Removal of rubidium from brine by an integrated film of sulfonated polysulfone/graphene/potassium copper ferricyanide

A novel integrated film of sulfonated polysulfone/graphene/potassium copper ferricyanide(KCuFC/SPSG)was used for selectively extracting rubidium ion(Rb^(+))from brine.To form KCuFC/SPSG,the precursor film of sulfonated polysulfone/graphene(SPSG)was synthesized by phase conversion process,which was alternately immersed in 0.1 mol·L^(-1)CuSO_(4)/K_(4)[Fe(CN)_(6)]by in-situ adsorption coupled co-precipitation method.Various data such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer,Fourier transform infrared spectroscope,X-ray photoelectron spectroscope,X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscope,and energy dispersive spectroscopy all verified that abundant KCuFC were uniformly located on the film.The resulting KCuFC/SPSG was used in film separation system.As the solution was fed into the system,the Rb^(+)could be selectively adsorption by KCuFC/SPSG.After the saturation adsorption,0.5 mol·L^(-1)NH_(4)Cl/HCl was fed into the film cell,Rb^(+)could be quickly desorbed by ion-exchange between Rb^(+)and NH_(4)^(+)in the lattice of KCuFC.The purpose of separating and recovering Rb^(+)from the brine can be achieved after the repeated operation.The effects of pH,adsorption time,and interferential ions on the adsorption capacity of Rb^(+)were investigated by batch experiments.The adsorption behavior fits the pseudo-second order kinetic process,while KCuFC has a higher adsorption capacity(Langmuir maximum sorption 165.4 mg·g^(-1)).In addition,KCuFC/SPSG shows excellent selectivity for Rb^(+)even in complex brine systems.KCuFC/SPSG could maintain 93.5%extraction efficiency after five adsorption/desorption cycles.

CdS/ZnS-PVDF/PSF光催化膜的制备及其刚果红降解性能研究

光催化膜分离耦合技术处理废水是水处理研究方向之一,它是将膜分离技术与光催化技术结合,有效地解决了催化剂回收难的问题,同时也缓解了膜污染问题。利用水热法制备了CdS和CdS/ZnS光催化剂,用相转化法分别制备出聚偏氟乙烯/聚砜(PVDF/PSF)膜,以及CdS和CdS/ZnS光催化剂嵌入其中的CdS-PVDF/PSF光催化膜和CdS/ZnS-PVDF/PSF光催化膜。将刚果红溶液作为污染物,氙灯作为光源,分别对这3种膜的膜通量、截留率和刚果红降解率进行测试比较和分析。结果表明:反应进行360 min后,CdS/ZnS-PVDF/PSF光催化膜的膜通量能够达到63.0 L·h^(-1)·m^(2),相比PVDF/PSF膜(36.0L·h^(-1)·m^(2))和CdS-PVDF/PSF光催化膜(52.1L·h^(-1)·m^(2))的膜通量有显著增加,说明CdS/ZnS的负载有效缓解了PVDF/PSF膜的膜通量由于刚果红分子堵塞孔道引起的衰减。在膜通量增加的同时,CdS/ZnS-PVDF/PSF光催化膜的截留率在360min后依然保持在100%。CdS/ZnS-PVDF/PSF光催化膜对刚果红的降解率可以达到86.9%,分别比使用PVDF/PSF膜和CdS-PVDF/PSF光催化膜提高了18.1%和6.2%。CdS/ZnS-PVDF/PSF光催化膜能够获得最高的膜通量和降解率,因此用于降解废水中的有机污染物具有很好的应用前景。

Sodium alginate-polyvinyl alcohol/polysulfone (SA-PVA/PSF) hollow fiber composite pervaporation membrane for dehydration of ethanol-water solution

Using polysulfone （PSF） hollow fiber ultrafiltration membranes as the substrate, sodium alginate （SA） and polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） blend solutions as the coating solution, and maleic anhydride （MAC） as the cross-linked agent, SAPVA/PSF hollow fiber composite membranes were prepared for the dehydration of ethanol-water. The effects of different sodium alginate concentration in the coating solutions and different operating temperatures on pervaporation performance were investigated. The experimental results showed that pervaporation performance of the SA-PVA/PSF composite membranes for ethanol-water solution exhibited a high separation factor although they had a relatively low permeation flux. As SA concentration in SA-PVA coating solution was 66.7% and the operating temperature was 40 ℃, SA-PVA/PSF hollow fiber composite membrane （PS4） had a separation factor of 886 and flux of 12.6 g/（m^2·h）. Besides, SA-PVA/PSF hollow fiber composite membranes （PS3 and PS4） were used for the investigation of the effect of ethanol concentration in the feed solution on pervaporation performance.

ZIF-8/PSF复合膜的制备及其CO_(2)分离性能研究

由无机填料和有机基质组成的混合基质膜(MMMs)被广泛认为在CO_(2)分离中发挥着重要作用.本研究开发了一种逐层复合工艺,即通过浸涂-热转换制备与载体结合强度高的ZIF-8薄膜层,而后涂覆PSF聚合物溶液使其与ZIF-8膜层紧密结合得到ZIF-8/PSF混合基质复合膜.ZIF-8/PSF复合膜展现出CO_(2)优先渗透性能,对于等摩尔CO_(2)/CH_(4)混合气分离,CO_(2)渗透率为1.5×10^(-8)mol/(m^(2)·s·Pa),CO_(2)/CH_(4)的选择性为39.此外,ZIF-8/PSF复合膜具有优异的耐温性、耐压性、以及长周期稳定性.

PSF/BaTiO_(3)/MWCNT复合材料电介质性能研究

采用物理分散乳化法技术,将BaTiO_(3)和碳纳米管(MWCNT)分散在聚砜(PSF)中,通过改变MWCNT的含量,制备了一系列PSF/BaTiO_(3)/MWCNT的复合材料。结果发现,乳液中的BaTiO_(3)和MWCNT通过薄层结构被PSF树脂均匀地包覆,具有良好的分散性和稳定性。另外,制备的PSF/BaTiO_(3)/MWCNT复合材料具有较高而且稳定的玻璃化转变温度(T_(g)=185℃)和初始热分解温度(T_(5%)=474℃)。2.5%MWCNT质量分数的PSF/BaTiO_(3)/MWCNT复合材料在1 MHz时的介电常数提高了104%,达到14.5;但介电损耗仍低于0.06;所有复合材料在25~185℃具有稳定的介电性能。

高性能PPS网基PSF-ZrO_(2)复合隔膜的制备及其性能研究

聚苯硫醚(PPS)网基聚砜(PSF)-氧化锆(ZrO_(2))复合隔膜作为一种新型的高性能碱性水电解制氢隔膜,具有良好机械性能、低面电阻和高化学稳定性等优点。采用预热压成型和浸没沉淀相转换法制备出复合隔膜,研究了铸膜液中PSF、ZrO_(2)纳米颗粒、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)含量对隔膜性能的影响。分析比较了复合隔膜(命名为PPZS)和商业化Zirfon UTP 500隔膜的性能。结果显示PPZS复合隔膜的抗拉强度达到36.36 MPa,面电阻达到0.21Ω·cm^(2),泡点压力达到0.268 MPa,表现出优异的碱性水电解制氢综合性能。

Anti-fouling ultrafiltration membrane prepared from polysulfone-graft-methyl acrylate copolymers by UV-induced grafting method

Membrane fouling is one of the most important challenges faced in membrane ultrafiltration operations. The copolymers of polysulfone-graft-methyl acrylate were synthesized by homogeneous photo-initiated graft copolymerization. The variables affecting the degree of grafting, such as the time of UV （Ultraviolet-visible） irradiation and the concentrations of the methyl acrylate and photoinitiator, were investigated. The graft copolymer membranes were prepared by the phase inversion method. The chemical and morphological changes were characterized by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （ATR/FT-IR）, scanning electron microscopy, and water contact angles measurements. Results revealed that methyl acrylate groups were present on the membranes and the graft degree of methyl acrylate had remarkable effect on the performance of membranes. Pure water contact angle on the membrane surface decreases with the increase of methyl acrylate graft degree, which indicated that the hydrophilicity of graft copolymer membranes was improved. The permeation fluxes of pure water and bovine serum albumin solution were measured to evaluate the antifouling property of graft copolymer membranes, the results of which have shown an enhancement of antifouling property for graft copolymer membranes.

Investigation of polysulfone film on high-performance anode with stabilized electrolyte/electrode interface for lithium batteries

Lithium metal has been considered to be the most promising anode material for the new generation of energy-storage system.However,challenges still stand in protecting lithium metal from spontaneous reactions with electrolytes and preventing the dendritic propagation,both of which would lead to undesirable decrease in Coulombic efficiency.Polysulfone(PSf)membrane with high rigidity and free-volume cavities of approximately 0.3 nm was employed to provide a stable interface on the surface of anodic electrode.The isotropic channels were constructed by the interconnected and uniformly distributed free volumes in the polymer matrix,and were expected to be swelled by solvent molecules and anions of lithium salt and to allow Li+ions to pass through onto the electrode surface.As a result,dendrite-free morphology of deposited lithium was observed.The stabilized interface arose from the PSf film was verified by the promoted performances of Cu|Li cells and steady voltage polarization of Li|Li cells.The full cell with PSf coated anode exhibited excellent cyclability(85%capacity retention rate over 400 cycles at 1C)and an outstanding rate capability(117 m Ah g-1 at 5C).The beneficial performances were further verified by the EIS results.This work provides a new strategic idea to settle the dendritic problems of Li metal anodes.

Gas-initiation under UV and liquid-grafting polymerization on the surface of polysulfone hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane by dynamic method

Using the inner-surface of polysulfone hollow fiber ultrafiltration membranes as grafted layer, the method of gas-initiation and liquid-polymerization has been studied, which aimed to adjust the diameter of the pores in the membranes. The degree of polymerization varied with the changes of the parameters, such as irradiation time, monomer concentration, temperature and time of polymerization and so on. The results indicated that using benzophenone(BP) which is in a gaseous condition as photo-initiator, acrylamide as graft monomer, the polyacrylamide chain was grafted on the surface of membranes. After the surface membrane being modified, the water flux and retention altered,and thus it can be seen that the diameter of the pores in the membrane was altered. These experiments contribute to finding a new way to produce the hollow fiber membrane with the small pore size and are extraordinarily worth developing and studying.

Spray coating of polysulfone/poly(ethylene glycol) block polymer on macroporous substrates followed by selective swelling for composite ultrafiltration membranes

Polysulfone(PSF) is extensively used for the production of ultrafiltration(UF) membranes thanks to its high strength,chemical stability,and good processibility.However,PSF is intrinsically hydrophobic,and hydrophilic modification is always required to PSF-based membranes if they are intended to be used in aqueous systems.Facile strategies to prepare hydrophilic PSF membranes are thus highly demanded.Herein we spray coat a PSF-based amphiphilic block polymer onto macroporous substrates followed by selective swelling to prepare flat-sheet PSF UF membranes.The polymer is a triblock polymer containing PSF as the majority middle block tethered with shorter block of polyethylene glycol(PEG) on both ends,that is,PEG-b-PSF-b-PEG.We use the technique of spray coa ting to homogeneously dispense diluted triblock polymer solutions on the top of macroporous supports,instantly resulting in uniform,defect-free polymer coating layers with the thickness down to ~1.2 μm.The bi-layered composite structures are then immerged in ethanol/acetone mixture to generate mesoscale pores in the coating layers following the mechanism of selective swelling-induced pore generation,thus producing composite membranes with the mesoporous triblock polymer coating as the selective layers.This facile strategy is free from additional hydrophilic modification and much smaller dosages of polymers are used compared to conventional casting methods.The pore sizes,porositie s,hydrophilicity,and consequently the separation properties of the membranes can be flexibly tuned by changing the swelling duration and the composition of the swelling bath.This strategy combining spray coating and selective swelling is upscalable for the production of highperformance PSF UF membranes.

Modification Effect of Nano-Graphene Oxide on Properties and Structure of Polysulfone Ultrafiltration Membrane

In order to improve the purification properties of polysulfone (PSF) ultrafiltration membranes (UFM), nano-graphene oxide (nano-GO) was taken as modifier, and the physical blending process was adopted in our experiment. The microstructure, surface morphology and functional groups of modified UFM have been characterized respectively by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the static contact angle between the membrane surface and the water droplet has also been detected to show the change of its hydrophilicity. Through experiments, it has been found that modified UFM has larger and more developed finger micro-pores, and there exist a large number of -OH groups on its surface, and also its hydrophilicity has been enhanced. The result of the experiments show that the modified UFM may keep rejection above 97% and its water flux can be reached at about 219.1 L/(m2·h) under pressure of 1 bar if 0.4 wt% of nano-GO was added. Additionally, the nano-GO can increase the flux recovery radio (FRR) of the membranes, and the maximum FRR was observed as 74.4% if 0.3 wt% of nano-GO was appended.

Characterization of polysulfone hollow-fiber ultrafiltration membrane and its cleaning efficiency by streaming potential and flux method

Polysulfone(PS)hollow-fiber ultrafiltration membrane was characterized combined with flux and streaming potential in single electrolyte solutions.The effects of trans-membrane pressure,electrolyte concentration,ion valence and pH value of electrolyte solution on the streaming potential(SP)of the membrane were investigated.The zeta potential and surface charge density of the membrane were calculated on the basis of Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation and Gouy-Chapmann theory.The results indicate that the valence and concentration of cation have a greater influence on the SP and surface charge density of PS membrane than those of anion,and the pH value of electrolyte solution has great effects on the SP and zeta potential of the membrane surface. Both the absolute value of the streaming potential and water flux of the adsorbed membrane decrease,compared with those of the clean membrane.The streaming potential and flux of the cleaned membrane can be completely recovered by cleaning with the mass fraction of 0.8%EDTA at pH=10.

Preparation of antifouling ultrafiltration membranes from copolymers of polysulfone and zwitterionic poly(arylene ether sulfone)s

The past few decades have witnessed rapid gains in our demands of antifouling membranes such as water purification membranes and hemodialysis membranes.A variety of methodologies have been proposed for improving the antifouling performance and the hemocompatibility of the membranes.In this study,a series of copolymers(PSF-PESSB)containing polysulfone(PSF)and poly(arylene ether sulfone)bearing pendant zwitterionic sulfobetaine groups(PESSB)were prepared via one-pot polycondensation.Subsequently,the ultrafiltration(UF)membranes were prepared from different zwitterion-containing copolymers.The prepared membranes showed high thermal stability and mechanical properties.Besides,it also displayed attractive antifouling performance and blood compatibility.Compared with the original PSF membrane,the amount of protein absorption on the modified membrane was reduced;the flux recovery ratio and the resistance to blood cells were significantly improved.The results of this work suggest that PSF-PESSB membranes are expected to be applied in blood purification.The introduction of zwitterion-containing polymers to membranes paves ways for developing advanced hemodialysis technologies for crucial process.

Synthesis and Characterization of Polysulfone Hydrogels

Polysulfone (PSF) membranes are frequently used in ultrafiltration, due totheirchemical and structural stability and mechanical robustness. Despite these advantages, successful utilization of this membrane technology has been greatly limited by the susceptibility of these membranes to fouling, due totheirhydrophobic nature. Here we report on the synthesis and characterisation of hydrophilic PSF membrane materials prepared by incorporation of polyvinyl alcohol, through chemical crosslinking to produce mechanically and chemically stable PSF hydrogels. The hydrogel composition was controlled at three different ratios to evaluate the effect of the PSF contributioni.e.25:75, 50:50 and 75:25. PSF hydrogels were characterized using high resolution scanningelectronmicroscopy (HR-SEM), cyclicvoltammetry (CV), and drop shape analysis techniques. The polysulfone hydrogels formed showed a decrease in contact angle by 50% for all hydrogels regardless of their polysulfone contribution, confirming an improvement in hydrophilic nature. The electron diffusion and ionic transport properties of thehydrogels as immobilised thin films in aqueous solutions,wereevaluated using cyclic voltammetry.

迷迭香酸增效PSF降解橙黄G的机制和生态毒性评估

本文选取橙黄G为目标污染物,迷迭香酸为增效试剂,聚合硅酸铁为催化剂,研究了迷迭香酸增效聚合硅酸铁UV-Fenton降解橙黄G的机制,讨论了迷迭香酸对橙黄G降解途径的影响,评估了降解中间产物的水生态毒性.结果表明:迷迭香酸同时具备还原和络合能力,能够高效促进催化剂释放铁离子和亚铁离子,在0.05mmol/L低浓度下即可增效降解橙黄G,反应1min时后者脱色率高达88.5%,反应15min时接近100%.伴随着降解中间产物的矿化,铁离子会被催化剂吸附回收,体系总铁离子浓度可从峰值7.65mg/L降至3.10mg/L,从而避免了铁离子的流失和二次污染问题.外加迷迭香酸不会改变橙黄G的降解途径,但二者在降解过程中均会产生毒性更强的中间产物,中间产物只有充分矿化至草酸阶段才能达到脱毒效果.

New high permeable polysulfone/ionic liquid membrane for gas separation

In this study,the effects of 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid on CO2/CH4 separation performance of symmetric polysulfone membranes are investigated.Pure polysulfone membrane and ionic liquid-containing membranes are characterized.Field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM)is used to analyze surface morphology and thickness of the fabricated membranes.Energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS)and elemental mapping,Fourier transform infrared(FTIR),thermal gravimetric(TGA),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and Tensile strength analyses are also conducted to characterize the prepared membrane s.CO2/CH4 separation performance of the membranes are measured twice at 0.3 MPa and room temperature(250 C).Permeability measurements confirm that increasing ionic liquid content in polymer-ionic liquid membranes leads to a growth in CO2 permeation and CO2/CH4 selectivity due to high affinity of the ionic liquid to carbon dioxide.CO2 permeation significantly increases from 4,3 Barrer(1 Barrer=10^-10 cm^3(STP)·cm·m^-2·s^-1·cmHg^-1,1 cmHg=1.333 kPa)for the pure polymer membrane to 601.9 Barrer for the 30 wt%ionic liquid membrane.Also,selectivity of this membrane is improved from 8.2 to 25.8.mixed gas te sts are implemented to investigate gases interaction.The results showed,the disruptive effect of CH4 molecules for CO2 permeation lead to selectivity decrement compare to pure gas te st.The fabricated membranes with high ionic liquid content in this study are promising materials for industrial CO2/CH4 separation membranes.

Fabrication of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) /Polysulfone Flat Blend Membranes via Thermally Induced Phase Separation Process for Water Treatment

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) /polysulfone(PVDF/PSF) flat blend membrane was prepared via thermally induced phase separation(TIPS) technique.The membrane formation mechanism and membrane structure were investigated and the effects of PSF/PVDF weight ratio on morphology,crystallinity,porosity,and mechanical properties of the membrane were discussed.The relationship between membrane structure and performances,such as pure water flux and the rejection of carbonic black,was also discussed.It was found that solid-liquid(S-L) phase separation occurred for the PVDF/PSF/diluent system.The addition of PSF influences structure and crystallinity of the membrane,which in turn influences mechanical properties and performances of the membrane.The results reveal that it is possible to obtain network structure via S-L phase separation by blending the polymer,which has a partial compatibility with PVDF.

Selective swelling of polysulfone/poly(ethylene glycol) block copolymer towards fouling-resistant ultrafiltration membranes

Fouling resistance of ultrafiltration(UF) membranes is critical for their long-term usages in terms of stable performance, so convenient approaches to prepare fouling-resistant membranes are always anticipated. Herein, we demonstrate the facile fabrication of antifouling polysulfone-block-poly(ethylene glycol)(PSF-b-PEG, SFEG)composite membranes. SFEG layer was coated onto macroporous supports and cavitated by immerging them in acetone/n-propanol following the mechanism of selective swelling induced pore generation. Thus-produced SFEG membranes possessed high permeance and excellent mechanical strength. Meanwhile, the structures and separation performances of the SFEG layers can be continuously tuned through simply changing swelling durations. More importantly, the hydrophilic PEG chains were spontaneously enriched onto the pore walls through swelling treatment, endowing intrinsic antifouling property to the SFEG membranes. Bovine serum albumin(BSA)/humic acid(HA) fouling tests proved the prominent fouling resistance of SFEG membranes, and the fouling resistance is expected to be long-standing because of the firm connection between PEG chains and PSF matrix by covalent bonding.

THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF A MEMBRANE-FORMING SYSTEM COMPOSED OF POLYSULFONE-SOLVENT-SULFURIC ACID SOLUTION

1 INTRODUCTIONSince the invention of asymmetric membrane by Loeb and Sourirajan [1],membraneseparation processes have attracted considerable commercial interests.L-S membranesare generally prepared by phase inversion techniques [2].The thermodynamic and kine-tic analyses of these processes could be expressed by means of semiempiricalmathematical models.Such thermodynamic work involves the construction of a com-plete phase diagram for the membrane formation system and the membrane structure.

Metal Nanoparticle Modified Polysulfone Membranes for Use in Wastewater Treatment: A Critical Review

Membrane separation processes have been widely applied in the treatment of wastewater. Polysulphone (PSF) membranes are the most common membranes used in ultrafiltration of wastewater due to its mechanical robustness and structural and chemical stability. Unfortunately these membranes are mostly hydrophobic by nature and therefore highly susceptible to fouling. Many studies have been conducted to increase the hydrophilic properties of the polysul-phone/ polyethersulfone membrane surface, more recently metal nanoparticles have been added to the polymer matrix in order to reduce fouling potential and increase membrane performance. TiO2 nanoparticles have proven successful in mitigating fouling of organic matter onto PES. Embedded Ag nanoparticles have improved virus removal from wastewater due to the bactericidal properties of silver. Al2O3 and most recently ZrO2 nanoparticles reduced the fouling rate of polyethersulfone membranes in wastewater, while the latter also showed lower flux decline of the composite membrane. These metal nanoparticles all impart specific properties onto the membrane surface. Scanning electron microscopy, steady state fouling rate and contact angle measurements are membrane characterisation techniques discussed in this review that reveal specific changes to membrane properties brought about by metal nanoparticles. This paper reviews the most recent developments and shortcomings of metal nanocomposite polysulfone and polyethersulfone (PES) membranes and strives to identify specific focus areas to consider in future research.