay. Experimental result showed that pH had a significant effect on Al species distribution for the three coagulants. Dilution ratio had little effects on Alb and Alc distribution in whole dilution process except the beginning for PACl1 and PACl2. The results indicated that transformation of Al depends largely on their original composition. AlCl3 was the most unstable coagulant among these three coagulants during hydrolysis process. PACl1 and PACl2 with significant amounts of highly charged and stable polynuclear aluminum hydrolysis products were less affected by the hydrolysis conditions and could maintain high speciation stability under various conditions.

Preparation of High Concentration Polyaluminum Chloride with High Al_c Content by Membrane Distillation

A direct contact membrane distillation（DCMD）process was applied to prepare high concentration polyaluminum chloride（PACl）with high Alc content.The changes in total Al concentration（AlT）and Al species distribution were investigated.The results showed that AlT increased but the flux decreased with operating time during the DCMD process.The Alc content increased from 65%to 81%while the Alb content decreased from 34% to 18%,and the Ala content was almost 1%in the process.2.1 mol·L 1PACl with 81%Alc was successfully prepared by DCMD method.Thus the DCMD is an effective method for preparing high concentration PACl with high Alc content.

Synergistic coagulation of bauxite residue-based polyaluminum ferric chloride for dyeing wastewater treatment

Considering that Fe,Al elements in bauxite residue are active components for water purification,an effective polyaluminum ferric chloride(PAFC)coagulant derived from bauxite residue,with Fe2O3 content>5.1%,Al2O3%>6.5%,basicity>65%,was successfully prepared.The effect of as-prepared PAFC on the zeta potential for printing and dyeing wastewater was investigated.Comparing with polyferric chloride(PFC)and polyferric sulfate(PFS)for printing and dyeing wastewater treatment,prepared bauxite residue-based PAFC exhibited the optimal performance in the aspects of chromaticity and chemical oxygen demand(COD)removal rate.Furthermore,the combination of bauxite residue-based PAFC and PFS for synergy coagulation of such wastewater demonstrated an obvious positive effect.With the proportion between as-prepared PAFC and PFS to be 2.5:1,the COD of treated wastewater could be further reduced to meet the national level A standard of China,providing a promising route to solve the problem of substandard printing and dyeing sewage outfall by a simple coagulation strategy.

Electrokinetic characteristic and coagulation behavior of flocculant polyaluminum silicate chloride (PASiC)

The electrokinetic characteristics and coagulation behaviors of polyaluminum silicate chloride (PASiC) and polyaluminum chloride (PAC) were studied and compared by streaming current (SC) measurement and jar test method. The experimental results showed that the interaction between polysilicic acid characterized negative charge and hydrolyzed aluminum species result in a decrease of the charge neutralizing ability of PASiC, compared to PAC. The decrease has a close relationship with the basicity ( B ) and Al/Si molar ratio in PASiC. The less the B value and the Al/Si molar ratio, the lower the charge neutralizing ability of PASiC is. In contrast, the preparation technique for PASiC affects the charge-neutralization of PASiC to a smaller extent. In addition, compared with PAC, PASiC may enhance aggregating efficiency and give better coagulating effects.

Preparation and Characterization of γ-Al2O3 by Polyaluminum Chloride with High Al13 Content

In this paper a polyaluminum chloride solution with high Al13 content was prepared and used as raw material for preparation ofγ-Al2O3.The texture and crystalline phase of the prepared alumina samples were characterized by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX) ,X-ray diffraction,transmission electron microscope(TEM) and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) analyses.The effects of alkaline solution and calcination temperature were investigated.The results showed that alkaline solution including NH3·H2O and NaOH had little effect on the alumina sample formation.The impurities of NH4Cl and NaCl in solution can be removed through repeated washing by EDX analysis.Calcination temperature had a significant effect on alumina crystal phase.The alumina sample can transform completely toγ-Al2O3 in the subsequent heating from 600°C to 800°C.It is very interesting that Al13 can be existed inγ-Al2O3 phase even after calcinations.The results indicate that polyaluminum chloride with high Al13 content is an effective material to prepareγ-Al2O3.

PDMDAAC助凝PAC处理高浊度丙烯酸乳液废水

聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDMDAAC)助凝剂主要用于低浊度天然水体的除浊,而很少用于高浓度的生产废水处理,为此,采用PDMDAAC助凝聚合氯化铝(PAC)处理高浓度丙烯酸乳液废水,考察了PAC投加量、m(PDMDAAC)∶m(PAC)、初始pH、沉淀时间对PAC混凝效果的影响,并分析了PDMDAAC的助凝机理。结果表明,PDMDAAC助凝剂对高浓度丙烯酸乳液废水混凝的处理效果明显,可以高效地去除COD和浊度。其最优混凝条件:PAC投加量为350 mg/L,m(PDMDAAC)∶m(PAC)为2%、初始pH=7.0,沉降时间为20 min。在最优混凝条件下进行中试混凝实验,废水COD由11 396 mg/L降为417 mg/L,COD去除率达到96.3%,浊度由11 220 NTU降为39 NTU,浊度去除率达到99.6%。由激光粒度和SEM分析可知,PDMDAAC助凝PAC的絮体粒径为12.4μm,PDMDAAC助凝PAC的絮凝机理更趋向于吸附电中和作用,而吸附架桥作用较弱。

A novel method to synthesize polyaluminum chloride with a membrane reactor

Al 13 or Alb is usually regarded as the most efficient species of polyaluminum chloride(PAC), the performance flocculant for water treatment. This paper was intended to report a new method to synthesize PAC with high content Al b, by using the membrane reactor. NaOH solutions were managed to permeate slowly through the micropores of ultrafiltration membrane into AlCl 3 solutions under the suitable transmembrane pressure(TMP). Meanwhile NaOH drops size was limited to nano scale, resulting in dramatical reduction of the characteristic diffusion time and great increment of contact interface between the strong base and Al ions in solution to favor the formation of Al(OH) - 4, the precursor of Al 13 , so few precipitates and much Al b are produced. When the initial concentration of AlCl 3/NaOH is 0 40/2 0 (mol/L), MWCO =10000, TMP =0 0085 MPa, T =305 K and B (molar ratio of OH -/Al 3+ )=2 25, the quantity of Al b attains about 80%. The results of 27 Al NMR determination showed that the Al 13 content is equal to Al b content. And our PAC product has shown better flocculation effects than the commercial product.

Effect of Polyethylene Glycol on the Properties of γ-Al_2O_3 Formation by Polyaluminum Chloride

A polyaluminium chloride solution with high Al 13 content self-prepared was used as material for preparing the spherical γ-Al 2 O 3 by the sol-gel and oil-drop method. Polyethylene glycol with different molecular mass was used as surfactant to investigate the effect on property of γ-Al 2 O 3 . The physical property was characterized by 27 Al NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectra, X-ray diffraction, FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and TG-DTA (thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis). The results showed that surface area, pore volume and pore size of γ-Al 2 O 3 all increased with the increase of polyethylene glycol molecular mass in the experimental research range, and polyethylene glycol 10000 was the most suitable pore forming additive. γ-Al 2 O 3 with surface area of 339 m 2 ·g 1 , pore volume of 0.59 cm 3 ·g 1 and pore diameter of 6.9 nm were obtained at 450 °C.

PAC调理剂对超高压压滤机污泥脱水性能的影响研究

为了解决煤泥资源化利用困难的问题,减少污泥处理成本,研究了聚合氯化铝(PAC)调理剂对超高压压滤机污泥脱水性能的影响。采用脱水机和超高压压滤机组合工艺对污泥进行脱水处理,将石灰+氯化铁和膜法制备的PAC分别作为污泥脱水调理剂,对比两者的污泥脱水性能。实验结果表明:采用PAC作为调理剂时,在较少的用量下,即可得到更低的污泥比阻、更短的毛细吸水时间、更高的zeta电位、更小的沉降体积、更快达到沉降速率峰值和更高的峰值。在两次加压中,PAC作为调理剂的脱水效果均表现更佳,说明PAC调理剂在超高压压滤机污泥脱水中具有积极作用。

赤泥用于酸性含锰废水中锰的净化研究

采用还原焙烧-磁选预处理赤泥,得到非磁性物;非磁性物经煅烧、盐酸溶出后加入饱和偏铝酸钠聚合剂聚合后过滤、熟化制备聚合氯化铝(PAC)基液;使用该PAC基液,在沉降时间5 h、PAC基液与废水体积比1∶120、搅拌转速140 r/min、pH值8、反应温度30℃、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)投加量20 mg/L条件下处理含锰酸性废水,处理后液中锰质量浓度由325.3 mg/L降至1.5 mg/L,锰去除率达99.5%,净化后液中锰质量浓度达到国家一级排放标准。

PAC与PDMDAAC复合絮凝剂中铝的形态分布

以具有不同碱化度(B)的聚合氯化铝(PAC)絮凝剂和具有不同黏度(h)的聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDMDAAC)絮凝剂为原料制备出了系列PAC-PDMDAAC复合絮凝剂,分别采用Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法和27Al-NMR法比较研究了PAC-PDMDAAC复合絮凝剂与PAC絮凝剂中铝的形态分布,探讨了PAC的B值、PDMDAAC的含量(P%)和h对复合絮凝剂中铝的形态分布的影响.结果表明,PDMDAAC与PAC之间发生了一定的相互作用,表现为PAC-PDMDAAC复合絮凝剂中铝的各种形态的含量与PAC中铝的各种形态含量的不同,且随PDMDAAC的P%、h和PAC的B值变化而发生变化,这种变化势必影响其絮凝效果.仅从具有良好净水效果的Alb组分和Al13组分的含量高低来判断,P=10%的复合絮凝剂应具有良好的絮凝效果.处理黄河水的絮凝效果初步证明了该推断的正确性.

PAC和PAM复合混凝剂处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

通过投加混凝剂聚合氯化铝(PAC)和助凝剂聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对垃圾渗滤液进行混凝沉淀处理,根据单因素和正交试验确定其最佳工艺条件。结果表明,混凝的最佳条件:PAC投加量为750mg/L、PAM投加量为15mg/L、快速(150r/min)搅拌1min、中速(45r/min)搅拌6min、慢速(35r/min)搅拌7min、在快速混合之后投加助凝剂。在该处理条件下,系统对垃圾渗滤液中COD和浊度的去除率达到最大,分别为27.45%和65.80%。

聚合氯化铝(PACl)混凝絮体的破碎与恢复

通过烧杯实验以及在线粒度监测考察了聚合氯化铝(PACl)混凝所生成絮体的破碎以及随后絮体的恢复情况.结果发现,絮体的破碎以及恢复情况因混凝区域的不同而呈现不同的规律.在稳定区,絮体的强度较大,不易破碎,且破碎后的絮体可进一步增长,其恢复因子高达259%;在电中和混凝区,絮体的强度最小,易于破碎,但破碎后可完全恢复;在再稳区和卷扫混凝区,絮体的强度较大,不易破碎,但破碎后不能完全恢复,其中后者的恢复因子仅为18.6%.再搅拌强度越大,对絮体的破碎及恢复程度的影响越大.对于卷扫混凝,经再搅拌破碎后而得到部分恢复的絮体,相对于未经再搅拌的絮体而言,其絮体层与水体间界面的沉降高度及平均沉降速率均较低,且在絮凝沉降区和区域沉降区,该絮体界面的瞬时沉降速率在同一絮体浓度下均较低,但在压缩沉降区,二者的瞬时沉降速率相同.