Effects of Increasing Rainfall Depths and Impervious Areas on the Hydrologic Responses

Hydrologic modeling is a popular tool for estimating the hydrological response of a watershed. However, modeling processes are becoming more complex due to land-use changes such as urbanization, industrialization, and the expansion of agricultural activities. The primary goal of the research was to use the HEC-HMS model to evaluate the impact of impervious soil layers and the increase in rainfall-runoff processes on hydrologic processes. For these purposes, the Watershed Modelling System (WMS) and Hydrologic Engineering Center’s-Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) models were used in this study to simulate the rainfall-runoff process. To compute runoff rate, runoff volume, base flow, and flow routing methods SCS curve number, SCS unit hydrograph, recession, and loss routing methods were selected for the research, respectively. To reduce the processing time and computational complexity, a small section of the Pipestem Creek Watershed was selected to understand the methods and concepts associated with the hydrologic simulation model building. A DEM along with other required data such as land use land cover data, soil type data, and meteorological data was utilized to delineate the watershed in WMS. The output of WMS was utilized to run the HEC-HMS model for five different scenario analyses. All the relevant data were plugged in to the model to get the desired map. Subsequently, outlets at appropriate locations were selected for the sub-basin delineation for further analysis. Finally, the model was parametrized to get successful simulation results. Overall, peak discharges and runoff volumes were increased with increasing storm depths and impervious areas. Peak discharges were increased to 36% and 51% when rainfall depths were increased by 10% and 20% from the initial rainfall depth, respectively. Runoff volumes were also increased to 35% and 49% for the same scenarios, respectively. Peak discharges were increased to 12% and 78% with a 10% and 20%, respectively, increase in impervious areas. The runoff volumes were increased by 12% and 76% when impervious areas were increased by 10% and 20%, respectively. The simulation models responded well, and the peak discharges and runoff volumes increased with increasing storm depths and impervious areas.

Extracting Impervious Surface and Its Change Information Using Satellite Remote Sensing Data

Impervious surface is one of the important parameters of valley water circular simulation,scientific estimation for which has significant and practical value for the urban water quantity and process simulation,diffuse pollution estimating and the forecast of climate changes.The objective of this research is to get the information of impervious surface and its dynamic change.Through the computer-assisted field method,the technologies of decision tree and data mining were applied to withdraw the impervious surface information in research region by the Landsat TM data in 1988,1994 and 2002.The results suggested that the accuracy of impervious surface information extraction in the study area arrived above 94.4% in 2002 image.On this basis,the mixed method was used to extract the location and the types of the impervious surface change.The overall accuracy of monitoring reached 89%,which meets the demand of the hydrological models.

Examining the Relationship Between Spatial Configurations of Urban Impervious Surfaces and Land Surface Temperature

The urban heat island(UHI) effect has significant effects on the quality of life and public health. Numerous studies have addressed the relationship between UHI and the increase in urban impervious surface area(ISA), but few of them have considered the impact of the spatial configuration of ISA on UHI. Land surface temperature(LST) may be affected not only by urban land cover, but also by neighboring land cover. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of the abundance and spatial association of ISAs on LST. Taking Harbin City, China as an example, the impact of ISA spatial association on LST measurements was examined. The abundance of ISAs and the LST measurements were derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM) imagery of 2000 and 2010, and the spatial association patterns of ISAs were calculated using the local Moran’s I index. The impacts of ISA abundance and spatial association on LST were examined using correlation analysis. The results suggested that LST has significant positive associations with both ISA abundance and the Moran’s I index of ISAs, indicating that both the abundance and spatial clustering of ISAs contribute to elevated values of LST. It was also found that LST is positively associated with clustering of high-ISA-percentage areas(i.e.,>50%) and negatively associated with clustering of low-ISA-percentage areas(i.e.,<25%). The results suggest that, in addition to the abundance of ISAs,their spatial association has a significant effect on UHIs.

Improvement of Urban Impervious Surface Estimation in Shanghai Using Landsat7 ETM+ Data

This paper explores the potential to improve the impervious surface estimation accuracy using a multi-stage approach on the basis of vegetation-impervious surface-soil (V-I-S) model. In the first stage of Spectral Mixture Analysis (SMA) process, pixel purity index, a quantitative index for defining endmember quality, and a 3-dimensional endmember selection method were applied to refining endmembers. In the second stage, instead of obtaining impervious surface fraction by adding high and low albedo fractions directly, a linear regression model was built between impervious surface and high/low albedo using a random sampling method. The urban impervious surface distribution in the urban central area of Shanghai was predicted by the linear regression model. Estimation accuracy of spectral mixture analysis and impervious surface fraction were assessed using root mean square (RMS) and color aerial photography respectively. In comparison with three different research methods, this improved estimation method has a higher overall accuracy than traditional Linear Spectral Mixture Analysis (LSMA) method and the normalized SMA model both in root mean square error (RMSE) and standard error (SE). However, the model has a tendency to overestimate the impervious surface distribution.

Integrating CART Algorithm and Multi-source Remote Sensing Data to Estimate Sub-pixel Impervious Surface Coverage:A Case Study from Beijing Municipality,China

The sub-pixel impervious surface percentage(SPIS) is the fraction of impervious surface area in one pixel,and it is an important indicator of urbanization.Using remote sensing data,the spatial distribution of SPIS values over large areas can be extracted,and these data are significant for studies of urban climate,environment and hydrology.To develop a stabilized,multi-temporal SPIS estimation method suitable for typical temperate semi-arid climate zones with distinct seasons,an optimal model for estimating SPIS values within Beijing Municipality was built that is based on the classification and regression tree(CART) algorithm.First,models with different input variables for SPIS estimation were built by integrating multi-source remote sensing data with other auxiliary data.The optimal model was selected through the analysis and comparison of the assessed accuracy of these models.Subsequently,multi-temporal SPIS mapping was carried out based on the optimal model.The results are as follows:1) multi-seasonal images and nighttime light(NTL) data are the optimal input variables for SPIS estimation within Beijing Municipality,where the intra-annual variability in vegetation is distinct.The different spectral characteristics in the cultivated land caused by the different farming characteristics and vegetation phenology can be detected by the multi-seasonal images effectively.NLT data can effectively reduce the misestimation caused by the spectral similarity between bare land and impervious surfaces.After testing,the SPIS modeling correlation coefficient(r) is approximately 0.86,the average error(AE) is approximately 12.8%,and the relative error(RE) is approximately 0.39.2) The SPIS results have been divided into areas with high-density impervious cover(70%–100%),medium-density impervious cover(40%–70%),low-density impervious cover(10%–40%) and natural cover(0%–10%).The SPIS model performed better in estimating values for high-density urban areas than other categories.3) Multi-temporal SPIS mapping(1991–2016) was conducted based on the optimized SPIS results for 2005.After testing,AE ranges from 12.7% to 15.2%,RE ranges from 0.39 to 0.46,and r ranges from 0.81 to 0.86.It is demonstrated that the proposed approach for estimating sub-pixel level impervious surface by integrating the CART algorithm and multi-source remote sensing data is feasible and suitable for multi-temporal SPIS mapping of areas with distinct intra-annual variability in vegetation.

Study on Remote Sensing Information Extraction Technology for the Impervious Surface of Erhai Basin

[Objective] To study the remote sensing information extraction technology for the impervious surface of Erhai basin with the aim to develop dynamic simulation platform for the formation of water pollution. [Method] Linear spectral separation technology was used to achieve Vd-S model solution, extracting remote sensing in- formation of the impervious surface of Erhai basin from the TM data of Landsat5 in 2009. The linear combination of 4 kinds of endmember spectra, namely vegetation, high anti-illumination, low anti-illumination and bare soil, were used to simulate the TM spectral characteristics, and its distribution and spatial characteristics were ana- lyzed. [Result] Middle-resolution image is suitable for the basin-scaled impervious surface extraction with reliable results and satisfactory accuracy. [Conclusion] This study provided basis for deciding the relationship between the regulation strategy on the non-point source pollution of Erhai Lake, coordinated economic development and environmental protection.

Catchment-based Imperviousness Metrics Impacts on Floods in Niushou River Basin,Nanjing City,East China

Concerns regarding urbanization impacts on floods gradually moved from end-of-pipe solutions, based on open channel hydraulics improvement, to imperviousness ratio limiting and then to land use control and to integrated planning at local and large scale levels. The Niushou River basin is one of the fastest urbanizing areas in Nanjing City, East China, however, the high urban land percentage has leaded to series of flooding events. The paper aims to reveal the impact of imperviousness ratio, patterns and drainage system on flooding areas based on the unit of catchment and Storm Water Management Model(SWMM). The following conclusions were reached. 1) The ratio or spatial characteristics of the impervious surface affected the runoff volumes and associated floods areas. Despite the well-established drainage system, the high imperviousness ratio, particularly clustered pattern in locations such as hydrological sensitive zones aggravated the flooding tension across the basin. 2) The poor drainage hydraulic efficiency in local areas, and the lack of integral processes of infiltration, yield, storage and discharge in local catchment and larger basin are also significant factors. 3) The Niushou River basin development should improve the drainage transformations from a single local, short-term drainage process into integral, elastic processes of infiltration, yield, storage, and discharge.

Consolidation of partially saturated ground improved by impervious column inclusion:Governing equations and semi-analytical solutions

This study focuses on the consolidation behavior and mathematical interpretation of partially-saturated ground improved by impervious column inclusion.The constitutive relations for soil skeleton,pore air and pore water for partially saturated soils are proposed in the context of partially-saturated ground improved by impervious column inclusion.Settlement equation and dissipation equations of excess pore air/water pressures for a partially saturated improved ground are then derived.The semi-analytical solutions for ground settlement and pore pressure dissipation are then obtained through the Laplace transform and validated by the existing solutions for two special cases in the literature and the numerical results obtained from the finite difference method.A series of parametric studies is finally conducted to investigate the influence of some key factors on consolidation of partially saturated ground improved by impervious column inclusion.Based on the parametric study,it can be found that a higher value of the area replacement ratio or modulus of the pile results in a longer dissipation time of excess pore air pressure(PAP),a shorter dissipation time of excess pore water pressure(PWP),and a lower normalized settlement.

Analysis of Impervious Surface Area, and the Impacts on Soil-Based Agriculture and the Hydrologic Cycle: A Case Study in the Agricultural Land Reserve in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

The province of British Columbia, Canada, has established an Agricultural Land Reserve (ALR) to protect the most suitable soil landscapes for agriculture. Increases in population and urbanization have resulted in development challenges on ALR lands. The Metro Vancouver area is the most productive agricultural area in British Columbia as well as the most rapidly growing urban region. The increase in impervious areas has decreased the amount of arable land for soil-based agriculture and altered the hydrological cycle. Analysis using a combination of aerial imagery and GIS found that impervious areas comprise about 10 percent of the ALR within Metro Vancouver. Farm residences and greenhouses have the largest effect on reducing the soil surface for water infiltration. This decrease in area has negatively influenced the ecosystem heath of the region, as well as, decreasing the amount of agricultural land for soil based agriculture and both surface and groundwater dynamics.

Using Impervious Surfaces to Detect Urban Expansion in Beijing of China in 2000s

The change of impervious surface area(ISA) can effectively reveal the gradual process of urbanization and act as a key index for monitoring urban expansion. Experiencing rapid growth of the built environment in the 2000 s, urban expansion of Beijing has not been fully characterized through ISA. In this study, Landsat TM images of Beijing in 2001 and 2009 were obtained, and the eight-year urban expansion process in Beijing was analyzed using the ISA extracted by means of the vegetation-imperious surface-soil(V-I-S) model. From the spatial variation in ISA, the ring structure of urban expansion in Beijing was significant during the study period, with decreasing urban density from the city center to the periphery. In the ring road analysis, the most dramatic changes of ISA were found between the fifth ring and the sixth ring. This area has experienced the most new residential development, and is currently the main source of urban expansion. The typical profile lines revealed the directional characteristics of urban expansion. The east-west profile was the most urbanized axes in Beijing, while ISA change in the east-north profile was more significant than in the other five profiles. Moreover, the transition matrix of ISA levels revealed an increase in urban density in the low density built areas; the Moran′s I index showed a clear expansion of the central urban area, which spread contiguously; and the standard deviational ellipse indicated the northeast was the dominant direction of urban expansion. These findings can provide important spatial control guidelines in the next round of national economic and social development planning, overall urban and rural planning, and land use planning.

A Study on Impervious and Heat-Insulating Performance of Geomembrane Composites Within Breakwater

This paper investigates the performance of geomembrane composites used as impervious and heat-insulating lining within a breakwater for a power station. The seepage field, distribution of stress-strain contour and seepage discharge of hot water which has been treated as the inner thermal source in the calculation of heat-insulation, have been given by three-dimensional calculation method coupling seepage with stress. The results indicate that the impervious and heat-insulation effect of geomembrane composites is significant.

Evaluation of Maintenance Strategies Based on Leakage Risk Assessment on Side Impervious Walls at Coastal Landfill Sites

Asset management is a strategic decision-making aspect of social infra-structure that ensures safety by predicting long-term conditions and maximizing effectiveness under budgetary constraints. Predicting the deterioration of impervious walls is essential in the asset management of coastal landfill sites, particularly in the design of their maintenance and repair strategy. In this paper, a quantitative evaluation of the leakage of toxic substances in coastal landfill sites where deterioration of side impervious walls has decreased the water interception performance is reported. In addition, risk evaluation based on the asset management of the leakage is applied to determine an appropriate repair method. The strategy of repairing the walls when the concentration of the toxic substances leaking into the sea area exceeds the closure and abandonment of coastal landfill sites is demonstrated to be superior. Moreover, the strategy of repairing only the seaside side impervious wall is shown to be cost-effective.

Effects of Increasing Impervious Surface on Water Quality in Ile-Ife Urban Watershed, Southwestern Nigeria

The urban environment has continued to experience changes from increasing impervious surfaces, which alters the proper functioning of the ecological zones and impairs water quality in the watershed. Impervious cover is predominantly used as an indicator to assist in understanding and forecasting the impact of human actions and other related activities on aquatic resources. In this study, the rate of change in land uses using the impervious surface as an indicator, and the percentage of imperviousness on the effect on water quality in the urban watershed were assessed. Ile-Ife was delineated as an urban watershed, and the percentage of imperviousness from 2008 to 2016 and the effect of imperviousness on water bodies were assessed. The study utilized ASTERDEM, Worldview (0.46 m), IKONOS (1.4 m), Landsat (30 m) for 2008 and 2016, GPS and Drone (10 cm). Water sampling was carried out in selected locations as generated by the impervious surface analyst tool, (ISAT). The percentage (%) of impervious surfaces accounted for 59.4% (4567.1/7691.5ha) in 2008 and 70.3% (5408.2/7691.5ha) in 2016, from the total number of lands investigated. The turbidity values from low to high regions were 32.3, 55.9 and 82.4 NUT. Changes in LULC of the watershed led to increased surface temperature, impermeable surfaces, and decreased vegetation, which exposes the area to flooding and reduced water quality. This study emphasized the importance of GIS and its integration into urban changes and water quality assessment.

Monitoring Local Impervious Surface Trends Using Indices Derived from Property Tax and Several Landsat Datasets

Human economic and social needs can be in conflict with ecosystem needs. Land development increases impervious surfaces causing significant negative impacts to aquatic ecosystems. Many impervious surface estimates are derived from remote sensing data, developed by using different methods and often out of date. Remote sensing data is often at scales applicable to regional management, but not local planning decisions. To date, no standardized annual dataset of percent impervious surface exists for use at both local and watershed scales. Effective communication between natural resource managers and local planners has been lacking. One solution is to monitor percent impervious surface with a relative index rather than direct measure. A relative index model can use a currency, like foundation square feet per hectare, which is useful for all decision makers. One data source for developing a relative index of impervious surface is property tax data. These data document annual land development at local scale. Here, the author presents the use of Maryland property tax data to index land development and percent impervious surface.

基于数值试验的降雨径流过程对不透水面空间分布的响应分析

为解析降雨径流过程对不透水面空间分布的响应关系,构造了一个3 km×3 km的假想试验区域,面向试验区域构建了包含6个不透水率的36种不透水面空间分布,并建立相应的数值试验模型,模拟了重现期分别为2、5、10、20、50、100 a共6种不同重现期短历时设计降雨下的降雨径流过程,基于模拟结果对不同不透水面空间分布情景下的降雨径流过程进行了分析。结果表明:在同一不透水率下,不同不透水面空间分布的径流系数差异相对较小,不透水面空间分布对径流特征的影响主要体现在径流峰值和峰现时间上;在同一降雨条件下,不透水率变化是径流过程变化的主导因素,径流系数与不透水率呈线性相关关系,随着不透水率的增加,径流过程线逐渐由“矮胖”变得“尖瘦”。

基于ParFlow.CLM的居民小区屋顶雨水断接水文效应研究

城市不透水面的快速扩张极大地改变了自然的水文循环过程,是造成城市内涝、河湖生态退化等城市水问题的主要原因之一。海绵城市建设及低影响开发利用源头海绵设施或城市绿地断接城市不透水面,减少不透水面的水文效应,是缓解城市水问题的重要措施。探究不透水面断接的水文效应对我国海绵城市建设具有重要意义。基于全分布式物理水文模型ParFlow.CLM,充分考虑城市地下构筑物,探究了不同土壤质地情景下西宁市某典型居民小区建筑屋顶断接在连续的降雨、蒸发过程中的水文效应。模拟结果显示,利用该居民小区自然绿地断接建筑屋顶能取得较好的径流控制效果:当土壤饱和导水率(K_(s))大于0.01m/h时,屋顶径流的年削减率能达到72.9%以上。屋顶断接在建筑物雨落管附近形成了集中入渗,增加了根区土壤湿度,且这一效应随着土壤渗透性的增加而增强。根区土壤湿度的增加进一步促进了绿地的蒸散发:与屋顶断接前相比,不同土壤质地情景下居民小区年蒸散发总量增加了6.2%~7.8%。另一方面,集中入渗在局部也形成了更深的湿润锋,使得更多下渗水量能够脱离植被根区的蒸散发作用,从而促进根区水分的深层渗漏。模拟结果表明,尽管该居民小区地下停车场限制了大部分区域的深层渗漏,当土壤K_(s)大于0.01m/h时,屋顶断接情景下的年深层渗漏总量仍能超过城市化前的水平。

抽蓄电站全库盆防渗水库渗流缺陷影响分析

针对抽蓄电站全库盆防渗水库土工膜缺陷导致水库渗流量产生变化的安全问题,结合陕西省某抽蓄电站水库库底土工膜防渗工程,采用单因素影响分析和多因素影响分析方法进行抽蓄电站全库盆防渗水库渗流缺陷影响分析。结果表明,水头大小、缺陷大小、缺陷个数均正向影响抽蓄水库渗流量,而缺陷位置与抽蓄水库渗流量的相关性不明显。其中缺陷大小是影响抽蓄水库渗流量的主要因素,其次为水头大小,再次为缺陷个数。

黄土高原径流侵蚀功率输沙模型的改进

水土流失对流域生态危害严重,输沙量模拟和预测可以为流域水土流失防治提供依据,因此精确的输沙模型是流域水土流失治理的重要工具。为了精确模拟变化环境下黄土高原年输沙量,该研究基于黄土高原19个水文站的径流和输沙数据,通过随机森林变量重要性度量方法评估年径流侵蚀功率、淤地坝指数、淤地坝相对指数、归一化植被指数、不透水地面积等因子对流域年输沙量的影响,使用非线性最小二乘法估算年输沙模型参数,对比分析不同因子组合的年输沙模型精度,提出适用性较强的黄土高原年输沙模型,据此开展年输沙量变化贡献率分析。结果表明:1)以幂函数形式构建的仅含径流侵蚀功率单因子输沙模型精度与流域面积有显著的负相关关系,相关系数为-0.505(P<0.05),模型精度随着流域面积增大而下降,在面积大于7000 km^(2)的流域适用性较差;2)年径流侵蚀功率、淤地坝指数及不透水地面积因子组合建立的多因子年输沙模型在黄土高原适用性最佳,模型在率定期纳什效率系数平均值为0.84,均方根误差平均值为0.21亿t,在验证期纳什系数平均值为0.79,均方根误差平均值为0.27亿t。3)影响研究流域年输沙量变化的因素依次是:年径流侵蚀功率、不透水地面积和淤地坝指数。研究可以为黄土高原不同区域水土流失防治和生态治理工作提供理论支撑。

2000-2020年滇中城市群不透水面时空动态演变及驱动力分析

[目的]揭示滇中城市群不透水面时空动态演变特征及驱动力机制,进而为制定滇中城市群规划和发展策略提供理论参考。[方法]利用2000—2020年滇中城市群GISD 30 m不透水面数据,运用不透水面动态度、标准差椭圆、象限分析法和地理探测器等空间分析方法揭示了不透水面时空变化规律及驱动力机制。[结果](1)时间演变:近20年滇中城市群不透水面整体扩展速率呈现下降—上升—下降的波动趋势,年均扩展速率为66.77 km^(2)/a,年均动态度达4.36%,不透水面的动态度呈现不断下降趋势。近20年来,滇中城市群不透水面面积扩大了1402.2 km^(2),增长率高达91.5%。(2)空间演变上:近20年滇中城市群不透水面扩展各个城市空间差异较大,其中昆明市不透水面扩展较多,楚雄彝族自治州扩展面积较少。各城市群总体上朝南部—东南部方向扩展,迁移重心基本稳定。(3)近20年来滇中城市群不透水面的扩展具有明显的方向性,总体向东北—西南方向扩展。其中2005年标准差椭圆面积最大,不透水面开始高速扩张,20年来不透水面重心变化较为稳定,整体一直保持向南迁移,总体变化相对较小。(4)从不透水面的驱动机制分析,人口因素对其扩展的影响显著,而LAI、坡度、降水、温度以及NDVI等因素对不透水面扩展的影响不显著。人口和其他因素之间的交互作用强度明显强于其他因素之间的交互作用。[结论]近20年以来滇中城市群不透水面不断扩展,对城市群的资源环境承载力和国土空间格局产生巨大影响,为此应加强不透水面空间优化布局,为实现滇中城市群高质量跨越式发展提供有力支撑。

天津某地铁车站深基坑突涌事故分析

基坑施工过程中渗漏、突涌水灾害时有发生,地下水处理不当是引发基坑事故的重要影响因素之一。突涌事故往往发生于土方开挖等施工阶段,具有突发性、难以可视化的特点。基于分析天津市某地铁车站基坑工程的突涌水事故的现场实测数据、处理措施等内容,回溯事故发生原因,主要是开挖基底下的承压层减压降水效果不明显,通过围堰反压、注浆、混凝土封堵等措施,配合启动基坑外承压层降水井进行减压降水,有效控制了突涌水事故。基坑开挖施工期间,须严格监测基坑内外水位,发现异常须及时排查原因解决,现场人员须加倍重视。当基坑采用悬挂式止水帷幕且坑内没有条件进行减压井施工时,可利用基坑外观测井进行降水减压,但应避免引发周边环境的地层大范围沉降、土层不均匀沉降等,必要时采取相应措施加以保护。