Surface Morphology and Thermo-Electrical Energy Analysis of Polyaniline (PANI) Incorporated Cotton Fabric

With the exponential development in wearable electronics,a significant paradigm shift is observed from rigid electronics to flexible wearable devices.Polyaniline(PANI)is considered as a dominant material in this sector,as it is endowed with the optical properties of both metal and semiconductors.However,its widespread application got delineated because of its irregular rigid form,level of conductivity,and precise choice of solvents.Incorporating PANI in textile materials can generate promising functionality for wearable applications.This research work employed a straightforward in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization to synthesize PANI on Cotton fabric surfaces with varying dopant(HCl)concentrations.Pre-treatment using NaOH is implemented to improve the conductivity of the fabric surface by increasing the monomer absorption.This research explores the morphological and structural analysis employing SEM,FTIR and EDX.The surface resistivity was measured using a digital multimeter,and thermal stability is measured using TGA.Upon successful polymerization,a homogenous coating layer is observed.It is revealed that the simple pre-treatment technique significantly reduces the surface resistivity of Cotton fabric to 1.27 kΩ/cm with increasing acid concentration and thermal stability.The electro-thermal energy can also reach up to 38.2°C within 50 s with a deployed voltage of 15 V.The modified fabric is anticipated to be used in thermal regulation,supercapacitor,sensor,UV shielding,antimicrobial and other prospective functional applications.

Predicting Bursting Strength Behavior of Weft Knitted Fabrics Using Various Percentages of Cotton, Polyester, and Spandex Fibers

The bursting strength is an essential quality parameter of knit fabric. The fabric structure, weight, types of fibers, and fiber blend proportion influence the bursting strength parameter. The tenacity of polyester fiber is better than cotton and spandex. The study focused on predicting knit fabric bursting strength test value using different fibers (cotton, polyester, and spandex) with varying percentages of the blend ratio. This study used fifteen categories of blended fabrics. The Pearson Correlation and the hypothetical ANOVA regression analysis were conducted to do the statistical significance test. The experimental result reveals that the bursting strength test result increased with the increased percentage of polyester and suggested a suitable regression equation. The dominance of the polyester fiber was observed throughout the experiment, i.e., the higher the polyester blend proportion, the higher the bursting strength value. The inclusion of polyester in blends can reduce the cost of fabric. The developed prediction model or equation can help the fabric manufacturer make appropriate decisions regarding getting the expected bursting strength. The researcher hopes that the findings from this study will motivate new researchers, advanced researchers, and the textile manufacturing industry.

Smart Cellulose‑Based Janus Fabrics with Switchable Liquid Transportation for Personal Moisture and Thermal Management

The Janus fabrics designed for personal moisture/thermal regulation have garnered significant attention for their potential to enhance human comfort.However,the development of smart and dynamic fabrics capable of managing personal moisture/thermal comfort in response to changing external environments remains a challenge.Herein,a smart cellulose-based Janus fabric was designed to dynamically manage personal moisture/heat.The cotton fabric was grafted with N-isopropylacrylamide to construct a temperature-stimulated transport channel.Subsequently,hydrophobic ethyl cellulose and hydrophilic cellulose nanofiber were sprayed on the bottom and top sides of the fabric to obtain wettability gradient.The fabric exhibits anti-gravity directional liquid transportation from hydrophobic side to hydrophilic side,and can dynamically and continuously control the transportation time in a wide range of 3–66 s as the temperature increases from 10 to 40℃.This smart fabric can quickly dissipate heat at high temperatures,while at low temperatures,it can slow down the heat dissipation rate and prevent the human from becoming too cold.In addition,the fabric has UV shielding and photodynamic antibacterial properties through depositing graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets on the hydrophilic side.This smart fabric offers an innovative approach to maximizing personal comfort in environments with significant temperature variations.

Application of Microwave Technology in Cotton Fabric Dyeing with Reactive Dyes

The influence of different factors on dyeing depth was explored when the cotton fabric was dyed with KN reactive dyes by microwave radiation,and the rubbing fastness and soaping fastness of the fabrics by conventional dyeing and microwave dyeing are determined.In addition,we also researched the effects of microwave heating on the dyeing properties of different dyes.The results show that: the dyeing time of cotton fabric by microwave heating can be greatly shortened,and the dyeing performance is similar to conventional dyeing process.

Film Morphology,Emulsification of Dodecyl/Carboxyl Modified Polysiloxane and Its Application Performance on Cotton Fabrics

The film morphology of dodecyl/carboxyl modified polysiloxane(RCAS) on cotton fabric or the silicon wafer was investigated and characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM),atomic force microscope(AFM),and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR).Experimental results indicate that RCAS is a good film forming material on different substrates.Relatively smooth film was formed on cotton fabric surface,on which the grooves disappeared.In addition,RCAS formed a micromorphology inhomogeneous and unsmooth film on the silicon wafer.Many high or low bright peaks distributed randomly on the film surface,especially as the field was 2μm×2 μm and the date scale was 5 nm in AFM observation.Then RCAS was emulsified with nonionic surfactant alkyl polyoxyethylene ether in order to achieve a transparent organosilicon emulsion-RCAS emulsion(RCSE),which possessed good stability.The properties of RCSE and its application performance on cotton fabrics were investigated and characterized by transmission electron microscope(TEM),particle size analysis,and voltage test instrument.The results show that the average particle size of RCAS emulsion is 28.32 nm,while the ζ voltage is-37.88 mV.Compared with untreatd cotton fabric,the softness of treated fabric can be improved with RCSE to a certain extent.At the same time,the fabric treated with RCSE acquires unique fluffy and soft handle.

Effects of Treating with Laccase on Properties of Dyed Cotton Fabric

A laccase （Denilite IIS） was used to treat different cotton fabrics dyed with 0.2 g · L^-1 of vat dyes or reactive dyes. The results indicated that the laccase could remove the loosely adhering, unfixed or hydrolyzed dyes from the dyed fabric efficiently, which led to obvious improvements of color fastness. Furthermore, the wavelength of maximum absorbance of the residual solution of dyeing laccase-treated was different from that of the detergent-treated, which implied the laccase could accelerate structural changes of the adhering or hydrolyzed dyes from fabric in treating, resulting in obvious color changes of the residual solution. In addition, excessive laccase also could decolorize a few fixed reactive dyes from the dyed fabric, with a decrease of color strength and less further improvements of color fastness.

Finishing Effect on Warmth Property of Cotton/Kapok Blended Knitted Fabric

Nowadays,more and more natural or functional fibers are being investigated due to their utilization in thermal underwear.Kapok fiber is one of the natural cellulosic fibers whose source is the kapok plant. It has hollow body and sealed tail,which exhibits desirable features required for functional textiles of this nature. In this study,cotton / kapok( 80 /20 by mass) blended yarn with two types of yarn size 18. 5 and 14. 8 tex,respectively are knitted into plain stitches. The fabrics are undergone with an optimal preparation plan according to orthogonal design. Then,after dyeing and softening,fabric properties including thermal and water-vapour resistances, wicking property, pilling behaviour, and surface morphology,are tested and scrutinized for their candidacy for thermal underwear. The results showed that cotton / kapok blended fabrics have good thermal resistance which is significantly higher than those of cotton / modal blended fabrics,and the same water vapour resistance compared with cotton / modal blended fabrics which are normally used as underwear. Cotton / modal blended knitted fabrics has better pilling grade than cotton / kapok blended fabrics. Meanwhile, the cotton / kapok blends fabrics have good wicking property. Collectively,it was concluded that cotton / kapok blended fabric was appropriate for thermal underwear. However,the main limitation of these fabrics is their pilling properties.

Properties of Aroma Sustained-release Cotton Fabric with Rose Fragrance Nanocapsule

The aroma sustained-release cotton fabric was prepared by finishing rose fragrance nanocapsules directly on cotton.The structure and properties of nanocapsules were demonstrated by transmission electron microscope(TEM),dynamic light scattering(DLS),fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR),X-ray diffraction (XRD),gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)and electronic nose.The results showed that the spherical nanocapsule dispersed evenly and the average diameter kept 51.4 nm.The existence of COO peak(1741 cm? 1)in the FTIR curve of the finished cotton fabric and the decrease of crystallinity demonstrated that rose fragrance nanocapsules have been incorporated into the cotton fabrics.The washing resistance of the cotton fabrics finished by 51.4 nm nanocapsules was much better than that by rose fragrance alone.Besides,the loss of fragrance from the cotton fabrics finished by 51.4 nm nanocapsules was obviously lower than that by 532 nm nanocapsules and rose fragrance.The smaller the nanocapsule size,the better the sustained release property.Electronic nose analysis also displayed that the aroma released from the cotton fabrics finished by nanocapsules after washing has no obvious variety in contrast to that without washing.The cotton fabrics finished by nanocapsules has the excellent sustained release property.

Fabrication of High Nano-ZnO Assembled Cotton Fabric with UV Blocking Property

In order to fabricate a novel ZnO/cotton composite, a high proportion of ZnO nanoparticles were assembled in cotton fibers, and the as-obtained cotton fabric can possess better UV blocking property compared with common ZnO/cotton composite. Firstly, the cotton fibers were pre-treated by hydrogen peroxide solution(H_2 O_2) and sodium hydroxide(NaOH), urea(CON_2 H_4). Secondly, the fabric was fabricated via in situ deposition. The effects of concentration of treatment liquid, ammonia-smoking time and curing temperature on the tensile property of the fabric, UV blocking property and water-washing durability test of as-obtained cotton fabrics were investigated. Thirdly, the as-obtained cotton sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM). It was shown that ZnO nanoparticles were assembled between cotton fibers, the surface and inside of the lumen and the mesopores of cotton fibers, while the content of nano-ZnO assembled in fabric can reach 15.63 wt%. It is proved that the finished fabric can obtain a very excellent UV blocking property, under the condition of zinc ion in concentration of 15 wt%, ammonia-smoking time for 10 min, curing temperature at 150 ℃ for 2 min.

Durable easy-cleaning and antibacterial cotton fabrics using fluorine-free silane coupling agents and CuO nanoparticles

Multifunctional fabrics of high durability through a scalable and eco-friendly technique remains a great challenge hindering their commercialization.In this work,we report a facile synthesis technique for the fabrication of superhydrophobic antibacterial fabrics by employing fluorine-free silane coupling agents as cross-linkers for enhanced durability.Three silane cross-linkers,Aminoethylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane(AEAPTMS),Aminopropyltriethoxysilane(APTES),and Methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane(MPTMS),have been investigated.During the fabrication,a low surface energy polymer,polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)was first deposited on cotton fabrics.Subsequently,antibacterial copper oxide(CuO)nanoparticles were anchored on the PDMS coated fabrics using the silane cross-linkers.The as-prepared fabrics displayed high superhydrophobicity and antibacterial performance with water contact angle(WCA)>153
,water shedding angle(WSA)<5
,and up to 99%antibacterial efficiency.Additionally,the as-prepared fabrics displayed high durability against abrasion,ultrasonic washing,and soaking in harsh chemical environments.The air permeability and flexibility of the fabric was not compromised after the coating.The above-reported technique is simple,cost-effective and holds tremendous potential for large-scale production of energy-saving clothing and healthcare products.

Augmentation of Multifunctional Properties of Cellulosic Cotton Fabric Using Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles

Titanium dioxide nanoparticle was synthesized by the reduction of titanium tetrachloride using borohydride, water as solvent, and polyvinyl-pyrrolidone as stabilizer. The average size of nano-TiO2 is estimated to be 5 - 10 nm using a transmission electron microscope (TEM);this was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Nano-TiO2 was impregnated into cotton fabric to impart multifunctional properties and this was confirmed by scanning electron microscope and scanning electron microscope coupled with high energy distribution X-Ray (SEM-EDX). The TiO2 nanoparticles loaded cotton fabrics showed excellent antibacterial activity against two representative bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) 96.6% and Klebsiella pneumonia (Gram negative) 95.2%. Also, TiO2 nanoparticles enhanced the self-cleaning and the protection of cotton fabrics against UV radiation in comparison with the untreated cotton fabrics. The TiO2 nanoparticles were durable in-situ cotton fabrics even after 20 laundering wash cycles.

Dyeing of S/J Cotton Knit Fabric with Natural Dye Extracts from Green Walnut Shells: Assessment of Mordanting Effect on Fastness Properties

In this study, aqueous extraction method is used because of its high extraction ratio, light fastness and also functional properties. In 1st phase, for dyeing S/J cotton knit fabric with green walnut power ferrous sulfate is considered as a mordant. In this study, three different mordanting methods such as pre-, meta-, and post-mordanting are conveyed the dyeing process with the state of metallic mordant and without metallic salt mordants. In 2nd phase, in dyeing for fixation ferrous sulfate was considered as mordants. Furthermore, the analysis and evaluation of each colour dyed material was done through following two terms for instance CIELAB (L*, a*, and b*) and K/S values. According to AATCC test methods, colour fastness to washing, crocking, perspiration of the dyed samples is determined whereas according to the ISO standard, the colour fastness to light was estimated and tested. When dyeing was carried out on S/J cotton knit fabric through considering optimum parameter like at 80&degC for 60 min and at pH 4 which showed optimum results. From the results we can see, very good wash fastness was obtained while there is no fading of the colour, whereas the outstanding and moderate level of colour fastness to light and crocking is achieved.

Novel Waterborne Fluorinated Polyurethane Containing Fluoroalkyl Side Chain:Synthesis,Characterization and Application on Cotton Fabric

A polyether diol poly[3-bromomethyl-3-tridecafluorooctyloxymethyloxetane]glycol(PFBOX 3) was prepared in 91% yield from ring opening polymerization of 3-bromomethyl-3-tridecafluorooctyloxymethyloxetane 2 which was derived from 3,3-dibromomethyloxetane 1 and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctanol.The waterborne fluorinated polyurethane FPU was thus obtained by condensed polymerization of PFBOX 3 with isophoronediisocyanate(IPDI).The structure of FPU was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR).FPU showed good thermal stability under 300℃.The surface properties of FPU were studied by applied on cotton fabric.The treated fabric surface showed excellent water repellent property as the contact angle reached 147°.On the other hand,the surface showed slightly oil repellent property as the contact angle for nujol droplet was 126°.

Preparation of a halogen-free P/N/Si flame retardant monomer with reactive siloxy groups and its application in cotton fabrics

A novel halogen-free phosphorus–nitrogen–silicon flame retardant monomer with reactive siloxy groups,N-(diphenylphosphino)-1,1-diphenyl-N-(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl) phosphinamine(DPTA) has been synthesized and was applied to the fire-resistant finishing of cotton fabrics. The molecular structure of DPTA has been well characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR,1H NMR, and ^(31)P NMR spectroscopies. The chemically-grafted cotton fabrics, which were treated with 25 wt% DPTA, were obtained and confirmed by attenuated total reflectance Fourier infrared spectroscopy(ATR-FTIR). The flame retardancy and thermal property of the treated samples were investigated by limited oxygen index(LOI), vertical flammability test(VFT), thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) and microscale combustion calorimeter(MCC). It is noted that in vertical flammability test, the treated samples extinguished immediately upon removing the ignition source, whereas the untreated one was completely burned out. Furthermore, TGA and MCC tests revealed that the treated samples produced a high char formation and a low heated release during combustion. The surface morphology of the untreated and treated samples and the char residues after LOI tests were observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM). Therefore, all the results showed that the treated cotton fabrics with 25 wt% DPTA apparently improved the fireresistant and thermal performances.

Fire Self-Extinguishing Cotton Fabric: Development of Piperazine Derivatives Containing Phosphorous-Sulfur-Nitrogen and Their Flame Retardant and Thermal Behaviors

Recent studies have shown interest in flame retardants containing phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur a combination small molecule with a promising new approach in preparing an important class of flame retardant materials. Tetraethyl piperazine-1,4-diyldiphosphonate (TEPP) and O,O,O’,O’- tetramethyl piperazine-1,4-diyldiphosphonothioate (TMPT), based on Piperazine derivatives, were prepared successfully and their structures were proved by means of 1H, 13C and 31P NMR. Cotton twill fabric was treated with both compounds to provide different add-on levels. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC), vertical and 45° flame test and limiting oxygen index (LOI) were performed on the treated cotton fabrics and showed promising results. When the treated twill fabrics (5 wt% - 7 wt% add-ons) were tested using the vertical flammability test (ASTMD6413-11), we observed that the ignited fabrics self extinguished and left behind a streak of char. Limiting oxygen index (LOI, ASTM 2863-09) was utilized to determine the effectiveness of the flame retardant on the treated fabrics. LOI values increased from 18 vol% oxygen in nitrogen for untreated twill fabric to a maximum of 30 vol% for the highest add-on of twill. Furthermore, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Attenuated Total Reflection-Infrared (ATR-IR), and Thermogravimetric Analysis-Fourier Transform Infrared (TGA-FTIR) spectroscopy were employed to characterize the chemical structure on the treated fabrics, as well as, the surface morphology of char areas of treated and untreated fabrics. Additionally, analysis of the release gas products by TGA-FTIR shows some distinctive detail in the degradation of the treated fabrics during the burning process.

Wrinkle Resistant Finishing of Cotton Fabrics with the Complex System of PBTCA/CA

In this paper,the wrinkle resistant finishing of cotton fabric with the complex system of PBTCA and CA was mainly discussed.The influence of finishing conditions such as the amount of finishing agent and catalyst,curing temperature and curing time were studied.Wrinkle recovery angle(WRA),breaking strength(BS) and whiteness(Wh) of finished fabric were measured.The experimental data indicated that the best finishing conditions were PBTCA 120g/L,CA 50g/L,sodium hypophosphite 50g/L,triethanolamine 20g/L,cured 170℃ for 120s.

Preparation of HPMA and Its Application in Durable Press Finishing of Cotton Fabric

A series of hydrolyzed poly(maleic anhydride)(HPMA) is synthesized by using maleic anhydride as the monomer and hydrogen peroxide as the initiator.The effects of reaction temperature,reaction time period and amount of initiator on the double bond residue in the products are studied to decide a suitable synthesizing process.Thepreferable amount of the initiator is 50 wt％,and thepolymerization should be carried out at 105℃ for two hours.Cotton fabrics are finished with the synthesized products and several commercial HPMAs,respectively.And the performance properties of the finished fabrics are compared.The fabric finished with the synthetic HP-MA using the above-mentioned synthesizing process isimparted a high wrinkle recovery angle.

Application Performance of a New Antibacterial Flame Retardant for Cotton Fabrics

An excellent and novel flame retardant and antimicrobial agent,monochlorotriazine triethylphosphite guaridine(MCTPG),which made in the laboratory could treat cotton fabrics and dyeing with reactive dyes at the same time.The dyeing and functional property of treated cotton fabrics is characterized by five variables,each with a different effect on the final product.The best dyeing and flame retardant finishing process of reactive red K and MCTPG:2%(owf)reactive red K,250 g/L MCTPG,40 g/L NaCl,and 60 g/L Na2CO3,the fixation temperature is 90℃,and the fixation time is controlled at 60 min,with a bath ratio of 1:30.The percentage of dye uptake rate can reach 61.9%and the fixation rate is 52.8%.The treated cotton fabric has better flame retardancy and antibacterial property.The limited oxygen index(LOI)reached 26.3%,the after-flame time was 7.1 s,the char length was 65 mm,and the width of the bacteriostatic band of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus both reached 2.0 mm.

Recovery of Polyester/Cotton Blended Fabrics by Alkali Dissolution

A new type of alkali-soluble polyester/cotton blended yarns was used to knit a compact knitted fabric on a circular weft knitting machine,treated with 5 g/L NaOH solution for 60 min at a temperature of 100℃,and the polyester was completely dissolved.The dissolved polyester could be polymerized again by a polycondensation reaction.After the cotton fibers were opened and combed,the length and mechanical properties of the cotton fibers were tested.The physical and mechanical properties of the separated cotton fibers were good.The chemical structure and crystallinity were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis.It could be seen that the chemical structure of cotton fibers was almost unchanged after treatment,and the crystallinity decreased slightly.It provides some reference for the separation and recycling of waste polyester/cotton fabrics.

Surface Graft Copolymerization of Acrylic Acid onto Corona Treated Cotton Fabric

Acrylic acid was grafted onto the surface of cotton fabric after being short time treated by corona-discharge inair in the presence of initiator.The means of gas-phaseSO2 derivatization was used along with ESCA to deter-mine corona-discharge-induced-hydroperoxidegroups on the surface.The content of hydroperoxideshows a maxmium value at 15 sec.of corona-dischargetime.Effect of corona treatment time and various con-centration initlator on graft yield was studied.The addit-ion of initiator increases the graft yield.Acceleratedgraft with an increase in the concentration of Mohr’s saltshows that peroxide groups on the corona treated cottonfabric initiate graft copolymerization.