The Upper Ordovician Wufeng-Lower Silurian Longmaxi and the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi shales are the major targets for shale gas exploration and development in China.Although the two organic-rich shales share similar ...The Upper Ordovician Wufeng-Lower Silurian Longmaxi and the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi shales are the major targets for shale gas exploration and development in China.Although the two organic-rich shales share similar distribution ranges and thicknesses,they exhibit substantially different exploration and development results.This work analyzed the nanopore structures of the shale reservoirs in this region.Pore development of 51 shale samples collected from various formations and locations was compared using the petromineralogical,geochemical,structural geological and reservoir geological methods.The results indicate that the reservoir space in these shales is dominated by organic pores and the total pore volume of micropores,mesopores,macropores in different tectonic areas and formations show different trends with the increase of TOC.It is suggested that organic pores of shale can be well preserved in areas with simple structure and suitable preservation conditions,and the shale with smaller maximum ancient burial depth and later hydrocarbongeneration-end-time is also more conducive to pore preservation.Organic pore evolution models are established,and they are as follows:①Organic matter pore development stage,②Early stage of organic matter pore destruction,and③late stage of organic matter pore destruction.The areas conducive to pore development are favorable for shale gas development.Research results can effectively guide the optimization and evaluation of favorable areas of shale gas.展开更多
To date,several off-the-shelf products such as artificial blood vessel grafts have been reported and clinically tested for small diameter vessel(SDV)replacement.However,conventional artificial blood vessel grafts lack...To date,several off-the-shelf products such as artificial blood vessel grafts have been reported and clinically tested for small diameter vessel(SDV)replacement.However,conventional artificial blood vessel grafts lack endothelium and,thus,are not ideal for SDV transplantation as they can cause thrombosis.In addition,a suc-cessful artificial blood vessel graft for SDV must have sufficient mechanical properties to withstand various external stresses.Here,we developed a spontaneous cellular assembly SDV(S-SDV)that develops without additional intervention.By improving the dragging 3D printing technique,SDV constructs with free-form,multilayers and controllable pore size can be fabricated at once.Then,The S-SDV filled in the natural poly-mer bioink containing human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs)and human aorta smooth muscle cells(HAoSMCs).The endothelium can be induced by migration and self-assembly of endothelial cells through pores of the SDV construct.The antiplatelet adhesion of the formed endothelium on the luminal surface was also confirmed.In addition,this S-SDV had sufficient mechanical properties(burst pressure,suture retention,leakage test)for transplantation.We believe that the S-SDV could address the challenges of conventional SDVs:notably,endothelial formation and mechanical properties.In particular,the S-SDV can be designed simply as a free-form structure with a desired pore size.Since endothelial formation through the pore is easy even in free-form con-structs,it is expected to be useful for endothelial formation in vascular structures with branch or curve shapes,and in other tubular tissues such as the esophagus.展开更多
Extraction of silica from fly ash to produce mesoporous silica materials is one of the most important utilization approaches.Mesoporous silica could not be synthesized on a large-scale by conventional sol-gel method.I...Extraction of silica from fly ash to produce mesoporous silica materials is one of the most important utilization approaches.Mesoporous silica could not be synthesized on a large-scale by conventional sol-gel method.In this paper,facile preparation of mesoporous silica with controllable pore structure from fly ash by the template-free process via two steps of mineral phase transformation and selective acid etching was proposed.The influence of crystalline structure and acid etching degree on structure of as-synthesized mesoporous silica materials was revealed,as well as mechanism of crystalline structure transformation and pore structure formation.The results show that mullite and quartz could be transformed into acid-soluble kaliophilite when fly ash reacted with K_(2)CO_(3)at temperature of 800-1100℃.The hexagonal kaliophilite would be transformed into orthorhombic KAlSiO_(4)-O1 phase when the temperature is controlled at 1100℃.Mesoporous silica with specific surface area of 475.93 m^(2)/g and 642.57 m^(2)/g could be synthesized from activated fly ash with kaliophilite and KAlSiO_(4)-O1 phase crystalline structure.By controlling the degree of acid etching,mesoporous silica materials with different pore structures can be obtained.This paper provides a cost-effective and large-scale process for the preparation of mesoporous silica materials with controllable pore structure from solid waste fly ash.展开更多
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2017ZX05035)
文摘The Upper Ordovician Wufeng-Lower Silurian Longmaxi and the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi shales are the major targets for shale gas exploration and development in China.Although the two organic-rich shales share similar distribution ranges and thicknesses,they exhibit substantially different exploration and development results.This work analyzed the nanopore structures of the shale reservoirs in this region.Pore development of 51 shale samples collected from various formations and locations was compared using the petromineralogical,geochemical,structural geological and reservoir geological methods.The results indicate that the reservoir space in these shales is dominated by organic pores and the total pore volume of micropores,mesopores,macropores in different tectonic areas and formations show different trends with the increase of TOC.It is suggested that organic pores of shale can be well preserved in areas with simple structure and suitable preservation conditions,and the shale with smaller maximum ancient burial depth and later hydrocarbongeneration-end-time is also more conducive to pore preservation.Organic pore evolution models are established,and they are as follows:①Organic matter pore development stage,②Early stage of organic matter pore destruction,and③late stage of organic matter pore destruction.The areas conducive to pore development are favorable for shale gas development.Research results can effectively guide the optimization and evaluation of favorable areas of shale gas.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.2022R1A2C2008149,2021R1C1C1008767)the Korean Fund for Regenerative Medicine funded by Ministry of Science and ICT,and Ministry of Health and Welfare(21A0104L1,Republic of Korea)+1 种基金Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health In-dustry Development Institute(KHIDI),funded by the Ministry of Health&Welfare,Republic of Korea(HI21C1100000021)the Alchemist Project(20012378,Development of Meta Soft Organ Module Manufacturing Technology without Immunity Rejection and Module Assembly Robot System)funded By the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE,Korea).
文摘To date,several off-the-shelf products such as artificial blood vessel grafts have been reported and clinically tested for small diameter vessel(SDV)replacement.However,conventional artificial blood vessel grafts lack endothelium and,thus,are not ideal for SDV transplantation as they can cause thrombosis.In addition,a suc-cessful artificial blood vessel graft for SDV must have sufficient mechanical properties to withstand various external stresses.Here,we developed a spontaneous cellular assembly SDV(S-SDV)that develops without additional intervention.By improving the dragging 3D printing technique,SDV constructs with free-form,multilayers and controllable pore size can be fabricated at once.Then,The S-SDV filled in the natural poly-mer bioink containing human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs)and human aorta smooth muscle cells(HAoSMCs).The endothelium can be induced by migration and self-assembly of endothelial cells through pores of the SDV construct.The antiplatelet adhesion of the formed endothelium on the luminal surface was also confirmed.In addition,this S-SDV had sufficient mechanical properties(burst pressure,suture retention,leakage test)for transplantation.We believe that the S-SDV could address the challenges of conventional SDVs:notably,endothelial formation and mechanical properties.In particular,the S-SDV can be designed simply as a free-form structure with a desired pore size.Since endothelial formation through the pore is easy even in free-form con-structs,it is expected to be useful for endothelial formation in vascular structures with branch or curve shapes,and in other tubular tissues such as the esophagus.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant Nos.U21A20321 and 21908138)Shanxi Province Central Government Guided Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project(grant No.YDZJSX2022A004)Shanxi Province Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of Colleges and Universities(grant No.2020L0009).
文摘Extraction of silica from fly ash to produce mesoporous silica materials is one of the most important utilization approaches.Mesoporous silica could not be synthesized on a large-scale by conventional sol-gel method.In this paper,facile preparation of mesoporous silica with controllable pore structure from fly ash by the template-free process via two steps of mineral phase transformation and selective acid etching was proposed.The influence of crystalline structure and acid etching degree on structure of as-synthesized mesoporous silica materials was revealed,as well as mechanism of crystalline structure transformation and pore structure formation.The results show that mullite and quartz could be transformed into acid-soluble kaliophilite when fly ash reacted with K_(2)CO_(3)at temperature of 800-1100℃.The hexagonal kaliophilite would be transformed into orthorhombic KAlSiO_(4)-O1 phase when the temperature is controlled at 1100℃.Mesoporous silica with specific surface area of 475.93 m^(2)/g and 642.57 m^(2)/g could be synthesized from activated fly ash with kaliophilite and KAlSiO_(4)-O1 phase crystalline structure.By controlling the degree of acid etching,mesoporous silica materials with different pore structures can be obtained.This paper provides a cost-effective and large-scale process for the preparation of mesoporous silica materials with controllable pore structure from solid waste fly ash.