New Vitrified Bond Diamond Grinding Wheel for Grinding the Cylinder of Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts

In this work, a kind of new vitrified bond based on Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 glass ceramics was used to bond the diamond grains, which is made into grinding wheel and the cylindrical grinding process of polycrystalline diamond compacts （PDCs） by using the new vitrified bond diamond grinding wheel was discussed. Several factors which influence the properties of grinding wheel such as amount of vitrified bond and the kinds and amount of stuff in grinding wheel were also investigated. It was found that the new vitrified bond can firmly combine diamond grains, when there are only diamonds and vitrified bond in the structure of grinding wheel, the longevity of the grinding wheel is about 2.5-3 times as that of resin bond grinding wheel for processing PDCs. The grinding size precision of PDCs can be improved from 4-0.03 mm to 4-0.01 mm because of larger Young＇s modulus of vitrified bond than resin bond. The grinding time of a PDC product can be 1.75-2.0 min from 3.25-3.5 min, so this kind of grinding wheel can save much time for processing PDCs. Also, there is hardly noise when using this new vitrified bond diamond grinding wheel to process PDCs. The amount of vitrified bond in grinding wheel influences the longevity of grinding wheel. When the size of diamond grains is 90-107 μm, the optimal amount of vitrified bond in grinding wheel is 21% （wt pct）. When the amount of vitrified bond exceeds 21%, there are many pores in grinding block, which will decrease the longevity of grinding wheel. The existence of addition stuff such as Al2O3 or SiC can reduce the longevity of grinding wheel.

Thermal residual stress of polycrystalline diamond compacts

Thermal residual stresses in polycrystalline diamond compact(PDC)cutter arising from the difference in thermal expansion between the polycrystalline diamond(PCD)and the supporting tungsten carbide substrate after sintering at high pressure and high temperature were investigated using finite element simulation,laboratory tests and theoretical analysis.The obtained results show that although compressive residual stresses exist both in the interface of PCD table and in the most region of PCD table surface, the tensile residual stress,which is a fatal shortage to PDC,can also occur near the outer diameter area of PCD table,and the maximum value is 690 MPa.Distribution of tensile stress in the PCD table is given through experimental results,which is well consistent with the numerical results.This finding may be significant in designing new PDC cutters with lower residual stress and high cutting behavior.

Experimental research on the residual stress of polycrystalline diamond compacts for oil drilling

Practical experiences gained in the past several years show that the thermal residual stress(TRS) is a main cause leading polycrystalline diamond compacts(PDC) to premature failure.It is the very important to measure the TRS accurately for optimizing the interface and improving the service performance of PDC.In this paper,the TRS in 1913 flat-interface PDC was measured using improved stress-release method(ISRM). The TRS on the surface of polycrystalline diamond(PCD) table was obtained,which can be used to calculate the radial thermal residual stress(RTRS) at the interface of PCD table via a refutation process.The obtained results show that there are compressive residual stress at the PCD table interface and in the most region of PCD table surface.The exception occurs near the outer diameter of the PCD table,where the PDC begins to bend and put the PCD table surface into a tension state,an undesirable state for a brittle material.The ISRM has covered the shortage existing in traditional stress-release method,in which only finite points on the surface of PCD table can be tested for one specimen and one time.Simple as the experimental procedures are,the test results are also very accurate and reliable.This method provides the theoretical and experimental basis for testing TRS of PDC accurately.

Residual stress and radial stress gradient in polycrystalline diamond compacts

The differential thermal expansion of the polycrystalline diamond layer and the tungsten carbide substrate results in large residual stresses as PDC cutters cooling after sintering.The residual stresses on the top surface of the diamond layer of PDC were measured at five points along the radial direction of PDC using X-ray Diffraction Residual Stress Instrument,thus the stresses and their radial distribution were obtained.The results show that the stresses on the diamond surface are compressive,the biggest stress appears at the central point(about 1200 MPa),and that from the center to the edge of PDC,the magnitude of the stress decreases. A finite element analysis(FEA) was made to check the validity of the testing results.The FEA modeling results were found to correlate well with the measured values.Factors leading to the deviation between XRD experimental measurements and the calculations of residual stress by FEA were also analyzed.

Failure analysis of polycrystalline diamond compact cutters for breaking rock by bending waves theory

The breakage mechanism of the polycrystalline diamond compact(PDC) cutters was analyzed by the energy theory of bending waves. The cutting tests of granite block were conducted on a multifunctional testing device by using the cutter at three kinds of negative fore angles of 30°, 45° and 60°. The results show that, when the edge of the PDC layer is broken, the layer of tungsten cobalt is broken a little under the angle of 30°, while the layer of tungsten cobalt is broken continuously under the angle of 60°, their maximum depths are about 2 and 7 mm respectively in the two cases. The eccentric distance mainly depends on the negative fore angle of the cutter. When the cutter thrusts into the rock under an attack angle of 60°, the energy of bending waves reaches the maximum since the eccentric distance is the maximum. So the damage of cutter is the most serious. This test result is consistent with the conclusion of theoretical analysis well. The eccentric distance from the axial line of cutter to the point of action between the rock and cutter has great effect on the breakage of the cutter. Thus during the process of cutting, the eccentric distance should be reduced to improve the service life of PDC cutters.

A theoretical and deep learning hybrid model for predicting surface roughness of diamond-turned polycrystalline materials

Polycrystalline materials are extensively employed in industry.Its surface roughness significantly affects the working performance.Material defects,particularly grain boundaries,have a great impact on the achieved surface roughness of polycrystalline materials.However,it is difficult to establish a purely theoretical model for surface roughness with consideration of the grain boundary effect using conventional analytical methods.In this work,a theoretical and deep learning hybrid model for predicting the surface roughness of diamond-turned polycrystalline materials is proposed.The kinematic–dynamic roughness component in relation to the tool profile duplication effect,work material plastic side flow,relative vibration between the diamond tool and workpiece,etc,is theoretically calculated.The material-defect roughness component is modeled with a cascade forward neural network.In the neural network,the ratio of maximum undeformed chip thickness to cutting edge radius RT S,work material properties(misorientation angle θ_(g) and grain size d_(g)),and spindle rotation speed n s are configured as input variables.The material-defect roughness component is set as the output variable.To validate the developed model,polycrystalline copper with a gradient distribution of grains prepared by friction stir processing is machined with various processing parameters and different diamond tools.Compared with the previously developed model,obvious improvement in the prediction accuracy is observed with this hybrid prediction model.Based on this model,the influences of different factors on the surface roughness of polycrystalline materials are discussed.The influencing mechanism of the misorientation angle and grain size is quantitatively analyzed.Two fracture modes,including transcrystalline and intercrystalline fractures at different RTS values,are observed.Meanwhile,optimal processing parameters are obtained with a simulated annealing algorithm.Cutting experiments are performed with the optimal parameters,and a flat surface finish with Sa 1.314 nm is finally achieved.The developed model and corresponding new findings in this work are beneficial for accurately predicting the surface roughness of polycrystalline materials and understanding the impacting mechanism of material defects in diamond turning.

A large-grain-size thick-film polycrystalline diamond detector for x-ray detection

A diamond film with a size of 6×6×0.5 mm^3 is fabricated by electron-assisted chemical vapor deposition. Raman spectrum analysis, x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope images confirm the high purity and large grain size, which is larger than 300 μm. Its resistivity is higher than 10^12 W· cm. Interlaced-finger electrodes are imprinted onto the diamond film to develop an x-ray detector. Ohmic contact is confirmed by checking the linearity of its current–voltage curve. The dark current is lower than 0.1 n A under an electric field of 30 k V cm^-1. The time response is 220 ps. The sensitivity is about 125 m A W^-1 under a biasing voltage of 100 V.A good linear radiation dose rate is also confirmed. This diamond detector is used to measure x-ray on a Z-pinch, which has a double-layer 'nested tungsten wire array'. The pronounced peaks in the measured waveform clearly characterize the x-ray bursts, which proves the performance of this diamond detector.

Ultrahigh pressure sintering of polycrystalline diamond cubes

Polycrystalline grits(polygrits) have been used widely in industry as abrasives.Due to their higher impact strength and the friable nature,polygrits are more endurable and more efficient than monocrystal grits (monogrits) in material removal applications.For example,polygrits of alumina may last longer and cut faster than monogrits.Similarly,polygrits of cubic boron nitride is a superior superabrasive than monogrits of the same. Although diamond superabrasives have been indispensable for constructional sawing applications and industrial grinding applications,there has no polygrits of diamond that are commercially available.In this research,we used a novel technology to sinter micron diamond fines to form polygrits of diamond.The characterization demonstrated that polygrits of diamond can be tough to withstand impact.But due to the presence of micro grains,the grit can sharpen itself without dulling by shedding the worn grains.This paper revealed many examples of using diamond polygrits.

Structure and Wettability Engineering of Polycrystalline Diamond Films Treated by Thermally Oxidation,Second Growth and Surface Termination

High-quality polycrystalline diamond films with dominated(100)-oriented grains are realized by combining the thermally oxidation and the homogeneous second growth processes.Moreover,we investigate the wettability property of the polycrystalline diamonds in various stages.Different surface structures(with various grain sizes,voids,and orientations,etc.)and terminations(hydrogen or oxygen)have significant effects on the wettability of polycrystalline diamond films.The wettability is further closely related to the polarity of solutions.By measuring the contact angle and calculating the dispersion and polarity components,we estimate the surface energy of polycrystalline diamond films,and explore the factors affecting the surface energy.The modulations in growth quality and wettability property of polycrystalline diamond films provide valuable data for development of diamond-based multiple devices in practical applications.

Multiple enlarged growth of single crystal diamond by MPCVD with PCD-rimless top surface

We report the simultaneous enlarged growth of seven single crystal diamond(SCD) plates free from polycrystalline diamond(PCD) rim by using a microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition(MPCVD) system. Optical microscope and atomic force microscope(AFM) show the typical step-bunching SCD morphology at the center, edge, and corner of the samples. The most aggressively expanding sample shows a top surface area three times of that of the substrate. The effective surface expanding is attributed to the utilization of the diamond substrates with(001) side surfaces, the spacial isolation of them to allow the sample surface expanding, and the adoption of the reported pocket holder. Nearly constant temperature of the diamond surfaces is maintained during growth by only decreasing the sample height, and thus all the other growth parameters can be kept unchanged to achieve high quality SCDs. The SCDs have little stress as shown by the Raman spectra. The full width at half maximum(FWHM) data of both the Raman characteristic peak and(004) x-ray rocking curve of the samples are at the same level as those of the standard CVD SCD from Element Six Ltd. The nonuniformity of the sample thickness or growth rate is observed, and photoluminescence spectra show that the nitrogen impurity increases with increasing growth rate. It is found that the reduction of the methane ratio in the sources gas flow from 5% to 3% leads to decrease of the vertical growth rate and increase of the lateral growth rate. This is beneficial to expand the top surface and improve the thickness uniformity of the samples. At last, the convenience of the growth method transferring to massive production has also been demonstrated by the successful simultaneous enlarged growth of 14 SCD samples.

PCD微细刀具的皮秒激光加工特性研究

锋利且耐磨的微细刀具在高精密微细加工中扮演着不可或缺的角色。金刚石材料因卓越的硬度及导热性能、极高的耐磨性而备受推崇,因此被广泛应用于制造锋利耐用的切削刀具。近年来,金刚石微细刀具已成为研究的焦点,但其制备复杂、成本高昂等问题限制了大规模商业化应用。本研究采用皮秒脉冲激光制备聚晶金刚石(PCD)微细刀具,系统研究了激光切割参数,包括脉冲能量、脉冲间距、激光波长以及材料特性(如PCD晶粒尺寸等)对加工结果的影响。揭示了皮秒脉冲激光加工PCD刀具刃口及表面的形成机理。皮秒激光加工后的PCD表面粗糙度达到Ra 200nm,制备出的PCD微细刀具具有良好的无氧铜及硬质合金切削性能。

PCD刀具激光加工技术及其装备研究进展

聚晶金刚石(PCD)刀具在硬脆材料的高精高效加工方面具有显著优势,但常规的PCD刀具制造技术存在加工效率低、局限性大等问题,激光加工是一种实现PCD刀具高效高质加工的有效技术。本文总结了PCD材料激光加工去除机理,归纳了激光加工中波长、脉宽等工艺参数对PCD材料加工质量的影响规律,重点概述了激光加工技术在PCD刀具切削刃、表面纹理、烧蚀成型等方面的应用现状,介绍了国内激光加工装备的研发进展与现状。

碳纳米葱(OLC)与微米金刚石(MD)烧结制备纳米聚晶金刚石复合材料(nPCD)的表征分析

在4~6GPa/1000~1400℃/5~30min条件下,用微米金刚石(MD)和碳纳米葱(OLC)混合物作为原材料制备了纳米聚晶金刚石(nPCD)复合材料。采用XRD、FESEM、HRTEM、Archimedes原理和Vickers硬度计表征了nPCD复合材料的组成、形貌、微观结构、密度和硬度。研究了MD和烧结参数对nPCD复合材料的组成、微观结构、性能。结果表明,MD在nPCD复合材料中分布均匀。MD作为晶核促进OLC向金刚石的转换。烧结压力的增加提高了nPCD复合材料的密度和硬度。当烧结压力从4GPa提高到6GPa时,nPCD复合材料的密度从2.72g/cm^(3)增加到3.02g/cm^(3),硬度从41.85GPa增加到56GPa。提高烧结温度和延长保持时间使nPCD复合材料的密度和硬度先升高后降低。在nPCD复合材料中nPCD区域具有孪晶结构。孪晶结构的存在提高了nPCD复合材料的硬度。

Energy beam-based direct and assisted polishing techniques for diamond:A review

Diamond is a highly valuable material with diverse industrial applications,particularly in the fields of semiconductor,optics,and high-power electronics.However,its high hardness and chemical stability make it difficult to realize high-efficiency and ultra-low damage machining of diamond.To address these challenges,several polishing methods have been developed for both single crystal diamond(SCD)and polycrystalline diamond(PCD),including mechanical,chemical,laser,and ion beam processing methods.In this review,the characteristics and application scope of various polishing technologies for SCD and PCD are highlighted.Specifically,various energy beam-based direct and assisted polishing technologies,such as laser polishing,ion beam polishing,plasma-assisted polishing,and laser-assisted polishing,are summarized.The current research progress,material removal mechanism,and infuencing factors of each polishing technology are analyzed.Although some of these methods can achieve high material removal rates or reduce surface roughness,no single method can meet all the requirements.Finally,the future development prospects and application directions of different polishing technologies are presented.

PCD/PcBN超硬刀片的刃磨

近几十年,超硬刀片被广泛应用于汽车制造、3C电子等要求刀具寿命长、生产节拍高的领域。这也对超硬刀片的批量化生产提出了更高的要求。本文对超硬刀具及材料特性、制作工艺与特点进行了探究,介绍了超硬刀片刃磨的三种加工方式,尤其对机械磨削方式进行了深入探讨,在中小批量人工刃磨的工艺基础上,创造和研发了自动化无人值守生产所需的刃磨工艺及算法,并融入其自动化机床产品当中。

PCD刀具高速铣削TA15钛合金切削力的研究

通过利用回归正交设计和单因素试验设计方案,进行了PCD刀具高速铣削钛合金TA15的切削力试验。对高速加工过程中的动态铣削力进行了频谱分析,分析了高频振动对切削力波形的影响。然后利用单因素试验分析了工件坐标系中三向分力以及刀具坐标系中切向分力随切削用量的变化规律。通过回归正交设计,建立了PCD刀具高速铣削钛合金时切削用量与动态切削力之间的数学模型,并进行了方差分析,验证了模型的可靠度。分析结果为PCD刀具高速铣削钛合金的工艺参数优化及建立高速铣削数据库奠定了基础。

PCD、PCBN复合片的电火花线切割加工质量

选取几种典型的PCD、PCBN复合片,在慢走丝电火花线切割机床上对其进行了多次加工工艺试验;运用三维表面轮廓仪、超景深三维显微镜对线切割加工后的表面粗糙度、富钴界面层加工质量、刃口加工质量等进行测量。结果表明:超硬颗粒直径大小及含量对加工质量影响较大,PCD、PCBN复合片经多次电火花线切割加工,能够得到较好的加工质量;经WEDM加工后的PCD复合片刃磨量可控制在4～15μm左右,PCBN复合片BNX20刃磨量可控制在10μm以内,而BZN6000则需较大的刃磨量。

聚晶金刚石(PCD)刀具发展综述

对聚晶金刚石 (PCD)刀具的发展概况、性能特点、应用范围、制造技术、设计原则。

PCD高频感应钎焊模糊控制及同步数据采集系统

根据高频感应加热设备使用可控硅控制的原理和特点 ,采用单片机技术和模糊控制的方法 ,开发出聚晶金刚石 ( PCD)复合片高频感应钎焊模糊控制系统。它可以代替加热设备的可控硅脉冲触发电路产生触发脉冲信号来控制感应加热 ,从而实现 PCD复合片高频感应加热钎焊过程中温度和时间的参数化控制。

磨PCD刀具陶瓷结合剂金刚石砂轮的研究

本文研究制备Na2O-B2O3-SiO2-Al2O3多元系基玻璃料，并配制成低温陶瓷结合剂，研究发现：耐火度为685℃，流动性为110％～130％，线膨胀系数为5．35×10^-6℃^-1的低温陶瓷结合剂具有优异的性能。制备的陶瓷结合剂金刚石砂轮在725℃烧成后，磨具的抗弯强度和洛氏硬度达到最佳值，分别58．61MPa和77．9。用其磨削PCD刀片时锋利性好，磨削中间不需修整，砂轮耐用度高。运用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析了陶瓷结合剂金刚石磨具的断面形貌、磨削后磨削面形貌，表明结合剂对磨粒黏结牢固，断面组织均匀。