Nacre-inspired interface structure design of polymer bonded explosives toward significantly enhanced mechanical performance

Realizing effective enhancement to the structure of interface region between explosive crystals and polymer binder plays a key role in improving the mechanical properties of the current polymer bonded explosives(PBXs).Herein,inspired by the structure of natural nacre which possesses outstanding mechanical performance,a kind of nacre-like structural layer is constructed in the interface region of PBXs composites,making use of two-dimensional graphene sheets and one-dimensional bio-macromolecules of cellulose as inorganic and organic building blocks,respectively.Our results reveal that the constructed nacre-like structural layer can effectively improve the interfacial strength and then endow the PBXs composites with significantly enhanced mechanical properties involving of creep resistance,Brazilian strength and fracture toughness,demonstrating the obvious advantage of such bioinspired interface structure design strategy.In addition,the thermal conduction performance of PBXs composites also exhibits noticeable enhancement due to the remarkable phonon transport capability endowed by the asdesigned nacre-like structural layer.We believe this work provides a novel design route to conquer the issue of weak interfacial strength in PBXs composites and greatly increase the comprehensive properties for better meeting the higher requirements proposed to the explosive part of weapon equipment in new era.

Self-healed microcracks in polymer bonded explosives via thermoreversible covalent bond and hydrogen actions

Polymeric materials used for the polymer bonded explosive(PBX)or other energetic composite materials(ECMs)that simultaneously possess excellent mechanical properties and high self-healing ability,convenient healing,and facile fabrication are always a huge challenge.Herein,self-healing linear polyurethane elastomers(PTMEG2000-IPDI-DAPU,denoted as 2I-DAPU)with high healing efficiency and mechanical properties were facilely fabricated by constructing reversible covalent bonds and dynamic hard domains into polymer chains.Furthermore,a TATB-based PBX using as-prepared 2I-DAPU polymer as the binder was constructed,disclosing an excellent self-healing property to heal cracks generated during fabrication,transportation and storage.The damage healing manner of such a PBX sample was investigated by means of prefabricated damage through mechanical load,heal treatment via heating at high temperature,and CT-scanning the inner structure and mechanical property characterization via Brazilian test.The self-healing mechanism of internal damage in PBX was preliminarily explored.We propose that this 2I-DAPU binder with Diels-Alder bonds could generate plentiful active surface groups resulting from damage and drive self-healing at fitting temperature and increase the slightly packed hard phase via incorporating a small amount of hydrogen bonds.This work may offer a novel strategy for improving mechanical property and healing ability in the field of self-healing material which could help expand its applications with enhanced versatility in mechanical-enhanced functional materials.

Ultrasonic Evaluation of the Impact Damage of Polymer Bonded Explosives

The damage properties of polymer bonded explosives under dynamic loading were studied by using ultrasonic evaluation. Explosive samples were damaged by a low-velocity gas gun at different impact velocities. Ultrasonic examination was carried out with a pulse through-transmission method. Spectra analyses were carried out by using fast Fourier transform. Characteristic ultrasonic parameters, including ultrasonic velocities, attenuation coefficients, spectra area and master frequency, were obtained. The correlation between the impact damage and ultrasonic parameters was analyzed. A damage coefficient D was defined by considering a combination of ultrasonic velocity and amplitude. The results show that ultrasonic parameters can be used to quantitatively assess the damage extent in impacted plastic bonded explosives..

Deformation and Failure of Polymer Bonded Explosives

The deformation and failure of pressed polymer bonded explosives under different types of loads including tension, compression and low velocity impact are presented. Brazilian test is used to study the tensile properties. The microstructure of polymer bonded explosives and its evolution are studied by use of scanning electronic microscopy and polarized light microscopy. Polishing techniques have been developed to prepare samples for microscopic examination. The failure mechanisms of polymer bonded explosives under different loads are analyzed. The results show that interfacial debonding is the predominant failure mode in quasi-static tension, while extensive crystal fractures are induced in compression. With the increase of strain rate, more crystal fractures occur. Low velocity impact also induces extensive crystal fractures.

PBX模拟材料压剪应力状态下的幂函数M-C强度准则与失效特性

为了研究高聚物粘结炸药(PBX)在压剪复合应力状态下的强度特性,采用变角剪切加载方法进行了0°,15°,30°,45°,60°,75°以及90°的压剪实验研究;建立了PBX模拟材料的幂函数Mohr-Coulomb(M-C)准则,并对其围压强度进行了预测;利用SEM对压剪加载下的细观失效特性进行了分析。结果表明,PBX模拟材料在加载角度θ为0°,15°,30°,45°时主要表现为沿压剪面剪切的破坏模式,在θ为60°,75°,90°时表现为剪切和张裂的混合破坏模式;在剪切破坏模式下,随着压应力的增加,PBX模拟材料剪切强度呈非线性增加的趋势,细观损伤会从颗粒剪断、破碎逐步发展到次生裂纹的形成与贯通。分析发现,幂函数M-C模型适用于描述PBX模拟材料剪切强度的非线性变化规律,拟合得到的强度准则能较为准确地预测不同围压下的轴向压缩强度;压应力增加引起的内摩擦阻力增大和颗粒破碎、次生裂纹等引起的内摩擦系数降低是导致PBX模拟材料剪切破坏强度随压应力增加而非线性增加的重要原因。

Simulative Calculation of Mechanical Property, Binding Energy and Detonation Property of TATB/Fluorine-polymer PBX

Molecular dynamics （MD） method was used to simulate 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene （TATB） coated with fluorine containing polymers. The mechanical properties and binding energies of PBXs were obtained. It was found that when the number of chain monomers of fluorine containing polymers was the same, the elasticity of TATB/F2314 was increased more greatly than others and the binding energy of TATB/F2311 was the largest among four PBXs. Detonation heat and velocity of such four PBXs were calculated according to theoretical and empirical formulas. The results show that the order of detonation heat is TATB〉TATB/PVDF〉TATB/F2311〉TATB/ F2314 〉 TATB/PCTFE while the order of detonation velocity is TATB/PVDF 〈 TATB/F2311 〈 TATB/F2314 〈 TATB/PCTFE 〈TATB.