One step graft copolymerization of acrylic acid and sodium styrene sulfonate onto high-density polyethylene film by preirradiation method

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) films were irradiated by 60Co gamma ray with a dose of 100 kGy in air and then immersed in aqueous solution of acrylic acid (AA) and sodium styrene sulfonate (SSS) at different temperature. The effects of grafting conditions such as temperature, reaction time, Mohr’s salt concentration, and total concentration of monomer on grafting yield were studied. Both grafting yield of AA and SSS onto HDPE respectively increases with total concentration of monomers. The highest grafting yield was observed at 3 mol/L monomers where the grafted PE swelled to the largest extent in the monomers mixture. The grafting yield increases with reaction time and then levels off. At higher temperature, the grafting yield decreases with Mohr’s salt concentration, but increases at low temperature when Mohr’s salt concentration is 0.083%. Which can be interpreted that in the presence of Fe2+ diperoxides and hydroperoxides may decompose at low temperature to form radical which can initiate the grafting. The physical and chemical properties of grafting films were also investigated.

PREPARATION OF POLY(ETHYLENEGLYCOL-co-ACRYLIC ACID) MICROSPHERES WITH DIVINYLBENZNE AS CROSSLINKER BY DISTILLATION-PRECIPITATION POLYMERIZATION

Monodisperse poly（poly（ethyleneglycol） methyl ether acrylate-co-acrylic acid） （poly（PEGMA-co-AA）） microspheres were prepared by distillation-precipitation polymerization with divinylbenzene （DVB） as crosslinker with 2,2＇- azobisisobutyronitrile （AIBN） as initiator in neat acetonitrile without stirring. Under various reaction conditions, four distinct morphologies including the sol, microemulsion, microgels and microspheres were formed during the distillation of the solvent from the reaction system. A 2D morphological map was established as a function of crosslinker concentration and the polar monomer AA concentration, in comonomer feed in the transition between the morphology domains. The effect of the covalent crosslinker DVB on the morphology of the polymer network was investigated in detail at AA fraction of 40 vol%. The ratios of acid to ethylene oxide units presenting in the comonomers dramatically affected the polymer-polymer interaction and hence the morphology of the resultant polymer network. The covalent crosslinking by DVB and the hydrogen bonding crosslinking between two acid units as well as between the acid and ethylene oxide unit played key roles in the formation of monodisperse polymer microspheres.

Graft Polymerization of Acrylic Acid and Acrylamide onto BOPET Corona Films

The graft polymerization of acrylic acid(A) and acrylamide(B) was carried out onto bi-oriented polyester BOPET corona film.The influence of monomer concentration,reducer concentration and reaction time on the graft polymerization was investigated.The surface tension of the films increased with an increase of monomer concentration,till the concentration of monomer A reached 1.5×10^(-2)g/mL and the concentration of monomer B reached 4.0×10^(-2)g/mL.The surface tension of the films reached a maximum value at 7×10^(-4)M of reducer concentration and subsequently decreased with further increase in reducer concentration.The surface tension of the films increased with the increase of the reaction time apparently within 50min.The grafted corona BOPET films were characterized with IR and XPS.The presence of graft on the film surface was confirmed.The attenuation experiments on grafted corona BOPET films in air at 50℃ and in water were carried out to investigate the persistence of graft polymerization of acrylic acid and arylamide onto BOPET corona films.

A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF POLY(DIVINYLBENZENE-co-ACRYLIC ACID) IN CROSSLINKING PRECIPITATION POLYMERIZATION

Divinylbenzene-80 （DVB-80） and polar monomer acrylic acid （AA） having hydrogen bonding at a total monomer loading of 5 vol% were precipitated-copolymerized in a variety of organic solvents with 2,2＇-azobis（isobutyronitrile） （AIBN） as initiator. The experiments were investigated from a two-dimensional matrix, i.e., the actual crosslinking degree of DVB varying from 0 to 80% and the solvent composition varying from 0 to 100% of toluene mixture with acetonitrile, when the mixture of acetonitrile and toluene was used as the reaction solvent. Under various reaction conditions, six distinct morphologies including soluble polymers, swellable microgels, coagulum, irregular microparticles, and nano-/micrometer microspheres were formed and the structures of these polymer architectures were described. A morphological map was utilized to discuss the effects of both crosslinking degree of DVB and composition of solvent on the transitions between morphology domains. The results demonstrated that the microspheres are formed by an internal contraction due to the marginal solvency of the continuous phase and the crosslinking of the polymer network through the covalent bonding from DVB as well as the interchain hydrogen-bonding between the carboxylic acid units.

GROUP TRANSFER POLYMERIZATION OF ETHYL ACRYLATE WITH LEWIS ACID CATALYST

This paper reports the kinetics of group transfer polymerization (GTP)of ethyl acrylate (EA)with zinc iodide catalyst in 1,2-dichloroethane using dimethyl ketene methyl trimethylsilyl acetal (MTS) as initiator at 0℃ and above 0℃. The amount of catalyst used was studied. When zinc iodide catalyst used is more than 10mol% relative to monomer, the rate of polymerization is proportional to the concentration of monomer, whereas zinc iodide catalyst used is less than 10 mol% of the monomer, the rate of polymerization is independent of the monomer concentration.In the GTP of EA an induction period was observed when the zinc iodide contents are less than l0mol%. If the reaction temperature is over 0℃, living species become unstable and diminish, leading to incomplete monomer conversion. The reaction curves equations are obtained. The polymers have narrow molecular weight distributions which are not changed as decreasing zinc iodide contents. The polydispersity is about 1.2.

FT-RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY FOR MONITORING THE POLYMERIZATION OF ACRYLIC ACID IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

FT-Raman spectroscopy was used to monitor the polymerization of acrylic acid in aqueous solution. A simple method to avoid the noise in the background during the signal processing via Fourier transformation was used in this work. The effects of the amount of initiator used on the polymerization are studied. When the amount of the initiator in the polymerization was increased, both the rate and extent of polymerization of acrylic acid will be increased.

Effect of Dissolved CO_2 and Tetrahydrofuran on the Polymerization of Acrylic Acid

The polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) with dissolved carbon dioxide and tetrahydrofuran (THF) in the monomer is studied. Viscosity measurement. differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicate that the conccntration of tctrahydrofuran has pronounced effect on the molecular weight (Mn). glass transition temperature (Tg). and the morphology of the product.

Synthesis of Acrylic Acid/Kaoline Powder Superabsorbent Composite by Inverse-suspending Polymerization

An acrylic acid/kaoline powder superabsorbent composite with a water absorbency of the superabsorbent composite about 1/800 was synthesized by inverse\|suspending polymerization reaction between acrylic acid monomer and kaoline ultrafine powder. The influence of the dispersant agent on the configuration of the products in the inverse suspension polymerization is investigated. The influences of the kaoline powder,cross\|linker,initiator,neutralization degree and the volume ratio of oil to water phase on the water absorbency of the superabsorbent composites are discussed in the paper.

Redox active polymer metal chelates for use in flexible symmetrical supercapacitors:Cobalt-containing poly(acrylic acid)polymer electrolytes

The novel polymer metal chelate electrolytes(polychelates)were prepared by incorporation of cobalt sulfate(Co)into poly(acrylic acid)(PAA)host matrix.Quasi-solid state supercapacitor devices were fabricated using polychelates,PAA-Co X(X:3,5,7,and 10)where X represents the doping fraction(w/w)of Co in PAA.All polymer metal electrolytes were showed excellent bending-stretching properties,thermal stability and electrochemical durability with an optimum ionic conductivity of 3.15×10^(-4) S cm^(-1).Hierarchically porous activated carbon and nano-sized conductive carbon were used to form carbon composite symmetrical device electrodes.The electric double-layer capacitor(EDLC)and redox reactions of Co-incorporated polychelates at the interfaces of porous activated carbon provided an optimum specific capacitance of 341.33 F g^(-1) with a device of PAA-Co7,which is at least 15 times enhancement compared to the device of pristine PAA.The PAA-Co7 device also provided energy density of 21.25 Wh kg^(-1) at a power density of 117.69 W kg^(-1).A prolonged cyclic stability of the device exhibited superior capacitive performance after 10,000 charge-discharge cycles and the maintained 90%of its initial performance.In addition,the supercapacitor with a dimension of 1.5 cm×3 cm containing PAA-Co7 successfully operated the red-blue-green(RGB)LED light.

New initiation system for polymerization of acryl acid

The redox initiation system for polyacrylate sodium of high molecular mass was designed and its effect with varying component dosage on the degree of polymerization was investigated. The results show that the proper type and amount of inorganic salt, as well as amine initiator, are conductive to the increase of degree of polymerization. The fine ingredient of the initiation system is as follows:the dosages of amine, persulphate and inorganic salt are 0.75%, 0.10% and 1.00% by mass based on acryl acid respectively, the molar ratio of sulphite to the persulphate is 1:1. Under such conditions the degree of polyacrylate can reach 7.43×107 with a acceptable polymerization time for industrial production.

Synthesis and Properties of IPN Hydrogels Based on Konjac Glucomannan and Poly(acrylic acid)

Novel interpenetrating polymer network （IPN） hydrogels based on konjac glucomannan （KGM） and poly（acrylic acid） （PAA） were prepared by polymerization and cross-linking of acrylic acid （AA） in the pre-fabricated KGM gel. The IPN gel was analyzed by FF-IR. The studies on the equilibrium swelling ratio of IPN hydrogels revealed their sensitive response to environmental pH value. The results of in vitro degradation showed that the IPN hydrogels retain the enzymatic degradation character of KGM.

Synthesis and application of a novel star-hyperbranched poly(acrylic acid) for improved dental restoratives

A new star-hyperbranched poly(acrylic acid) has been synthesized and incorporated into dental glassionomer cement for enhanced mechanical strengths. The effects of arm number and branching on viscosity of the polymer aqueous solution and mechanical strengths of the formed experimental cement were evaluated. It was found that the higher the arm number and the more the branching, the lower the viscosity of the polymer solution as well as the mechanical strengths of the formed cement. It was also found that the experimental cement exhibited significantly higher mechanical strengths than commercial Fuji II LC. The experimental cement was 51% in CS, 55% in compressive modulus, 118% in DTS, 82% in FS, 18% in FT and 85% in KHN higher than Fuji II LC. The experimental cement was only 6.7% of abrasive and 10% of attritional wear depths of Fuji II LC in each wear cycle. It appears that this novel experimental cement is a clinically attractive dental restorative and may potentially be used for high-wear and high-stress-bearing site restorations.

Preparation of Hydrogel Based on Acryl Amide and Investigation of Different Factors Affecting Rate and Amount of Absorbed Water

Hydrogel is considered as an important material in our world nowadays as it is used in many important and significant applications such as in tissue engineering and agriculture. There are hundreds of types of such materials, where most of them can be easily prepared. The main objective of this work is to prepare one of the hydrogel types which could be very useful in the agriculture of deserts where plants in dry places require water in order to grow up. There are many places around the world where raining occurs only once or twice a year. There are also places where it does not rain at all. Therefore, hydrogels are required in order to absorb water in large quantities either during raining or irrigation instead of escaping to underground and then eject them to the roots of plants over time as the plants require watering. In this research a hydrogel based on acryl amide, Poly 2-Acrylamide-2-Methyl-1-Propane Sulphonic Acid, (PAMPS) was prepared by using different percentages of a suitable cross-linking agent, Methylene-bis-Acrylamide. The cross-linker content is very important factor affects the rate and amount of absorbed water. The highest amount of absorbed water at 25°C was observed by using 0.6% cross-linking agent based on monomer mass. The temperature of absorbed water and its pH value are also essential factors that affect the rate and the amount of absorbed water and were investigated in this work. The highest amount of absorbed water was recorded at pH = 12 and at 60°C. The amount and the rate of water absorbed by Sodium Polyacrylate Hydrogel were also investigated at 25°C. The agriculture applications of hydrogel based on Sodium Polyacrylate were examined using Fenugreek seeds implanting.

A Novel Continuously Initiated Polymerization by One-Atmosphere Low Temperature Plasma Device

A novel atmospheric plasma device developed in this paper, which is more effective and convenient to study the plasma-initiated polymerization (PIP) than conventional setup. The structure and mechanism of the device is introduced. Some plasma-initiated polymerization experiments are carried out on the device, and the conversion of AA (Acrylic acid) and AM (Acryl amide) atmospheric (N2) plasma polymerization are respectively 89% and 94% after 120 h post polymerization, whereby IR spectra of the product (AA, AM). Our PIP result are confirmed.

Nano-Li3V2（PO4）3/C Synthesized by Thermal Polymerization Method as Cathode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries

nano-Li 3 V 2(PO4)3/C 粉末被一个热聚合方法成功地准备。中间的产品粉末和最后的产品李 3 V 2(PO4)3 都是不到 200 nm。碳在李 3 V 2(PO4)3 粒子和剩余的与 4.6wt% 的一个全部的碳内容在粒子之间存在。这 nano-Li 3 没有在电压在 0.1 C 在 100 个周期以后褪色的能力， V 2(PO4)3/C 样品显示出 124 mAh/g 的一个分泌物能力 3.0-4.3 V 响了。优秀的率性能也在 10 C 在 3.0-4.3 V 和 100 mAh/g 在 20 C 与 80 mAh/g 的一个能力被完成在 3.0-4.8 V。这研究建议热聚合方法是合适的综合 nano-Li 3 V 2(PO4)3/C 材料。

POLYMER-SUPPORTED LANTHANIDE COMPLEXES FOR THE POLYMERIZATION OF BUTADIENE

The characteristics of styrene-acrylic acid copolymer supported lanthanide complexes (SAAC Ln) (Ln=La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tin, Yb, and Lu) were described. A comparison of the activities of SAAC·Ln was made. It was found that in the polymerization of butadiene, a peak in activity appeared at Nd and Pr, Sin, Eu and the heavy lanthanides exhibited low or no activities. The effects of some factors on the activities were discussed. The microstructure of the polymers obtained with all the lanthanides in the series were the same and the content of cis-1, 4 polybutadiene attained was more than 98%.

Wood pulp industry by-product valorization for acrylate synthesis and bio-based polymer development via Michael addition reaction

It is crucial to adapt the processing of forest bio-resources into biochemicals and bio-based ad-vanced materials in order to transform the current economic climate into a greener economy.Tall oil,as a by-product of the Kraft process of wood pulp manufacture,is a promising resource for the extraction of various value-added products.Tall oil fatty acids-based multifunctional Michael acceptor acrylates were developed.The suitability of developed acrylates for polymerization with tall oil fatty acids-based Michael donor acetoacetates to form a highly cross-linked polymer ma-terial via the Michael addition was investigated.With this novel strategy,valuable chemicals and innovative polymer materials can be produced from tall oil in an entirely new way,making a significant contribution to the development of a forest-based bioeconomy.Two different tall oil-based acrylates were successfully synthesized and characterized.Synthesized acrylates were successfully used in the synthesis of bio-based thermoset polymers.Obtained polymers had a wide variety of mechanical and thermal properties(glass transition temperature from-12.1 to 29.6°C by dynamic mechanical analysis,Young’s modulus from 15 to 1760 MPa,and stress at break from 0.9 to 16.1 MPa).Gel permeation chromatography,Fourier-transform infrared(FT-IR)spectroscopy,matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry,and nuclear magnetic resonance were used to analyse the chemical structure of synthesized acrylates.In addition,various titration methods and rheology tests were applied to characterize acrylates.The chemical composition and thermal and mechanical properties of the developed polymers were studied by using FT-IR,solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance,thermal gravimetric analy-sis,differential scanning calorimetry,dynamic mechanical analysis,and universal strength testing apparatus.

Synthesis and characterization of amphiphilc block copolymer poly(methyl acrylic acid)-block-polytetrahydrofuran

Under the specially designated condition the polymerization of both tetrahydrofuran (THF) and tert-butyl methacrylate (tBMA) is a living one. The diblock copolymer, poly(tert-butyl methacrylate)-block-polytetrahydrofuran (PtBMA-b-PTHF), was successfully synthesized by meansof the coupling reaction of living cationic PTHF+, SbF6 with living anionic PtBMA-, Li+. LiCI, whichhas a beneficial effect on the molecular weight distribution (MWD) in the anionic polymerization of (meth)acrylates, hinders the coupling reaction of living chains and cannot be used in the preparation of tBMA precursor. The hydrolysis of the aforementioned diblock copolymer under acid condition results in the amphiphilic diblock copolymer, i.e. poly(methyl acrylic acid)-block-polytetra-hydrofuran (PMAA-b-PTHF). The diblock copolymers were characterized with GPC and IR.

PBT辐射接枝改性对血小板功能影响的研究

目的研究聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)接枝不同单体[丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)、苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS)、AA+AM、AA+SSS]对血小板黏附及功能的影响。方法采用γ射线辐照将单体[丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)、苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS)、AA+AM、AA+SSS]接枝到PBT表面,依据傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和润湿时间等指标表征接枝后的PBT;利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察接枝不同单体的PBT对血小板的活化、聚集情况,同时测定通过接枝不同单体的PBT的血小板浓度、最大聚集能力、CD62p阳性表达率、血小板低渗休克率(HSR),考察其对血小板粘附及功能的影响。结果FTIR上出现了AA、AM、SSS的特征吸收峰,且接枝后的材料亲水性明显改善,表明单体接枝成功;SEM结果显示,PBT原样导致的血小板活化聚集程度明显高于改性后的PBT;滤过PBT原样的血小板与血小板原样相比:血小板浓度为(533.00±4.58 vs 672.00±3.61)×10^(9)/L,血小板最大聚集率为(48.80±0.96 vs 58.60±1.37)%,CD62p阳性表达率为(45.35±0.58 vs 39.90±0.52)%,血小板HSR为(48.74±0.46 vs 51.86±0.93)%(P<0.05)。与PBT原样相比,接枝不同单体后的PBT材料导致的血小板损失和血小板功能损伤都明显下降(P<0.05),其中PBT-(AA+AM)对血小板的综合影响最小[血小板浓度(637.00±2.65)×10^(9)/L,血小板最大聚集率(62.45±0.61)%,CD62p阳性表达率(37.39±0.42)%,血小板HSR(53.51±0.58)%]。结论表面接枝AA+AM的PBT对血小板的黏附及功能损伤的综合影响明显小于接枝其他单体的PBT,有望进一步开发用于血小板制剂中去除白细胞的过滤材料。

IBVE/AANa/VAc无皂乳液的合成与性能

本文以异丁基乙烯基醚、丙烯酸钠和醋酸乙烯酯为反应单体合成无皂乳液。研究了AANa的用量对乳液稳定性的影响,考察了VAc/IBVE的比例与聚合物性能的关系,同时分析了乳胶粒的形貌。结果表明,亲水性单体AANa对乳液的稳定性、粒径大小影响较大。调整反应单体VAc/IBVE的比例可以得到不同分子量、不同玻璃化转变温度的聚合物,该无皂乳液具有明显的核壳结构。