A comparison of polypore funga and species composition in forest ecosystems of China,North America,and Europe

Background:Polypores as components of forest ecosystems are an important group of wood-inhabiting fungi playing a key role in forest regeneration. Previously, studies on polypore funga and diversity were focused on limited areas within one land mass only. What are the polypore funga and species composition for large-scale of China, North America and Europe? The funga and species composition of polypores in the three land masses will supply an important source of reference for the distribution patterns of polypores at species level or higher taxa. In the present study the diversity and species composition of polypores in China, North America and Europe are compared based on published data.Methods:The species diversity, species composition, major genera and nutritional modes of polypores in the three land masses are comparatively analyzed.Results:A grand total of 1,337 polypore species, belonging to 11 orders, 43 families and 168 genera, have been recorded in these three land masses of the Northern Hemisphere, of which 854 species occur in China, 547 species in North America, and 432 species in Europe. Polyporales, Hymenochaetales and Russulales are the three major orders, and Hymenochaetaceae, Polyporaceae, and Fomitopsidaceae are the three major families. The brown rot fungi Antrodia and Postia have highest number of species at generic level in the three land masses. The proportionally highest number of white rot polypore species is in China (78.81%), followed by North America (73.86%)and then Europe (67.82%);conversely, the proportion of brown rot polypores is highest in Europe (28.47%) then North America (21.39%) and then China (15.57%).Conclusions:China had the highest polypore diversity followed by North America, and then Europe although North America is around twice as big as China and Europe. White rot is the major nutritional mode of all the polypores in China, North America and Europe accounting for 77.04%of all polypore species. The white rot species as a proportion of all polypores in each of the three land masses are highest in China, followed by North America and then Europe. The polypore diversity patterns are probably due to tree species diversity and the distribution patterns of angiosperm and gymnosperm trees in the three land masses. More tree species and diverse forest types are in China than those in North America and Europe, and these factors may correspond polypore funga and species composition in the three land masses.

Polypores on Spruce in Northeast China

Poroid species of wood-inhabiting fungi growing on spruce (Picea koraiensis Nakai or Picea yezoensis (Sieb. & Zucc.) Carriere) in Northeast China were investigated during 1993-2002, and 71 species were recorded from these trees or their wood. Skeletocutis lilacina A. David & Jean Keller and Skeletocutis papyracea A. David are new to China. Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.:Fr.) P. Karst., Onnia leporina (Fr.) H. Jahn, Perenniporia subacida (Peck) Donk, Phaeolus sckweinitzii (Fr.:Fr.) Pat., Phellinidium sulphuras...

A Check of Polypores on Larix in Northeast China

Polypore species growing on species of Larix Mill, in Northeast China were investigated during 1993~2003, and 73 polypores were recorded. Among them 25 species (ca. 34.2%) are considered as rare species, 28 species (ca. 38.4%) are occasional species, and 20 species (ca. 27.4%) are the common species. Gloeophyllum protractum (Fr.) Imazeki is new record to China.

长白山森林生态系统中的稀有和濒危多孔菌

In last 10 years,extensive field inventories were carried out to investigate Polypore species, the major wood decaying fungi in the Changbaishan Nature Reserve of Northeastern China. The following 27 species were treated as rare or threathened species: Amylocystis lapponica (Romell) Singer, Anomoporia albolutescens (Romell) Pouzar, Anomoporia bombycina (Fr.) Pouzar, Anomoporia vesiculosa Y.C. Dai & Niemel, Antrodia carbonica (Overh.) Ryvarden & Gilb., Antrodia crassa (P. Karst.) Ryvarden, Antrodiella citrinella Niemel & Ryvarden, Diplomitoporus flavescens (Bres.) Dománski, Donkioporia expansa (Desm.) Kotl. & Pouzar, Gloeophyllum carbonarium (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Ryvarden, Haploporus odorus (Sommerf.) Bondartsev & Singer, Inonotopsis subiculosa (Peck) Parmasto, Nigroporus ussuriensis (Bondartsev & Ljub.) Y.C. Dai & Niemela, Oxyporus sinensis X.L. Zeng, Parmastomyces taxi (Bondartsev) Y.C. Dai & Niemela, Phellinidium sulphurascens (Pilat) Y.C. Dai, Phellinus vaninii Ljub., Polyporus vassilievae Thorn, Pycnoporellus fulgens (Fr.) Donk, Skeletocutis brevispora Niemela, Skeletocutis ochroalba Niemela, Skeletocutis perennis Ryvarden, Trechispora candidissima (Schwein.) Bondartsev & Singer, Wolfiporia dilatohypha Ryvarden & Gilb., Wolfiporia curvispora Y.C. Dai, Wrightoporia avellanea (Bres.) Pouzar and Wrightoporia lenta (Oveh. & J. Lowe) Pouzar. Polypores are richer in East Asia than in Europe and North America, not only because of destructive galciations and fewer hosts in the latters, but also because of the geography. NE Asia is a link between Europe and North America. Changbaishan Nature Reserve is very rich in polypores, and over 260 species were recorded in the reserve. Some rare species in North America and Europe, for instance, Anomoporia albolutescens, Antrodia crassa, Diplomitoporus flavescens, Inonotopsis subiculosa and Skeletocutis ochroalba etc. were found in Changbaishan Nature Reserve as well, and these species are in fact rare in the earth. Most of the 27 species occurred on fallen trunks or rotten wood in the reserve, but some of them grew on living trees. 18 species occured on substrate of gymnosperms, and 9 species grew on wood of angiosperm.Among the 27 species, 7 species caused a brown rot,and 20 species produced a white rot. The morphology, substrate and ecology of each species were briefly discussed. The most important tool for polypore conservation is the conservation of their habitats, and it is necessary to study the ecology of the rare and threathened species of polypores in the Changbaishan Nature Reserve. Because most of polypores live on the substrate of fallen trunks and rotten wood, it is very important to keep such substrate in the ecosystem.

Phylogeny and global diversity of Polyporus group Melanopus (Polyporales, Basidiomycota)

Polyporus accommodates species with stipitate basidiocarps,a dimitic hyphal system with skeleto-binding hyphae,and hyaline,thin-walled,more or less cylindrical basidiospores.The species of Polyporus are divided into six morphological groups,of which Melanopus is characterized by coriaceous basidiocarps,thin context and a black cuticle on the stipe.In this study,we explore the phylogeny and species diversity of Polyporus sensu lato focusing on the group Melanopus based on global samples.Our combined ITS and nLSU dataset included 117 collections represented by 117 ITS and 94 nLSU sequences,of which 43 ITS and 37 nLSU sequences were newly generated.The resulting phylogenetic analysis recovered four clades,Favolus,Neofavolus,Melanopus and Polyporellus clades,while several species in the morphological groups Melanopus and Polyporus were outside these clades.Combined with morphological evidence,three new species in the Melanopus clade,Polyporus americanus,P.austroandinus and P.conifericola,are newly described and illustrated,and their distinctive characters are discussed.The illegitimate name Polyporus fraxineus is renamed as Polyporus fraxinicola.The phylogeny and taxonomy of each species in group Melanopus(morphology)or Melanopus clade(phylogeny)and related species are briefly discussed.

Global diversity and systematics of Hymenochaetaceae with poroid hymenophore

Taxonomy and phylogeny of poroid Hymenochaetaceae based on the most comprehensive phylogenetic analyses are pre-sented.A phylogeny based on a combined dataset of ITS and nLSU sequences for accepted genera of Hymenochaetaceae was analyzed and two or multigene phylogenies for most species of ten large genera including Coltricia,Fomitiporella,Fomiti-poria,Fulvifomes,Fuscoporia,Inonotus,Phylloporia,Porodaedalea,Sanghuangporus and Tropicoporus,were carried out.Based on samples from 37 countries of five continents,seven new genera,Meganotus,Neophellinus,Nothonotus,Pachynotus,Perenninotus,Pseudophylloporia and Rigidonotus,are introduced,37 new species,Coltricia tibetica,Fomitiporella crassa,F.queenslandica,Fomitiporia eucalypti,F.gatesii,F.ovoidospora,Fulvifomes azonatus,F.caligoporus,F.costaricense,F.floridanus,F.jouzaii,F.nakasoneae,F.subindicus,Fuscoporia sinuosa,F.submurina,Inonotus subradiatus,I.vietnamensis,Neomensularia castanopsidis,Pachynotus punctatus,Phellinus cuspidatus,P.subellipsoideus,Phylloporia minutissima,P.tabernaemontanae,Porodaedalea occidentiamericana,P.orientoamericana,P.qilianensis,P.schrenkianae,Pseudo-phylloporia australiana,Sanghuangporus australianus,S.lagerstroemiae,Tropicoporus angustisulcatus,T.hainanicus,T.lineatus,T.minus,T.ravidus,T.substratificans and T.tenuis,are described,and 108 new combinations are proposed.In addition,one illegitimate name and two invalid names are renamed,and Coltricia and Coltriciella were synonymized.The taxonomic relevance and limits of the new taxa are discussed.Photos and illustrations for 37 new species are presented,and a full description for each new species is given.Eventually,this study recognizes 672 species in 34 genera and provides a modern treatment of the poroid Hymenochaetaceae in the world.A key to the accepted poroid genera of Hymenochaetaceae is provided,and identification keys to the accepted species of 32 poroid genera worldwide are given.A synopsis description of each species is included in these keys.

Global diversity and taxonomy of the Inonotus linteus complex(Hymenochaetales,Basidiomycota):Sanghuangporus gen.nov.,Tropicoporus excentrodendri and T.guanacastensis gen.et spp.nov.,and 17 new combinations

Although Inonotus linteus complex is placed in the genusInonotus,its perennial basidiocarps with a dimitic hyphal system,at least in the trama,distinguish the complex from other species in the genus,which have an annual habit and a monomitic hyphal system.The species number of Inonotus linteus complex has been increased in China and tropical America in recent publications.However,whether species in this complex belong to Inonotus has not specifically been addressed.To explore the phylogenetic placement of species of Inonotus linteus complex,we performed a comprehensive study using morphological and phylogenetic data based on global samples.nLSU(53 with 13 new)and ITS(70 with 18 new)datasets were used to produce the phylogenetic results.Taking into consideration the phylogenies inferred from the nLSU and ITS datasets,Inonotus is a polyphyletic genus comprising at least three clades.Clade A,the core Inonotus clade,contains the generic type,Inonotus hispidus,while Clades B and C comprise species from the Inonotus linteus complex.Morphological and phylogenetic evidence indicates that Clades B and C are new genera,and Sanghuangporus and Tropicoporus are introduced in this study.Ten species are transferred to Sanghuangporus and seven to Tropicoporus.Tropicoporus excentrodendri and T.guanacastensis spp.nov.are described,and their distinctive characters are discussed.Keys to the two new genera and the Inonotus sensu stricto,and to species of each new genus are provided.

Species diversity,taxonomy and phylogeny of Polyporaceae(Basidiomycota)in China

Polyporaceae is one of the most important families of Basidiomycota.Investigations on the species diversity,taxonomy and phylogeny of Polyporaceae in China are carried out.So far 217 species belonging to 42 genera are reported from China.Two new genera:Amylosporia gen.nov.and Murinicarpus gen.nov.,twelve new species:Coriolopsis dendriformis sp.nov.,C.hainanensis sp.nov.,Funalia cystidiata sp.nov.,Haploporus microsporus sp.nov.,Perenniporia citrinoalba sp.nov.,P.yinggelingensis sp.nov.,Picipes hainanensis sp.nov.,P.jiajinensis sp.nov.,P.pseudovarius sp.nov.,Trametes duplexa sp.nov.,T.ellipsoidea sp.nov.and T.stiptica sp.nov.,and six new combinations,Amylosporia hattorii comb.nov.,Hornodermoporus latissimus comb.nov.,Murinicarpus subadustus comb.nov.,Picipes pumilus comb.nov.,Vanderbylia delavayi comb.nov.and Vanderbylia robiniophila comb.nov.,are proposed.All the species are described based on the Chinese collections.Keys to genera of Polyporaceae occurring in China and keys to species of each genus are provided.This monograph provides a revised classification of Polyporaceae in China according to the modern taxonomy.The phylogeny of Polyporaceae from China are reconstructed based on DNA sequences of multiple loci including the internal transcribed spacer(ITS)regions,the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene(nLSU),the small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene(nSSU),the small subunit mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences(mtSSU),the translation elongation factor 1-αgene(TEF1),theβ-tubulin gene(TBB1),the RNA polymerase II largest subunit(RPB1)and second largest subunit(RPB2)genes.In addition,full morphological descriptions,illustrations,color photographs,taxonomic notes,ecology and all the available sequences of Polyporaceae species found from China are provided.

Experimental evidence on biodiversity impacts of variable retention forestry,prescribed burning,and deadwood manipulation in Fennoscandia

Intensive forest management has been applied in most Fennoscandian forests for a period of almost one felling rotation.This paradigm has produced even-aged and even-structured forests of different successional stages that cover about 90%of forest land.At the same time,wildfires have been nearly eliminated in most of the Fennoscandian nature.Consequently,hundreds of species are red-listed because of forest management.To support these species,forest management requires improvements.Variable retention forestry and habitat restoration have been suggested to mitigate negative effects of forest management on biodiversity,and these have been practiced to some extent during the past few decades.Here,we review experimental results on the effects of variable retention and two restoration measures(prescribed burning and artificial addition of coarse woody debris)on different species groups in Fennoscandia.Our key findings are as follows:(i)Many species respond positively to felling within a few years,apparently due to released and often ephemeral resources,such as fresh residue and stumps.Species associated with shady conditions are negatively impacted,but any retention supports many of these,and their species composition remains almost unaffected with 50-70%retention of the initial tree volume.(ii)These effects remain detectable for at least 10-30 years or,according to some studies,nearly 100 years,e.g.,in polypore fungi.(iii)Initial effects of prescribed burning on most species groups(apart from pyrophiles)are negative,but within 10-15 years post-fire sites begin to support many rare and threatened deadwood-dependent species.Epiphytic lichens,however,remain negatively affected.(iv)Artificial addition of deadwood(mostly high stumps)supports a wide spectrum of deadwood-dependent species,but the species composition differs from that of naturally died trees.(v)Moisture and micro-habitat variation are crucial for forest species at harvested sites,at least in forests dominated by Norway spruce.We conclude that felling method as such is of little importance for threatened forest species,although retention mitigates many negative effects.These species require microclimatic continuity,and maintenance and active increase of legacies,such as deadwood of different qualities(species,downed/standing,snag/log/stump,decay stage),very old trees,and tree species mixtures.

Taxonomy and phylogeny of the brown-rot fungi:Fomitopsis and its related genera

Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies on the brown-rot fungi,Fomitopsis and its related genera,are carried out.On the basis of morphological characters and phylogenetic evidence of DNA sequences of multiple loci including the internal transcribed spacer(ITS)regions,the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene(nLSU),the small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene(nSSU),the small subunit mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences(mtSSU),the translation elongation factor 1-αgene(tef1)and the second subunit of RNA polymerase II(rpb2),six new genera,Fragifomes,Niveoporofomes,Piptoporellus,Rhodofomitopsis,Rubellofomes and Ungulidaedalea are established.Four new species,Buglossoporus eucalypticola,Daedalea allantoidea,Piptoporellus hainanensis and P.triqueter are descibed from China.Illustrated descriptions of the novel species are provided.Identification keys to Fomitopsis and its related genera,as well as keys to the species of each genus are provided.

New species and phylogeny of Perenniporia based on morphological and molecular characters

Three new resupinate,poroid,wood-inhabiting fungi,Perenniporia aridula,P.bannaensis and P.substraminea,are introduced on the basis of morphological and molecular characters.Molecular study based on sequence data from the ribosomal ITS and LSU regions supported the three new species’positions in Perenniporia s.s.,and all of them formed monophyletic lineages with strong support(100%BP,1.00 BPP).Phylogenetic analysis revealed seven clades for the 31 species of Perenniporia s.l.used in this study.Among them,Perenniporiella clustered with Perenniporia ochroleuca group,and then subsequently grouped with Abundisporus.In addition,the P.ochroleuca group,the P.vicina group,the P.martia group and P.subacida formed well supported monophyletic entities,which could be recognized as distinct genera,and they are not related to P.medulla-panis which belongs to Perenniporia s.s.clade.An identification key to 38 species of Perenniporia occurring in China is provided.

Fragiliporiaceae,a new family of Polyporales(Basidiomycota)

Fragiliporiaceae fam.nov.,a new poroid wood-inhabiting family,is introduced based on the combination of molecular and morphological data,and is typified by Fragiliporia gen.nov.The phylogenetic analysis shows that Fragiliporia fragilis sp.nov.forms a monophyletic group within Polyporales and warrants the introduction of a new fragiliporia clade based on molecular data of ITS+nLSU rRNA gene regions.Combined ITS,nLSU,mtSSU,TEF1 and RPB2 sequence data also demonstrated that the new family Fragiliporiaceae also formed a monophyletic lineage(70%BS,57%BP,0.99 BPP),and grouped with the phlebioid clade,residual polyporoid clade and core polyporoid clade.Fragiliporiaceae has unique macromorphological characters in having resupinate basidiocarps with very soft tubes when fresh,which become brittle when dry(becoming almost powdery when bruised);a monomitic hyphal system with thick-walled generative hyphae,clamp connections,and frequently H-,W-or Y-shaped hyphae branching from the clamp connections.

Taxonomic study of Favolus and Neofavolus gen. nov. segregated from Polyporus (Basidiomycota, Polyporales)

We present a taxonomic study of‘group Favolus’and related species in Polyporus.Phylogenetic analyses of nurLSU and ITS regions revealed that the infrageneric‘group Favolus’is divided into two main clades.Fungi within the group share laterally stipitate basidiocarps,with non-crustose stipe surfaces,and are distinguishable by the morphology of the pileus surface.One clade is characterized by species with hyaline to brown cutis,composed of hyaline to brown agglutinated generative hyphae.The other clade accommodates species with radially striate pileus,and lacks any distinct cutis of agglutinated hyphae.We propose Neofavolus gen.nov.,typified by N.alveolaris,for the former clade,and revise the genus Favolus,typified by F.brasiliensis,for the latter clade.Neofavolus includes N.mikawai and N.cremeoalbidus sp.nov.,known only from temperate eastern Asia,in addition to N.alveolaris.Favolus includes members of the Polyporus grammocephalus complex,the P.tenuiculus complex,and P.pseudobetulinus.We reveal that the polypore known as‘P.grammocephalus’in Asia includes F.acervatus and F.emerici(0 P.grammocephalus),whereas‘P.tenuiculus’includes three distinct species;F.brasiliensis from tropical America,and F.spathulatus and F.roseus from tropical Asia.Detailed descriptions and illustrations are provided for the accepted species in Favolus and Neofavolus.

Polyporous C@WC_(1-x) composite and its electrocatalytic activity for p-nitrophenol reduction

The polyporous carbon supported tungsten carbide（polyporous C@WC_（1-x）） composite was prepared using hexagonal silica MCM-41 as the hard template by raw material solution impregnation,mechanical milling and simultaneous reduction and carbonization by temperature programming in mixture gas（CH4/H2）.The structure and morphology of polyporous C@WC（1-x） composite were studied via X-ray diffraction,transmission electron microscopy and so on.The electrocatalytic property was tested for the electroreduction of p-nitrophenol（PNP） in neutral media.Results revealed that the composite is consisted of polyporous carbon and nanocrystalline WC（1-x）,possessing good electrocatalytic activity in the reaction of PNP reduction.