Polyethylene glycol has immunoprotective effects on sciatic allografts, but behavioral recovery and graft tolerance require neurorrhaphy and axonal fusion

Behavioral recovery using(viable)peripheral nerve allografts to repair ablation-type(segmental-loss)peripheral nerve injuries is delayed or poor due to slow and inaccurate axonal regeneration.Furthermore,such peripheral nerve allografts undergo immunological rejection by the host immune system.In contrast,peripheral nerve injuries repaired by polyethylene glycol fusion of peripheral nerve allografts exhibit excellent behavioral recovery within weeks,reduced immune responses,and many axons do not undergo Wallerian degeneration.The relative contribution of neurorrhaphy and polyethylene glycol-fusion of axons versus the effects of polyethylene glycol per se was unknown prior to this study.We hypothesized that polyethylene glycol might have some immune-protective effects,but polyethylene glycol-fusion was necessary to prevent Wallerian degeneration and functional/behavioral recovery.We examined how polyethylene glycol solutions per se affect functional and behavioral recovery and peripheral nerve allograft morphological and immunological responses in the absence of polyethylene glycol-induced axonal fusion.Ablation-type sciatic nerve injuries in outbred Sprague–Dawley rats were repaired according to a modified protocol using the same solutions as polyethylene glycol-fused peripheral nerve allografts,but peripheral nerve allografts were loose-sutured(loose-sutured polyethylene glycol)with an intentional gap of 1–2 mm to prevent fusion by polyethylene glycol of peripheral nerve allograft axons with host axons.Similar to negative control peripheral nerve allografts not treated by polyethylene glycol and in contrast to polyethylene glycol-fused peripheral nerve allografts,animals with loose-sutured polyethylene glycol peripheral nerve allografts exhibited Wallerian degeneration for all axons and myelin degeneration by 7 days postoperatively and did not recover sciatic-mediated behavioral functions by 42 days postoperatively.Other morphological signs of rejection,such as collapsed Schwann cell basal lamina tubes,were absent in polyethylene glycol-fused peripheral nerve allografts but commonly observed in negative control and loose-sutured polyethylene glycol peripheral nerve allografts at 21 days postoperatively.Loose-sutured polyethylene glycol peripheral nerve allografts had more pro-inflammatory and less anti-inflammatory macrophages than negative control peripheral nerve allografts.While T cell counts were similarly high in loose-sutured-polyethylene glycol and negative control peripheral nerve allografts,loose-sutured polyethylene glycol peripheral nerve allografts expressed some cytokines/chemokines important for T cell activation at much lower levels at 14 days postoperatively.MHCI expression was elevated in loose-sutured polyethylene glycol peripheral nerve allografts,but MHCII expression was modestly lower compared to negative control at 21 days postoperatively.We conclude that,while polyethylene glycol per se reduces some immune responses of peripheral nerve allografts,successful polyethylene glycol-fusion repair of some axons is necessary to prevent Wallerian degeneration of those axons and immune rejection of peripheral nerve allografts,and produce recovery of sensory/motor functions and voluntary behaviors.Translation of polyethylene glycol-fusion technologies would produce a paradigm shift from the current clinical practice of waiting days to months to repair ablation peripheral nerve injuries.

Polyethylene glycol fusion repair of severed rat sciatic nerves reestablishes axonal continuity and reorganizes sensory terminal fields in the spinal cord

Peripheral nerve injuries result in the rapid degeneration of distal nerve segments and immediate loss of motor and sensory functions;behavioral recovery is typically poor.We used a plasmalemmal fusogen,polyethylene glycol(PEG),to immediately fuse closely apposed open ends of severed proximal and distal axons in rat sciatic nerves.We have previously reported that sciatic nerve axons repaired by PEG-fusion do not undergo Wallerian degeneration,and PEG-fused animals exhibit rapid(within 2–6 weeks)and extensive locomotor recovery.Furthermore,our previous report showed that PEG-fusion of severed sciatic motor axons was non-specific,i.e.,spinal motoneurons in PEG-fused animals were found to project to appropriate as well as inappropriate target muscles.In this study,we examined the consequences of PEG-fusion for sensory axons of the sciatic nerve.Young adult male and female rats(Sprague–Dawley)received either a unilateral single cut or ablation injury to the sciatic nerve and subsequent repair with or without(Negative Control)the application of PEG.Compound action potentials recorded immediately after PEG-fusion repair confirmed conduction across the injury site.The success of PEG-fusion was confirmed through Sciatic Functional Index testing with PEG-fused animals showing improvement in locomotor function beginning at 35 days postoperatively.At 2–42 days postoperatively,we anterogradely labeled sensory afferents from the dorsal aspect of the hindpaw following bilateral intradermal injection of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase.PEG-fusion repair reestablished axonal continuity.Compared to unoperated animals,labeled sensory afferents ipsilateral to the injury in PEG-fused animals were found in the appropriate area of the dorsal horn,as well as inappropriate mediolateral and rostrocaudal areas.Unexpectedly,despite having intact peripheral nerves,similar reorganizations of labeled sensory afferents were also observed contralateral to the injury and repair.This central reorganization may contribute to the improved behavioral recovery seen after PEG-fusion repair,supporting the use of this novel repair methodology over currently available treatments.

PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫对不同青稞发芽的影响

为了明确聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫对青稞苗的影响,以9个青稞品种(系)种子为试验材料,研究比较了在5%,10%,15%和20%PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫和对照处理下(不含PEG-6000)培养8 d青稞发芽率及苗生长生理指标的变化。结果表明,从CK到20%PEG-6000,各青稞的出苗率降低,发芽时间延长,茎长随着PEG-6000浓度增加而降低,青稞的苗茎鲜重和茎干重随着PEG-6000浓度的增加而减少。随着PEG-6000浓度的增加,各青稞品种生长性降低,PEG-6000浓度的升高使青稞生长受干旱胁迫严重,在不含PEG-6000的培养基中生长最好。

Effect of Free Cells and Additional Supporting Material on Performance of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-Pellet Reactor to Treat NH4-N Contaminated Groundwater

To study the effect of free cells (suspended bacteria) on performance of entrapped bacteria system (i.e. polyethylene glycol (PEG)-pellet reactor) to treat NH4-N contaminated groundwater, two PEG-pellet reactors with a lot of free cells - Reactor A containing PEG-pellet and Reactor B containing PEG-pellet and supporting material - and the another control reactor without free cells (Reactor C) were set-up. Three reactors were operated under various NH4-N concentrations (40-60 mg/L) and various temperatures (5-25oC). The results show that the free cells effected on the NH4-N removal efficiency significantly. The free cells developed to be a biofilm layer on the pellet surface for Reactor A, the biofilm layer caused the decreasing NH4-N diffusion and incomplete nitrification eventually. On the other hand, most free cells attached to the supporting material for Reactor B. Although the NH4-N could diffuse properly, the free cells consuming acetate caused the added acetate was insufficient for complete denitrification. However, the results suggest that the supporting material could reduce the effect of free cells on the reactor performance at low temperature as indicated by 1) higher efficiency and 2) lower activation energy (Ea) for nitrification and denitrification in Reactor B than Reactor A.

Effect of Silicon (Si) Application on Phoenix dactylifera L. Growth under Drought Stress Induced by Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) in Vitro

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of silicon (Si) 3.6 mM (as calcium silicate) under drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol “PEG” at 15% (MW 8000), in addition to the control treatment on growth and some biochemical constituents of date palm cv. Barhee cultured in vitro. Drought stress (15% PEG) depressed the growth of shoot and decreased protein content and chlorophyll concentration. Addition of 3.6 mM Si could improve the growth of shoot and increase the protein content and leaf chlorophyll concentrations of stressed plants. The inclusion of Si to the PEG containing medium significantly increased the catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in regenerated shoot, compared to other treatments. As well as drought stress 15% PEG induced significant accumulation of shoots proline, which were decreased by added silicon. Moreover, the results were also supported by the observation that PEG stress-induced decrease the response percentage of root induction and root lengths was reversed by added silicon. Addition of Si obviously significantly increased the wax content in leaves, response percentage of root induction and root lengths of plantlets under drought stress. The results of this study indicate that the application of silicon improved growth attributes, effectively mitigate the adverse effect of drought, and increase tolerance of date palm plants for drought stress during the course of date palm tissue cultures.

Synthesis and Characterization of Storage Energy Materials Prepared from Nano-crystalline Cellulose/Polyethylene Glycol

This paper gives a brief report of the synthesis of a new kind of solid-solid phase change materials （SSPCMs）, nano-crystalline cellulose/polyethylene glycol （NCC/PEG）. These PCMs have very high ability for energy storage, and their enthalpies reach 103.8 J/g. They are composed of two parts, PEG as functional branches for energy storage, and NCC as skeleton. The flexible polymer PEG was grafted onto the surface of rigid powder of NCC by covalent bonds. The results of DSC, FT-IR were briefly introduced, and some comments were also given.

Polyethylene glycols: An effective strategy for limiting liver ischemia reperfusion injury

Liver ischemia-reperfusion injury(IRI) is an inherent feature of liver surgery and liver transplantation in which damage to a hypoxic organ(ischemia) is exacerbated following the return of oxygen delivery(reperfusion). IRI is a major cause of primary nonfunction after transplantation and may lead to graft rejection, regardless of immunological considerations. The immediate response involves the disruption of cellular mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and the accumulation of metabolic intermediates during the ischemic period, and oxidative stress during blood flow restoration. Moreover, a complex cascade of inflammatory mediators is generated during reperfusion, contributing to the extension of the damage and finally to organ failure. A variety of pharmacological interventions(antioxidants, anticytokines, etc.) have been proposed to alleviate graft injury but their usefulness is limited by the local and specific action of the drugs and by their potential undesirable toxic effects. Polyethylene glycols(PEGs), which are non-toxic water-soluble compounds approved by the FDA, have been widely used as a vehicle or a base in food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, and also as adjuvants for ameliorating drug pharmacokinetics. Some PEGs are also currently used as additives in organ preservation solutions prior to transplantation in order to limit the damage associated with cold ischemia reperfusion. More recently, the administration of PEGs of different molecular weights by intravenous injection has emerged as a new therapeutic tool to protect liver grafts from IRI. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge concerning the use of PEGs as a useful target for limiting liver IRI.

Effects of NaCl and Iso-Osmotic Polyethylene Glycol Stress on Na^+/H^+Antiport Activity of Three Malus species with Different Salt Tolerance

Salt stress contains osmotic and ionic stress, while iso-osmotic polyethylene glycol （PEG） has only osmotic stress. This study aimed to compare the different effects on the activity of H＋-ATPase, proton pump and Na＋/H＋antiport in Malus seedlings between osmotic and ionic stress. Species of salt tolerant Malus zumi, middle salt tolerant Malus xiaojinensis and salt sensitive Malus baccata were used as experimental materials. Malus seedlings were treated with NaCl and iso-osmotic PEG stress. The activity of H＋-ATPase, proton pump and Na＋/H＋antiport of plasmolemma and tonoplast in Malus seedlings were obviously increased under salt stress, and those in salt-tolerant species increased more. Under the same NaCl concentration, the activity of H＋-ATPase, proton pump and Na＋/H＋antiport of plasmolemma and tonoplast in salt-tolerant species were all obviously higher than those in salt-sensitive one. Higher Na＋/H＋antiport activity of plasmolemma and tonoplast in salt-tolerant species could help to extrude and compartmentalize sodium in roots under salt stress. The ascent rate of activity of H＋-ATPase, proton pump and Na＋/H＋antiport in Malus seedlings under the three salt concentration stress was all obviously higher than that under the iso-osmotic PEG stress. It indicated that the sodium ion effect had more stimulation on the activity of H＋-ATPase, proton pump and Na＋/H＋antiport in salt-tolerant species, and salt-tolerant species has higher capability of sodium extrusion and compartmentalization in roots and is therefore more salt tolerant.

Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Microencapsulated Polyethylene Glycol Particles

The microenapsulated polyethylene glycol （PEG） with different molecular weight by a fluidized coating method has been prepared and the crystallization behaviors of PEG particles in three-dimensional confined vohume were investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） measurement. The results showed that the width of the crystallization peak of PEG increases and its height gradually diminishes in case that the PEG particles are microencapsulated. Compared with the non-microencapsulated PEG particles, the proportion of the first crystallization peak of microencapsulated PEG particle increases, and that of the second one decreases. The reason for the difference maybe is that the crystallization process of microencapsulated PEG particles is uniform and the crystallization ends when the spherulites touch the wall, thus the opportunity of producing the second crystallization peak was relatively reduced.

Polymerization of Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin with Polyethylene glycol

The catalyst boron trifluoride etherate was used to catalyze the reaction of epoxy resin with polyethylene glycol (PEG), and the effect of the concentration of the catalyst on the reaction is studied. It is shown that there exist two competitive reactions : I, self polymerization of epoxy resin via chain growth and II, copolymerization of epoxy resin with PEG via step growth. At high concentration of the catalyst reaction I dominates and reaction II is negligible. On the contrary, at low concentration of the catalyst, reaction II dominates and block copolymers are formed In the intermediate case, the two reactions are comparable with the result that a gel structure is obtained.

药用辅料聚乙二醇6000与抗癫痫原料药左乙拉西坦的相容性研究

目的考察抗癫痫原料药左乙拉西坦与粘合剂聚乙二醇6000之间的相容性,为评估与保障药品的安全性提供依据。方法将左乙拉西坦和不同企业生产的聚乙二醇6000按一定比例混合,依据稳定性影响因素试验方法放样,分别采用差示扫描量热法和HPLC法对左乙拉西坦与聚乙二醇6000的原辅料相容性进行分析,考察热变化、左乙拉西坦性状及有关物质前后的变化。结果在高湿(相对湿度90%)和光照(4500Lx)条件下放置10 d,原辅料相容性较好;在高温50℃和60℃条件下,聚乙二醇6000与左乙拉西坦发生了相互作用,左乙拉西坦杂质A、杂质总量均有不同程度的增长,并产生了两个未知杂质。不同企业、不同批次的聚乙二醇6000对左乙拉西坦有关物质的影响存在差异。结论左乙拉西坦与聚乙二醇6000在高温条件下存在相容性风险,建议制剂企业优化产品处方,提高药品的质量与安全性。

Electrochemical oxidation of polyethylene glycol in electroplating solution using paraffin composite copper hexacyanoferrate modified (PCCHM) anode

Electrochemical oxidation of polyethylene glycol(PEG) in an acidic(pH 0.18 to 0.42) and high ionic strength electroplating solution was investigated. The electroplating solution is a major source of wastewater in the printing wiring board industry. A paraffin composite copper hexacyanoferrate modified(PCCHM) electrode was used as the anode and a bare graphite electrode was used as the cathode. The changes in PEG and total organic carbon(TOC) concentrations during the course of the reaction were monitored. The efficiency of the PCCHM anode was compared with bare graphite anode and it was found that the former showed significant electrocatalytic property for PEG and TOC removal. Chlorides present in the solution were found to contribute significantly in the overall organic removal process. Short chain organic compounds like acetic acid, oxalic acid, formic acid and ethylene glycol formed during electrolysis were identified by HPLC method. Anode surface area and applied current density were found to influence the electro-oxidation process, in which the former was found to be dominating. Investigations of the kinetics for the present electrochemical reaction suggested that the two stage first-order kinetic model provides a much better representation of the overall mechanism of the process if compared to the generalized kinetic model.

Studies on the Absorption of NO_2 by Polyethylene Glycol and the Oxidizing Properties of the Resulting Absorbent Product

PEG (Polyethylene glycol average molecular weight 300) is used as absorbent of NO2. The absorption efficiency is found to reach up to 97%. The absorbing product, PEG NO2, can be used to cleave benzyl ethers mildly and selectively to benzaldehyde and corresponding fatty alcohols, showing that PEG is a valuable oxidizing agent of benzyl ethers. As a carrier of NO2.PEG can be recovered and utilized repeatedly after the oxidation.

大豆种子发芽期耐旱性鉴定的适宜PEG-6000浓度筛选

以抗旱性不同的3个大豆品种（湘豆3号、Lee68和宁镇1号）为试材,研究了不同浓度（5%、10%、15%、20%、25%和30%）的PEG-6000模拟发芽期干旱胁迫对大豆种子发芽、子叶苗膜脂过氧化以及渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果表明：10%以下的PEG-6000能起引发作用,促进大豆种子的萌发,显著提高发芽势和发芽率;随着PEG-6000浓度的升高,大豆种子的发芽明显受抑制,当PEG-6000浓度大于25%时抑制更明显,发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和简易活力指数显著下降;随着PEG-6000浓度的升高,大豆子叶苗中的丙二醛（MDA）、脯氨酸（Pro）、可溶蛋白和可溶性糖含量显著增加,PEG-6000浓度在15%-25%间增加幅度最大,PEG-6000浓度小于15%或大于25%时增加不明显。综合种子发芽、子叶苗的膜脂过氧化程度以及渗透调节物质含量的变化,可初步确定室内采用PEG-6000浸种法模拟干旱胁迫鉴定大豆发芽期耐旱性的适宜浓度为20%-25%。

PEG-6000引发对白羊草种子发芽的影响

为了探讨PEG-6000溶液引发对白羊草种子萌发的影响,采用水势0、-0.2、-0.4和-0.6Mpa的聚乙二醇溶液对白羊草种子进行引发0、3、6和9 h处理,测定白羊草种子的发芽率和发芽势,并计算其发芽指数、活力指数、平均发芽天数和发芽速率系数。试验结果表明:(1)水势为-0.6 Mpa的PEG-6000溶液引发可以有效的提高白羊草种子的发芽速度系数至0.387,显著高于其他水势处理(P<0.05),并且在此水势处理下,引发3 h的发芽速度系数显著高于其他处理(P<0.05);(2)不同引发时间均可以显著提高白羊草种子的发芽能力(P<0.05),引发6 h比引发3 h和9 h的白羊草种子发芽能力高,但差异不显著。

PEG6000修饰物混合吐温80-硫酸铵盐的液-固萃取体系分离纯化血红蛋白

采用聚乙二醇 6 0 0 0 (PEG6 0 0 0 )修饰物混合吐温 80 硫酸铵盐的液 -固萃取体系对血红蛋白分离纯化进行研究 ,考察了修饰物、盐、吐温 80浓度以及体系酸度、温度等因素对血红蛋白分离纯化的影响 ,用该体系直接从三种血液中分离纯化血红蛋白 ,操作简便快速 ,萃取容量大 ,一次萃取固相收得率 99%以上 ,一次反萃取率达 75 % ,一步纯化倍数达 2 0倍 ,用多种手段验证了所获猪血红蛋白 ,纯度达 99% .

PEG-6000胁迫对不同品系小麦种子萌发的影响

干旱胁迫是贯穿小麦播种至收获的整个生育过程的主要非生物限制因子,抗旱性研究是提高小麦抗旱性的基础。本项研究利用5%、10%、15%、20%PEG-6000溶液模拟干旱胁迫,探讨其对12个小麦品系种子萌发的影响。结果表明,PEG-6000处理能提高9611、2003/22、501、偃4100和2003(73)的发芽率,而5%PEG-6000处理能降低051287、9612、00-482、9711、986、520和527发芽率;5%、10%PEG-6000处理促进了9611、2003/22、501、偃4100、2003(73)、9711、986和527的初生根和次生根伸长;PEG-6000浓度高于10%能抑制所有小麦品系胚芽的伸长。可见,不同小麦品系的种子萌发对PEG-6000处理存在明显的性状差异,利用这种差异可初步筛选对干旱胁迫非敏感品系,为小麦杂交育种提供候选亲本材料。

温度、光照及PEG-6000胁迫对绵枣儿种子萌发的影响

为构建宿根花卉绵枣儿种子育苗高质量的技术流程提供科学依据,研究了不同温度、光照、聚乙二醇-6000(PEG-6000)胁迫对种子萌发的影响。结果表明:绵枣儿种子萌发的需光性为不敏感的中性特征,温度是决定绵枣儿种子萌发的主要因素,20～30℃变温为绵枣儿种子萌发最适温度,恒温抑制种子萌发;绵枣儿种子萌发过程体现其具有抗旱性,其随PEG-6000质量浓度的升高,种子发芽率先升高后降低,发芽指数、活力指数均呈下降趋势;绵枣儿种子经过PEG-6000(质量浓度为25 g.L-1)胁迫后复水萌发有利于提高其发芽率,保证出苗整齐,矮化种苗。

BICENTRAL POLYMER SUPPORTED PHASE TRANSFER CATALYST POLYSTYRENE－SUPPORTED POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL AND PYRIDINIUM SALT

A bicentral polymer-supported Phase transfer catalyst, polystpyne-suPPorted polyethylene glycol and Pyridinium salt (PS-Py-PEG-400),synthesized with ohloromethylated polystyrene as supporter on which PEG and Pyridinium salt were immobilized successively. Its catalytic activity was tested for the reauction of solid potassium acetate and benzyl bromide by GC analysis. It was found that the bicentral catalyst performed higher activity than the monocentral PS-PEG-400 and PS-Py.

PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫对常夏石竹种子萌发的影响

为了解常夏石竹(Dianthus plumarius)在旱生条件下的萌发情况,进一步明确常夏石竹种子在干旱条件下的萌发潜力及抗旱能力,以常夏石竹种子为实验材料,采用不同浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱条件,测定常夏石竹种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、萌发指数、萌发胁迫指数、萌发抗旱指数及幼苗的胚轴胚根长。结果表明:1)随着PEG浓度的增加,种子开始萌发的时间推迟,且萌发过程被延长;2)与对照相比而言,随着PEG浓度的增加,常夏石竹种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数均呈减小的趋势;3)随着PEG浓度的增加,常夏石竹幼苗的胚轴和胚根受到显著的抑制,抑制作用也越强。综合分析表明,常夏石竹种子有较好的抗旱能力,在干旱区具有良好的竞争能力。