The impact of heterogeneity and pore network characteristics on single and multi-phase fluid propagation in complex porous media:An X-ray computed tomography study

This study investigates the impact of pore network characteristics on fluid flow through complex and heterogeneous porous media,providing insights into the factors affecting fluid propagation in such systems.Specifically,high-resolution or micro X-ray computed tomography(CT)imaging techniques were utilized to examine outcrop stromatolite samples of the Lagoa Salgada,considered flow analogous to the Brazilian Pre-salt carbonate reservoirs.The petrophysical results comprised two distinct stromatolite depositional facies,the columnar and the fine-grained facies.By generating pore network model(PNM),the study quantified the relationship between key features of the porous system,including pore and throat radius,throat length,coordination number,shape factor,and pore volume.The study found that the less dense pore network of the columnar sample is typically characterized by larger pores and wider and longer throats but with a weaker connection of throats to pores.Both facies exhibited less variability in the radius of the pores and throats in comparison to throat length.Additionally,a series of core flooding experiments coupled with medical CT scanning was designed and conducted in the plug samples to assess flow propagation and saturation fields.The study revealed that the heterogeneity and presence of disconnected or dead-end pores significantly impacted the flow patterns and saturation.Two-phase flow patterns and oil saturation distribution reveal a preferential and heterogeneous displacement that mainly swept displaced fluid in some regions of plugs and bypassed it in others.The relation between saturation profiles,porosity profiles,and the number of fluid flow patterns for the samples was evident.Only for the columnar plug sample was the enhancement in recovery factor after shifting to lower salinity water injection(SB)observed.

Probing deactivation by coking in catalyst pellets for dry reforming of methane using a pore network model

Dry reforming of methane(DRM) is an attractive technology for utilizing the greenhouse gases(CO_(2) and CH_(4)) to produce syngas. However, the catalyst pellets for DRM are heavily plagued by deactivation by coking, which prevents this technology from commercialization. In this work, a pore network model is developed to probe the catalyst deactivation by coking in a Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) catalyst pellet for DRM. The reaction conditions can significantly change the coking rate and then affect the catalyst deactivation. The catalyst lifetime is higher under lower temperature, pressure, and CH_(4)/CO_(2) molar ratio, but the maximum coke content in a catalyst pellet is independent of these reaction conditions. The catalyst pellet with larger pore diameter, narrower pore size distribution and higher pore connectivity is more robust against catalyst deactivation by coking, as the pores in this pellet are more difficult to be plugged or inaccessible.The maximum coke content is also higher for narrower pore size distribution and higher pore connectivity, as the number of inaccessible pores is lower. Besides, the catalyst pellet radius only slightly affects the coke content, although the diffusion limitation increases with the pellet radius. These results should serve to guide the rational design of robust DRM catalyst pellets against deactivation by coking.

Study of the permeability characteristics of porous media with methane hydrate by pore network model

The permeability in the methane hydrate reservoir is one of the key parameters in estimating the gas production performance and the flow behavior of gas and water during dissociation.In this paper,a three-dimensional cubic pore-network model based on invasion percolation is developed to study the effect of hydrate particle formation and growth habit on the permeability.The variation of permeability in porous media with different hydrate saturation is studied by solving the network problem.The simulation results are well consistent with the experimental data.The proposed model predicts that the permeability will reduce exponentially with the increase of hydrate saturation,which is crucial in developing a deeper understanding of the mechanism of hydrate formation and dissociation in porous media.

Sacrificial microgel‑laden bioink‑enabled 3D bioprinting of mesoscale pore networks

Three-dimensional(3D)bioprinting is a powerful approach that enables the fabrication of 3D tissue constructs that retain complex biological functions.However,the dense hydrogel networks that form after the gelation of bioinks often restrict the migration and proliferation of encapsulated cells.Herein,a sacrificial microgel-laden bioink strategy was designed for directly bioprinting constructs with mesoscale pore networks(MPNs)for enhancing nutrient delivery and cell growth.The sacrificial microgel-laden bioink,which contains cell/gelatin methacryloyl(GelMA)mixture and gelled gelatin microgel,is first thermo-crosslinked to fabricate temporary predesigned cell-laden constructs by extrusion bioprinting onto a cold platform.Then,the construct is permanently stabilized through photo-crosslinking of GelMA.The MPNs inside the printed constructs are formed after subsequent dissolution of the gelatin microgel.These MPNs allowed for effective oxygen/nutrient diffusion,facilitating the generation of bioactive tissues.Specifically,osteoblast and human umbilical vein endothelial cells encapsulated in the bioprinted large-scale constructs(≥1 cm)with MPNs showed enhanced bioactivity during culture.The 3D bioprinting strategy based on the sacrificial microgel-laden bioink provided a facile method to facilitate formation of complex tissue constructs with MPNs and set a foundation for future optimization of MPN-based tissue constructs with applications in diverse areas of tissue engineering.

Simulation of Heat and Mass Transfer in a Grain Pile on the Basis of a 2D Irregular Pore Network

The so-called pore network model has great advantages in describing the process of heat and mass transfer in porous media.In order to construct a random two-dimensional(2D)irregular pore network model for an unconsolidated material,image processing technology was used to extract the required topological and geometric information from a 2D sample of soybean particles,and a dedicated algorithm was elaborated to merge some adjacent small pores.Based on the extracted information,a 2D pore network model including particle information was reconstructed and verified to reflect the pore structure of discrete particles.This method was used to reconstruct a random 2D irregular pore network model of wheat.Accordingly,a multi-scale heat and mass transfer model was implemented to simulate the drying of wheat.The simulation results were consistent with the experimental results,which indicates that the reconstructed irregular pore network model can effectively simulate the real pore structure inside unconsolidated porous media.The present approach may be regarded as the foundation for establishing in the future a three-dimensional pore network model and studying the heat and mass transfer process in a grain pile.

Pore network modeling of water block in low permeability reservoirs

A pore network model was used in this paper to investigate the factors, in particular, throat radius, wettability and initial water saturation, causing water block in low permeability reservoirs. A new term - ＇relative permeability number＇ （RPN） was firstly defined, and then used to describe the degree of water block. Imbibition process simulations show that the RPN drops in accordance with the extension of the averaged pore throat radius from 0.05 to 1.5 μm, and yet once beyond that point of 1.5 μm, the RPN reaches a higher value, indicating the existence of a critical pore throat radius where water block is the maximum. When the wettability of the samples changes from water-wet to weakly water-wet, weakly gas-wet, or gas（oil）-wet, the gas RPN increases consistently, but this consistency is disturbed by the RPN dropping for weakly water-wet samples for water saturations less than 0.4, which means weakly waterwet media are more easily water blocked than water-wet systems. In the situation where the initial water saturation exceeds 0.05, water block escalates along with an increase in initial water saturation.

Static dissolution-induced 3D pore network modification and its impact on critical pore attributes of carbonate rocks

To determine the effect of dissolution on pore network development in carbonate rocks, dissolution experiments, X-Ray microtomography, and thin section analysis were conducted on argillaceous limestone and grain limestone samples at different temperatures and constant pH, HCl concentration. The relationship between Ca^(2+) concentration and time was revealed through the experiments; pore size distribution before and after dissolution indicate that there is no correlation between the temperature and pore size variation, but pore size variation in grain limestone is more significant, indicating that the variation is mainly controlled by the heterogeneity of the rock itself(initial porosity and permeability) and the abundance of unstable minerals(related to crystal shape, size and mineral type). At different temperatures, the two kinds of carbonate rocks had very small variation in pore throat radius from 0.003 mm to 0.040 mm, which is 1.3 to 3.5 times more, 1.7 on average of the original pore throat radius. Their pore throat length varied from 0.05 mm to 0.35 mm. The minor changes in the pore throat radius, length and connectivity brought big changes to permeability of up to 1 000×10^(-3) μm^2.

Modeling of multiphase flow in low permeability porous media:Effect of wettability and pore structure properties

Multiphase flow in low permeability porous media is involved in numerous energy and environmental applications.However,a complete description of this process is challenging due to the limited modeling scale and the effects of complex pore structures and wettability.To address this issue,based on the digital rock of low permeability sandstone,a direct numerical simulation is performed considering the interphase drag and boundary slip to clarify the microscopic water-oil displacement process.In addition,a dual-porosity pore network model(PNM)is constructed to obtain the water-oil relative permeability of the sample.The displacement efficiency as a recovery process is assessed under different wetting and pore structure properties.Results show that microscopic displacement mechanisms explain the corresponding macroscopic relative permeability.The injected water breaks through the outlet earlier with a large mass flow,while thick oil films exist in rough hydrophobic surfaces and poorly connected pores.The variation of water-oil relative permeability is significant,and residual oil saturation is high in the oil-wet system.The flooding is extensive,and the residual oil is trapped in complex pore networks for hydrophilic pore surfaces;thus,water relative permeability is lower in the water-wet system.While the displacement efficiency is the worst in mixed-wetting systems for poor water connectivity.Microporosity negatively correlates with invading oil volume fraction due to strong capillary resistance,and a large microporosity corresponds to low residual oil saturation.This work provides insights into the water-oil flow from different modeling perspectives and helps to optimize the development plan for enhanced recovery.

Research of seepage in artificial fracture using pore network model

Experiments of proppant conductivity and fluid flow in proppant cost a large amount of time and money,and also require complex devices.Hence,this article puts forward an artificial fracture numerical model based on proppant arrangement analysis and the basic principles of the pore network model.Predictions by the model are made consistent with the experimental results through adjusting the model parameters.It is shown that the established model is effective in making predictions on the permeability of proppant.This model is also used to study the non-Newtonian fluid flow characteristics in artificial fracture.

改进UNet-VAE网络的土壤多类型孔隙三维分割方法

不同类型土壤孔隙结构会随生物活动和非生物作用发生形变,从而影响其生态功能,准确分割不同类型的孔隙结构对于研究孔隙结构与生态功能演变关系具有重要意义。针对单个类别孔隙的分割方法分割精度低、分类标准单一、鲁棒性差,无法准确分割和判别生物孔隙、裂隙等相交部分孔隙结构的问题。该研究针对不同类型孔隙尺度差距大的特点,提出了一种改进UNet-VAE网络模型,实现土壤多类型孔隙分割。改进UNet-VAE网络引入多尺度特征融合注意力模块,以实现多尺度信息融合和冗余信息筛选。结合变分自动编码器生成网络(variational autoencoder,VAE),引入噪声和辅助损失函数,以增强网络的泛化能力和鲁棒性。试验结果表明:改进UNet-VAE方法在土壤多类型孔隙(裂隙、生物孔、不规则孔隙和球状孔隙)三维分割中达到了93.83%的平均准确率,与次优VNet方法相比,平均准确率、精确率、召回率和F1值分别提升了3.32,5.06,8.97和8.63个百分点,特别是对于不规则孔隙4项指标分别提升了4.88,15.46,15.70和15.50个百分点,表明改进UNet-VAE法可准确分割多类型孔隙,也验证了深度学习技术在多类型孔隙判别的有效性,可为揭示土壤孔隙结构与演化研究提供有效工具。

基于物理约束的分布式神经网络三维地应力预测模型

地应力是油气藏全生命周期中井壁稳定分析、水力压裂设计、地层出砂预防、套损预测防治和油气开采措施制定的重要基础参数.针对缺乏三维地震资料情况下的三维地应力场预测问题,以工区已钻井地应力测井解释结果为基础,建立了一种基于物理约束的分布式神经网络三维地应力预测模型.首先,采用测井解释方法获得工区已钻井地应力单井剖面,并通过Kriging插值构建三维地质模型;其次,将测井数据和三维地质模型的三维空间坐标喂入3个并行的全连接神经网络,引入地应力物理约束条件,提出了数据和物理双约束的条件,进而通过三维空间坐标实现三维地应力场的预测;再次,优选了数据和物理双约束的权重参数,与人工神经网络、支持向量回归、随机森林等三种机器学习模型以及克里金插值模型进行了对比;最后,评价了不同机器学习模型预测地应力的效果.研究结果表明:(1)研究区域的地应力满足潜在正断层应力状态,即垂向地应力>最大水平地应力>最小水平地应力;(2)数据和物理双约束权重参数取值对预测结果有显著影响,当权重参数λ=0.2时,三维地应力预测效果最优;(3)与人工神经网络、支持向量回归、随机森林、克里金插值等模型相比,本文模型预测得到的地层三维地应力和孔隙压力更准确,在工区内测试集预测得到的垂向地应力、最大水平地应力、最小水平地应力和地层孔隙压力的最大相对误差分别为0.63%、7.59%、7.16%、3.21%,而且,本文模型能够更加准确捕捉地应力梯度的三维变化特征,水平井段地应力和地层孔隙压力参数的正态分布特征明显.结论认为,物理约束的分布式神经网络模型能有效融合地形构造与地应力之间的联系,提高三维地应力预测的准确性和可解释性,为油田三维地应力场的预测提供了一种新的思路.

页岩油微观渗流机理研究进展

页岩油已成为全球非常规油气资源勘探开发的重点,但其开发面临诸多挑战。针对页岩油赋存孔隙空间复杂、渗流机理尚不明确和研究方法亟需探索的关键问题,从孔隙尺度和岩心尺度,系统阐述了页岩油微观渗流机理在实验方法和计算模拟方面的研究现状,探讨了目前存在的问题和未来研究的发展趋势。结果显示,目前多种实验方法结合能较好表征页岩孔隙结构,但对微尺度与岩心尺度流动的表征尚存在不足;孔隙尺度流动机理研究以格子玻尔兹曼方法为代表的直接法和以孔隙网络模拟为代表的间接法为主,但对微尺度效应的考虑有待完善;岩心尺度流动机理研究主要为基于毛管束模型和分形理论,建立考虑边界层效应的渗流模型。指出充分考虑页岩油微纳米孔隙中流动边界吸附/滑移、密度/黏度非均质性、应力敏感、启动压力梯度等因素,耦合不同尺度渗流机理,构建能够准确表征页岩油多相多尺度流动特征的数学模型是未来的主要研究方向。

多尺度数字岩石建模进展与展望

数字岩石技术可对岩心进行精细数字化表征,结合数值模拟方法研究微观岩石物理属性。非常规储层岩石在不同尺度上表现出不同的特征,多尺度成像技术能以亚纳米—毫米级分辨率观测不同尺度的岩石微观组构,然而单一分辨率扫描方法无法解析跨尺度结构信息,构建多尺度、多分辨率、多组分的数字岩石模型是解决这一矛盾的关键方法。通过系统的调研,将现有的多尺度数字岩石建模方法分为两大类,分别为基于混合叠加、模板匹配和深度学习的图像融合建模方法,以及带有显式微孔网络、仅添加额外喉道和含裂缝系统的孔隙网络整合建模方法。其中:图像融合建模法能够真实反映不同尺度岩心的孔隙、矿物三维分布并进行多物理场模拟,但受计算效率限制难以实现尺度差异较大的混合建模;孔隙网络整合法能够实现多个连续尺度的建模,模型储存空间小且数值模拟效率高,但可研究的物理属性受限。此外,数字岩石工作流程还存在如何精确提取矿物、如何确定适当的代表性体积元大小等共性问题。笔者认为下一步探索方向为:利用实验数据优化建模,按需研究物理属性建模及结合均化等效理论建模,以早日形成具体的应用体系,支撑实际测井解释及油气藏开发。

雨滴击溅下表土孔隙变化及其对入渗能力的影响

为探究雨滴击溅下土壤结构与入渗能力的变化规律,为雨滴击溅下土壤侵蚀状况预测提供参考,以黄土高原褐土为对象,基于雨滴击溅试验、土壤渗透试验和同步辐射CT扫描方法,对降雨条件下表土孔隙结构与土壤渗透能力的关系进行了分析。结果表明:①雨滴击溅导致土壤总孔隙度和渗透系数显著降低(P<0.05)。2.67、3.39和4.05 mm直径雨滴击溅后土壤的总孔隙度分别降低了20.64%、36.05%和44.88%,土壤渗透系数分别降低了15.69%、40.42%和71.77%。雨滴击溅后土壤孔隙的碎片化程度加剧,导致孔隙形状更不规则,连通性降低。②土壤孔隙大小、形状和连通性对土壤渗透能力有显著影响(P<0.01):孔隙越大,形状越规则,对土壤渗透能力的影响越大。从孔隙连通性角度看,土壤连通孔隙的孔喉半径和孔隙率对入渗能力的影响程度最大。基于以上分析,建立了土壤渗透系数(K)与总孔隙度(P_(T))、大孔隙率(P_(lp))、规则孔隙率(P_(rp))、连通孔隙率(P_(cp))和孔喉半径(R_(th))的预测模型:K=0.402P_(T)+0.104P_(lp)+0.1401P_(rp)+0.350P_(cp)+0.003R_(th)-0.415,R^(2)=0.93,P<0.05。综上可见,雨滴击溅通过改变土壤孔隙的大小、形状和连通状况,导致土壤孔隙结构破坏,从而降低了土壤入渗能力。

Three-dimensional spatial structure of the macro-pores and flow simulation in anthracite coal based on X-ray μ-CT scanning data

The three-dimensional(3 D) structures of pores directly affect the CH4 flow.Therefore,it is very important to analyze the3 D spatial structure of pores and to simulate the CH4 flow with the connected pores as the carrier.The result shows that the equivalent radius of pores and throats are 1-16 μm and 1.03-8.9 μm,respectively,and the throat length is 3.28-231.25 μm.The coordination number of pores concentrates around three,and the intersection point between the connectivity function and the X-axis is 3-4 μm,which indicate the macro-pores have good connectivity.During the single-channel flow,the pressure decreases along the direction of CH4 flow,and the flow velocity of CH4 decreases from the pore center to the wall.Under the dual-channel and the multi-channel flows,the pressure also decreases along the CH4 flow direction,while the velocity increases.The mean flow pressure gradually decreases with the increase of the distance from the inlet slice.The change of mean flow pressure is relatively stable in the direction horizontal to the bedding plane,while it is relatively large in the direction perpendicular to the bedding plane.The mean flow velocity in the direction horizontal to the bedding plane(Y-axis) is the largest,followed by that in the direction horizontal to the bedding plane(X-axis),and the mean flow velocity in the direction perpendicular to the bedding plane is the smallest.

基于生成对抗网络的非织造布二维图像重建

非织造布纤维结构的准确表征是其性能分析的重要基础。为了解决基于近似模拟的表征结果中纤维形态、结构与真实样本不一致的问题,提出了一种基于生成对抗网络的非织造布二维图像重建方法。使用全自动光学显微镜对非织造布图像进行抓取,并在此基础上构建纤维生成对抗网络(Fiber generation adversarial network,FGAN)对图像样本进行建模。针对高分辨率图像重建时存在的失真问题,采用多尺度训练策略,同时引入权重多样性损失。采用图像质量评估指标FID作为实验评价指标,分别与DCGAN、WGAN-GP、BEGAN、PROGAN等生成模型进行对比实验。结果表明:FGAN重建的非织造布图像质量更高;消融实验证明,多尺度训练策略与权重多样性损失函数中FID数值分别降低24.52%、20.31%。FGAN模型的提出,使非织造布结构分析摆脱对近似模拟方法的依赖,提供了准确的纤维分布信息,对非织造布的质量评估、性能优化等应用具有重要意义。

两淮煤田低渗煤层孔隙结构三维可视化表征及其连通性

为研究煤层孔裂隙结构的连通性对煤层气赋存与运移的影响。以两淮地区矿区的煤样作为实验研究对象,对煤样进行三维可视化重构,构建了煤样的三维孔隙结构模型以及等价孔隙网络模型,利用多种算法并结合表征单元体对煤样的孔隙结构进行表征与分析,同时,从整体到局部的角度对孔隙结构进行分析,研究表明:两淮地区孤立孔隙中C形孔隙占据主导,连通孔隙中F形孔隙占据主导;刘庄与祁东煤样孔隙结构空间展布较任楼与潘一矿区的煤样要好,具有更好的连通性;粗类型喉道之间的搭配较其他类型喉道之间的搭配整体连通性要好。结果说明两淮地区的煤样,大体积连通孔隙在孔隙结构中占据主导地位。刘庄与祁东煤样较任楼与潘一煤样的连通性要好,且刘庄煤样的连通性最好,潘一煤样连通性最差。

A three dimensional visualized physical simulation for natural gas charging in the micro-nano pore system

A micro-nano pore three-dimensional visualized real-time physical simulation of natural gas charging, in-situ pore-scale computation, pore network modelling, and apparent permeability evaluation theory were used to investigate laws of gas and water flow and their distribution, and controlling factors during the gas charging process in low-permeability(tight) sandstone reservoir. By describing features of gas-water flow and distribution and their variations in the micro-nano pore system, it is found that the gas charging in the low permeability(tight) sandstone can be divided into two stages, expansion stage and stable stage. In the expansion stage, the gas flows continuously first into large-sized pores then small-sized pores, and first into centers of the pores then edges of pores;pore-throats greater than 20 μm in radius make up the major pathway for gas charging. With the increase of charging pressure, movable water in the edges of large-sized pores and in the centers of small pores is displaced out successively. Pore-throats of 20-50 μm in radius and pore-throats less than 20 μm in radius dominate the expansion of gas charging channels at different stages of charging in turn, leading to reductions in pore-throat radius, throat length and coordination number of the pathway, which is the main increase stage of gas permeability and gas saturation. Among which, pore-throats 30-50 μm in radius control the increase pattern of gas saturation. In the stable stage, gas charging pathways have expanded to the maximum, so the pathways keep stable in pore-throat radius, throat length, and coordination number, and irreducible water remains in the pore system, the gas phase is in concentrated clusters, while the water phase is in the form of dispersed thin film, and the gas saturation and gas permeability tend stable. Connected pore-throats less than 20 μm in radius control the expansion limit of the charging pathways, the formation of stable gas-water distribution, and the maximum gas saturation. The heterogeneity of connected pore-throats affects the dynamic variations of gas phase charging and gas-water distribution. It can be concluded that the pore-throat configuration and heterogeneity of the micro-nanometer pore system control the dynamic variations of the low-permeability(tight) sandstone gas charging process and gas-water distribution features.

多孔灰岩局部化变形的精细化描述与数字表征

压实带是一种典型的应变局部化现象,影响储层流体的封存、输运以及地下岩体的稳定性。多孔灰岩局部化变形的相关研究一直是难点,不像砂岩样品可以通过明显的声发射信号特征来分析与表征压实带的形成与演化规律。本文利用动态CT技术,实时监测灰岩局部化变形到宏观失稳的演化过程,重点描述压实带形成初期的局部化变形特征,涵盖了应变量>5%的变形部分特征。在灰岩变形过程中可以识别两处明显非弹性变形阶段:即初始大孔隙坍塌阶段和后续压实带形成过程,利用图像体积互相关技术定量表征压实带的演化特征,精细化描述压实带形成过程的微观破裂特征,系统分析离散压实带内的连通孔隙分布规律,发现连通孔隙与局部化变形有紧密联系,并基于CT扫描的孔隙网络数据,利用纳维斯特斯方程计算绝对渗透率,以渗透率为参考指标,研究局部化变形引起的损伤程度。

磷酸镁水泥加固低液限粉土的pH和电导率响应与孔隙特征研究

为了探究磷酸镁水泥(Magnesium phosphate cement,MPC)对黄河淤积低液限粉土的加固问题,本试验研究不同MPC占干土的掺量、镁磷比(m(M/P))及硼酸与氧化镁比(m(BA/M))对粉土初始pH、电导率的响应;探究选定m(M/P)、m(BA/M)下不同龄期和不同MPC掺量固化土的无侧限抗压强度、pH、电导率与水化产物的变化规律,并基于CT扫描技术重构了三种不同MPC掺量下固化土的孔隙网络模型,结合XRD物相分析,揭示其固化机理。结果表明:随着MPC掺量的增加,m(M/P)较小时固化土的初始pH逐渐减小,而m(M/P)较大时pH先增大后减小。MPC掺量和m(M/P)一定时,随着m(BA/M)的增加,pH在m(BA/M)为某一值(2%)时降为最低,随后逐渐增大。考虑到低液限粉土的低用水量与促进后期水化需求,选择偏酸性配比(m(M/P)=1,m(BA/M)=2%)与低于15%MPC掺量较为合适。pH随着龄期和MPC掺量的增加而增加,电导率变化规律则与pH相反,二者呈负指数的关系,且能定性地表征水化情况。力学试验结果表明MPC能使粉土强度大幅提升,龄期与MPC掺量的增加均使固化土的强度增长。XRD与CT扫描结果表明,MPC固化机制为各龄期均出现的鸟粪石和MgO胶结在土粒之间形成交互结构,且随着MPC的掺量增加,土颗粒间的粘结更加紧密,形成的土骨架提升了宏观力学强度,同时扩大孔隙空间,增加了孔隙率,增强了孔隙间的连通性,导致渗透性增大,因此工程应用时可通过改善孔隙结构进一步提升固化性能。