Equilibrium and kinetic data of adsorption and separation for zirconium and hafnium onto MIBK extraction resin

The equilibrium and kinetics of methyl isobutyl ketone(MIBK) extraction resin for adsorption and separation of zirconium and hafnium were studied under the different conditions of acidity,initial total concentrations of zirconium and hafnium and temperature.The equilibrium data of both zirconium and hafnium are found to follow the Freundlich adsorption isotherm,and the Freundlich isotherm constants(KF) are 3.53 and 0.64 mg/g,respectively.The equilibrium data of zirconium also fit the Langmuir adsorption isotherm,and the saturation adsorption capacity(Qmax) and the Langmuir isotherm constant(KL)are 75.93 mg/g and-0.012 7 L/g,respectively.The obtained kinetic data of both zirconium and hafnium are found to fit the HO pseudo-second-order kinetic model,and the rate constants of pseudo-second-order equation(k2) are-0.019 and 0.41 g/(mg·min),respectively.Column tests show that the MIBK extraction resin could be used as efficient adsorbent material for separating hafnium from zirconium.

Separation of cobalt and nickel by non-equilibrium solvent extraction

The separation of cobalt and nickel in the ammoniacal sulfate solution by non equilibrium solvent extraction with a phosphate (P303) as extractant was studied. In the experiment, the effects of equilibrium pH value in aqueous phase, contact time of the two phases, the air blowing time for feed liquor in the open beaker on percentage extraction of cobalt and nickel and percentage reextraction of nickel from the loaded organic phase with dilute H 2SO 4. etc were studied. The results showed that: Co(Ⅱ) can be oxidized to Co(Ⅲ) ammino complex by adding (NH 4) 2S 2O 8 or blowing air to the aqueous phase, and Co(Ⅲ) ammino complex is a kind of kinetically inert complex. Its extractive speed is very slow, while the nickel′s is much faster than that of cobalt. By controlling the contact time of the two phases, nickel can be separated from cobalt by non equilibrium solvent extraction. Then nickel was reextracted from the loaded organic phase with dilute H 2SO 4.

Mechanism of pool separation and stratification in laser remelting and cladding

The laser remelting with a two-layer material system (upper material was Al-30 % Ti-20 % Ni alloy,substrate was commercial aluminum alloy) and the laser cladding of a commercial 45 steel with copper Powder (including 25%SiC) were carried out using a 2kW continuous CO2 laser. For the case of laser remelting, a upper Pool in the alloying layer and a lower Pool in the substrate separated by the unmelted Al-Ti-Ni alloy were observed. For laser cladding, a stratified Pool was observed, whose top layer was Cu alloy liquid and bottom was Fe alloy liquid. The mechanism of laser Pool separation and stratification is illustrated by numerical calculation of heat transter process of the two-layer system, combining with material physical properties (especially mixed enthalpy). A classification criterion for laser Pool with the two-layer material system has been presented and four types of the laser Pool are divided into unique Pool, separated Pool, mixed Pool and stratified pool,which provides a theoretical basis for obtaining a excellent surface coating.

Adsorption equilibrium, kinetics, and dynamic separation of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions from phosphoric acid–nitric acid aqueous solution by strong acid cation resin

The separation of Ca2+and Mg2+ions from phosphoric acid-nitric acid aqueous solution is very significant for the neutralization process of nitrophosphate fertilizer.This paper studied the adsorption equilibrium,kinetics,and dynamic separation of Ca2+and Mg2+ions by strong acid cation resin,and the effects of phosphoric acid and nitric acid on the adsorption process were investigated.The results reveal that the adsorption process of Ca2+and Mg2+ions in pure water on resin is in good agreement with the Langmuir isotherm model and their maximal adsorption capacities are 1.86 mmol·g-1 and 1.83 mmol·g-1,respectively.The adsorption kinetics of Ca2+and Mg2+ions on resin fits better with the pseudo-first-order model,and the adsorption equilibrium in pure water is reached within 10 min contact time,while at the present of phosphoric acid,the adsorption rate of Ca2+and Mg2+ions on resin will go down.The dynamic separation experiments demonstrate that the designed column adsorption is able to undertake the separation of metal ions from the mix acids aqueous solution,but the dynamic operation should control the flow rate of mix acid solution.Besides nitric acid solution was proved to be effective to completely regenerate the spent resin and achieve the recyclable operation of separation process.

MAGNETIC SEPARATION OF FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING EQUILIBRIUM CATALYST

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An Improved Three-Dimensional Non-Equilibrium Mixing Pool Model

This paper presents an improved three-dimensional non-equilibrium mixing pool model.It is a simplified form of the original model and is more practical for applications.The simulation re-sults show that the industrial scale distillation tray columns can be described closely by the improvedmodel.The effects of model parameters,such as the number of mixing pools,the point efficiencyand flow pattern,on separation are analyzed quantitatively.

Vapor-hydrate phases equilibrium of (CH_4+C_2H_6) and (CH_4+C_2H_4) systems

Separation of the （C1 ＋ C2） hydrocarbon system is of importance in natural gas processing and ethylene production. However it is the bottleneck because of its high refrigeration energy consumption, and needs to be urgently addressed. The technology of separating gas mixtures by forming hydrate could be used to separate （C1 ＋ C2） gas mixtures at around 0℃ and has attracted increasing attention worldwide. In this paper, investigation of vapor-hydrate two-phase equilibrium was carried out for （C1 ＋ C2） systems with and without tetrahydrofuran （THF）. The compositions of vapor and hydrate phases under phase equilibrium were studied with model algorithm when structure Ⅰ and structure Ⅱ hydrates coexisted for the （methane ＋ ethane） system. The average deviation between the modeled and actual mole fractions of ethane in hydrate and vapor phases was 0.55%, and that of ethylene was 5.7% when THF was not added. The average deviation of the mole fraction of ethane in vapor phase was 11.46% and ethylene was 7.38% when THF was added. The test results showed that the proposed algorithm is practicable.

A continuous and high-efficiency process to separate coal bed methane with porous ZIF-8 slurry:Experimental study and mathematical modelling

Coal bed methane has been considered as an important energy resource.One major difficulty of purifying coal bed methane comes from the similar physical properties of CH_4 and N_2.The ZIF-8/water-glycol slurry was used as a medium to separate coal bed methane by fluidifying the solid adsorbent material.The sorption equilibrium experiment of binary mixture(CH_4/N_2)and slurry was conducted.The selectivity of CH_4 to N_2 is within the range of 2-6,which proved the feasibility of the slurry separation method.The modified Langmuir equation was used to describe the gas-slurry phase equilibrium behavior,and the calculated results were in good agreement with the experimental data.A continuous absorption-adsorption and desorption process on the separation of CH_4/N_2 in slurry is proposed and its mathematical model is also developed.Sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine the operation conditions and the energy performance of the proposed process was also evaluated.Feed gas contains 30 mol%of methane and the methane concentration in product gas is 95.46 mol%with the methane recovery ratio of 90.74%.The total energy consumption for per unit volume of product gas is determined as 1.846 kWh Nm^(-3).Experimental results and process simulation provide basic data for the design and operation of pilot and industrial plant.

Numerical modeling and assessment of natural gas pipeline separation in China: the data from Henan Province

China’s natural gas market is focusing on price reform and aims to reconstruct vertically integrated industrial chains in the future.Based on the mixed complementarity problem model of gas markets with nodes in Henan Province,China,as an example,this paper applies numerical modeling to simulate the effects of social welfare and equilibrium prices on nodes in two scenarios:pipeline integration and pipeline separation.The findings reveal the following:(1)Pipeline separation yields greater overall social welfare than pipeline integration,with the welfare shifting from gas producers to consumption markets.(2)Pipeline separation lowers the equilibrium consumption prices by driving competition among gas supply sources.(3)Pipeline separation will increase the contribution of natural gas to primary energy.

Theoretical research on vacuum separation of Au-Ag alloy

To provide an accurate prediction of the product component dependence of temperature and pressure in vacuum distillation and give convenient and efficient guidance for the designing of the process parameters of industrial production, according to the molecular interaction volume model(MIVM), the separation coefficient(β) and vapor-liquid equilibrium composition of Au-Ag alloy at different temperatures are calculated. Combined with the vapor-liquid equilibrium(VLE) theory, the VLE phase diagrams, including the temperature-composition(T-x) and pressure-composition(p-x) diagrams of Au-Ag alloy in vacuum distillation are plotted. The triple points and condensation temperatures of gold and silver vapors are calculated as well. The results show that the β decreases and the contents of gold in vapor phase increase with the distillation temperature increasing. Low pressures have positive effect on the separation of Ag and Au. The difference between the condensation temperatures of gold and silver is about 450 K in the pressure range of 1-10 Pa.

Effects of Interactions Among Surfactants, Water and Oil on Equilibrium Configuration of Surfactant-Water-Oil Systems

The distribution and configuration of surfactants at interface in surfactant-water-oil systems have been investigated using discontinuous molecular dynamic simulations. There exists a certain equilibrium concentration of surfactants at interface for the systems with certain interactions among surfactant, water and oil. The interface length and equilibrium morphology of the systems are dependent on the equilibrium concentration of surfactants at interface and the total amount of surfactants. The interaction strengths among surfactant, water and oil determine the equilibrium concentration of surfactants at interface. Three typical configurations of surfactants at interface have been observed: ailene1 surfactant 0 molecules are perpendicular to the interface and arranged closely; ailene2 perpendicular to the interface and arranged at interval 0 of two particles; ailene3 lie down in the interface partly. 0 Key words surfactant - phase separation - equilibrium configuration CLC number O 469 - O 64 Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10274056) and the Foundation of the Education Ministry of Hubei ProvinceBiography: YUAN Yin-quan (1964-), male, Ph. D., research direction: soft matter.

Salting-out effect of ionic liquids on isobaric vapor-liquid equilibrium of acetonitrile-water system

This paper presents the vapor–liquid equilibrium(VLE) data of acetonitrile–water system containing ionic liquids(ILs) at atmospheric pressure(101.3 k Pa). Since ionic liquids dissociate into anions and cations, the VLE data for the acetonitrile + water + ILs systems are correlated by salt effect models, Furter model and improved Furter model. The overall average relative deviation of Furter model and improved Furter model is 5.43% and 4.68%, respectively. Thus the salt effect models are applicable for the correlation of IL containing systems. The salting-out effect theory can be used to explain the change of relative volatility of acetonitrile–water system.

基于改进YOLOv5s的道路裂缝检测算法

为了解决道路巡检系统光学传感器采集的裂缝图像中颜色特征不明显且尺寸不规则造成检测精度不高、泛化能力不足的问题,提出改进YOLOv5s的裂缝检测算法。将结合深度可分离卷积(Depthwise Separable Convolution, DSC)的全局注意力(Global Attention Mechanism, GAM)引入主干特征提取网络,在降低注意力复杂度的同时获得丰富的跨维度特征,增强了裂缝的识别能力;采用空间金字塔软池化网络(Spatial Pyramid Softpool, SPSF),通过Softpool池化保留多维语义以减少信息弥散,提高了边界框回归的准确性;在颈部特征增强网络,运用空洞深度可分离卷积(Atrous DSC)进行下采样,通过扩大感受野加强深层和浅层信息的聚合能力,提高裂缝识别的泛化性。经过在自制道路裂缝数据集上的实验,相较于YOLOv5s,改进算法的mAP提高2.2%,有效提升了道路裂缝检测的准确性和对不同背景下裂缝识别的泛化能力。

基于改进SegNet的鸡只检测算法

为实现智能化检测出鸡场中死亡鸡只,提出一种基于改进语义分割模型AT-SegNet的鸡只检测算法。基于对称编码解码结构SegNet,利用空洞卷积在解码前聚合不同感受野的上下文信息,设计一种三尺度注意力级联融合模块,以并联方式嵌入编、解码器间,丰富解码器信息。利用多层深度可分离卷积替代标准卷积,提取深层次语义信息,减少计算量提高实时性。将鸡群图像分割结果交并比与阈值对比判别鸡只状态。实验结果表明,改进的AT-SegNet较原算法的检测精度提高了25.17%,能够在复杂鸡群环境中准确、高效地发现死亡鸡只。

基于DeeplabV3+网络的轻量化语义分割算法

针对传统语义分割模型参数量大、计算速度慢且效率不高等问题,改进一种基于DeeplabV3+网络的轻量化语义分割模型Faster-DeeplabV3+。Faster-DeeplabV3+模型采用轻量级MobilenetV2代替Xception作为主干特征提取网络,大幅减少参数量,提高计算速度;引入深度可分离卷积(deep separable convolution, DSC)与空洞空间金字塔(atrous spatia pyramid pooling, ASPP)中的膨胀卷积设计成新的深度可分离膨胀卷积(depthwise separable dilated convolution, DSD-Conv),即组成深度可分离空洞空间金字塔模块(DP-ASPP),扩大感受野的同时减少原本卷积参数量,提高运算速度;加入改进的双注意力机制模块分别对编码区生成的低级特征图和高级特征图进行处理,增强网络对不同维度特征信息提取的敏感性和准确性;融合使用交叉熵和Dice Loss两种损失函数,为模型提供更全面、更多样的优化。改进模型在PASCAL VOC 2012数据集上进行测试。实验结果表明:平均交并比由76.57%提升至79.07%,分割准确度由91.2%提升至94.3%。改进模型的网络参数量(params)减少了3.86×10~6,浮点计算量(GFLOPs)减少了117.98 G。因此,Faster-DeeplabV3+算法在大幅降低参数量、提高运算速度的同时保持较高语义分割效果。

交叉特征融合和RASPP驱动的场景分割方法

本文针对场景中目标多样性和尺度不统一等现象造成的边缘分割错误、特征不连续问题,提出了一种交叉特征融合和RASPP驱动的场景分割方法.该方法以交叉特征融合的方式合并编码器输出的多尺度特征,在融合高层语义信息时使用复合卷积注意力模块进行处理,避免上采样操作造成的特征信息丢失以及引入噪声的影响,细化目标边缘分割效果.同时提出了深度可分离残差卷积,在此基础上设计并实现了结合残差的金字塔池化模块——RASPP,对交叉融合后的特征进行处理,获得不同尺度的上下文信息,增强特征语义表达.最后,将RASPP模块处理后的特征进行合并,提升分割效果.在Cityscapes和CamVid数据集上的实验结果表明,本文提出方法相比现有方法具有更好的表现,并且对场景中的目标边缘有更好的分割效果.

基于特征增强的高分辨率人体姿态估计网络

在轻量级卷积神经网络进行高分辨率人体姿态估计时存在提取特征不充分,针对该问题,提出了一种基于特征增强的高分辨率人体姿态估计网络。首先利用空洞卷积补全操作提取图像特征,以避免特征信息丢失且保持模型参数基本不变;接着利用池化增强模块进行卷积提取特征的选择,以保留重要特征且减轻传统池化模块对提取特征造成的破坏;最后利用加强通道信息交互的深度可分离卷积模块进行特征提取,以保持该模块的参数量较少且能够提高其特征提取能力。在COCO2017数据集进行性能测试,本文算法和DiteHRNet30算法的AR值分别为77.9%和77.2%;在MPII数据集进行性能测试,本文算法和DiteHRNet30算法的PCKh值分别为32.6%和31.7%。实验结果表明,本文算法在人体姿态估计精度和算法复杂度之间能够达到较好的平衡。

双阳离子液体分离甲苯-正庚烷共沸体系——综合实验的设计与探索

构建了一种全新的专业设计型实验体系:双阳离子液体的制备及萃取分离甲苯-正庚烷共沸体系。合成并表征新型“绿色溶剂”双阳离子液体;以双阳离子液体作为萃取剂,测定其对甲苯-正庚烷共沸体系的分离能力并进行相图绘制。通过该综合实验教学,既促进学生对多学科基础知识的掌握,又能激发学生科研探索兴趣,培养其绿色化学意识与理念。

基于改进黏菌算法的特征选择方法

[目的]在经常处理高维数据集的大数据时代中,特征选择是至关重要的.黏菌算法(slime mould algorithm,SMA)因其简单高效而被广泛应用于特征选择领域,并得到改进.然而,现有改进大多局限于策略添加和算法混合,未根据特征选择问题的特点进行深入改进.为此,本文提出了一种基于改进SMA(improved SMA,ISMA)的特征选择方法.[方法]首先,针对在特征选择时适应度函数值域较小导致的SMA全局探索和局部开发能力不平衡的问题,修改决定黏菌位置更新方式的参数;其次,针对SMA倾向往原点方向收敛的问题,改进SMA的位置更新公式;最后,针对SMA容易陷入局部最优的问题,提出一种基于均衡池改进黏菌位置更新公式的方法.进一步选取Musk1数据集和Lymphography数据集对比ISMA和SMA的全局探索和局部开发能力,并选取11个UCI数据集评价ISMA的性能.[结果]与SMA相比,ISMA具有更强的全局探索能力和局部开发能力,能够很好地平衡探索与开发.与SMA、GA和BGWO1等8种算法相比,ISMA在提高模型分类性能和降低特征维度上均有一定的竞争力.从平均分类准确率的角度看,与SMA相比,ISMA在所有数据集上均优于SMA,平均分类准确率最高提升6.53个百分点.与其他对比算法相比,ISMA在9个数据集上取得最优的平均分类准确率,而在剩下的2个数据集上也取得了次优的平均分类准确率,与第一名仅分别相差0.19个百分点和0.05个百分点,同时其平均维度缩减率均优于第一名.从平均维度缩减率的角度看,ISMA在2个数据集上取得最优的维度缩减率,总体表现良好.[结论]本文提出的基于ISMA的特征选择方法具有更高的泛化性能,与其他元启发式特征选择算法相比也有一定的优势.

基于注意力机制和多空间金字塔池化的实时目标检测算法

YOLOv4计算复杂度高,空间金字塔池化模块仅一次增强特征融合网络的深层区域特征图的表征能力、检测头网络的特征图难以突出重要通道特征;针对以上问题,提出一种基于注意力机制和多空间金字塔池化的实时目标检测算法;该算法采用多空间金字塔池化,提取局部特征和全局特征,融合多重感受野,加强特征融合网络的浅、中、深层特征图的表征能力;引入压缩激励通道注意力机制,建模通道间的相关性,自适应调整特征图各个通道的权重,从而使网络更加关注重要特征;特征融合和检测头网络中使用深度可分离卷积,减少了网络参数量;实验结果表明,所提算法的均值平均精度均高于其他7种主流对比算法;与YOLOv4相比,参数量、模型大小分别减少了27.85 M和106.25 MB,所提算法在降低复杂度的同时,提高了检测准确度,且该算法的检测速率达到33.70帧/秒,满足实时性要求。