Action mechanisms of abnormal fluid pressure on physical properties of deep reservoirs: A case study on Jurassic Toutunhe Formation in the southern margin of Junggar Basin, NW China

Considering the action mechanisms of overpressure on physical changes in skeleton particles of deep reservoir rocks and the differences in physical changes of skeleton particles under overpressure and hydrostatic pressure, the sandstone of the Jurassic Toutunhe Formation in the southern margin of Junggar Basin was taken as an example for physical modeling experiment to analyze the action mechanisms of overpressure on the physical properties of deep reservoirs. (1) In the simulated ultra-deep layer with a burial depth of 6000-8000 m, the mechanical compaction under overpressure reduces the remaining primary pores by about a half that under hydrostatic pressure. Overpressure can effectively suppress the mechanical compaction to allow the preservation of intergranular primary pores. (2) The linear contact length ratio under overpressure is always smaller than the linear contact length ratio under hydrostatic pressure at the same depth. In deep reservoirs, the difference between the mechanical compaction degree under overpressure and hydrostatic pressure shows a decreasing trend, the effect of abnormally high pressure to resist the increase of effective stress is weakened, and the degree of mechanical compaction is gradually close to that under hydrostatic pressure. (3) The microfractures in skeleton particles of deep reservoirs under overpressure are thin and long, while the microfractures in skeleton particles of deep reservoirs under hydrostatic pressure are short and wide. This difference is attributed to the probable presence of tension fractures in the rocks containing abnormally high pressure fluid. (4) The microfractures in skeleton particles under overpressure were mainly formed later than that under hydrostatic pressure, and the development degree and length of microfractures both extend deeper. (5) The development stages of microfractures under overpressure are mainly controlled by the development stages of abnormally high pressure and the magnitude of effective stress acting on the skeleton particles. Moreover, the development stages of microfractures in skeleton particles are more than those under hydrostatic pressure in deep reservoir. The multi-stage abnormally high pressure plays an important role in improving the physical properties of deep reservoirs.

Characteristics of Abnormal Pressure Systems and Their Responses of Fluid in Huatugou Oil Field,Qaidam Basin

Based on the comprehensive study of core samples, well testing data, and reservoir fluid properties, the construction and the distribution of the abnormal pressure systems of the Huatugou oil field in Qaidam Basin are discussed. The correlation between the pressure systems and hydrocarbon accumulation is addressed by analyzing the corresponding fluid characteristics. The results show that the Huatugou oil field as a whole has low formation pressure and low fluid energy; therefore, the hydrocarbons are hard to migrate, which facilitates the forming of primary reservoirs. The study reservoirs, located at the Xiayoushashan Formation （N1/2） and the Shangganchaigou Formation （N1） are relatively shallow and have medium porosity and low permeability. They are abnormal low-pressure reservoirs with an average formation pressure coefficient of 0.61 and 0.72 respectively. According to the pressure coefficient and geothermal anomaly, the N1 and N1/2 Formations belong to two independent temperature-pressure systems, and the former has slightly higher energy. The low-pressure compartments consist of a distal bar as the main body, prodelta mud as the top boundary, and shore and shallow lake mud or algal mound as the bottom boundary. They are vertically overlapped and horizontally paralleled. The formation water is abundant in the Cl^- ion and can be categorized as CaCl2 type with high safinity, which indicates that the abnormal low-pressure compartments are in good sealing condition and beneficial for oil and gas accumulation and preservation.

Heterogeneity and influencing factors of marine gravity flow tight sandstone under abnormally high pressure:A case study from the Miocene Huangliu Formation reservoirs in LD10 area,Yinggehai Basin,South China Sea

The characteristics of reservoir heterogeneity of the marine gravity flow tight sandstone from the Miocene Huangliu Formation under abnormally high pressure setting at LD10 area in Yinggehai Basin are studied,and the influencing factors on reservoir heterogeneity are discussed,based on modular formation dynamics test,thin sections,XRD analysis of clay minerals,scanning electron microscopy,measurement of pore throat image,porosity and permeability,and high pressure Hg injection,as well as the stimulation of burial thermal history.The aim is to elucidate characteristics of the heterogeneity and the evolution process of heterogeneity of the reservoir,and predict the favorable reservoirs distribution.(1)The heterogeneity of the reservoir is mainly controlled by the cement heterogeneity,pore throat heterogeneity,quality of the reservoir heterogeneity,and the diagenesis under an abnormally high pressure setting.(2)The differences in pore-throat structure caused by diagenetic evolution affected the intergranular material heterogeneity and the pore throat heterogeneity,and finally controlled the heterogeneity of reservoir quality.(3)Compared with the reservoir under normal pressure,abnormally high pressure restrains strength of the compaction and cementation and enhances the dissolution of the reservoir to some extent,and abnormally high pressure thus weakening the heterogeneity of the reservoir to a certain degree.The favorable reservoirs are mainly distributed in the gravity flow sand body under the strong overpressure zone in the middle and lower part of Huangliu Formation.

Study of the Constituent of Abnormal Low Pressure Compartment and Fluid Characteristics in Huatugou Oilfield,Qaidam Basin

Based on the comprehensive research on core samples,well testing data and fluid parameters of the reservoirs,the depositional architecture of the abnormal low pressure compartment and fluid characteristics of Huatugou oilfield of Qaidam basin were reported,and the correlation between the compartment and hydrocarbon accumulation was revealed. The result indicates that the reservoirs are located

Study of Atmospheric Pressure Abnormal Glow Discharge

Atmospheric pressure abnormal glow discharge （APAGD） was carried out simply with a transformer of 1 ： 500 driven by a alternating current with a frequency of 50 Hz. Typical stable discharge parameters, namely voltage of 400 V to 850 V and current of 60 mA to 110 mA were measured by oscillograph. Simulation of the discharge process suggested that the stable discharge was supported by the impedance from the secondary coil of the transformer, which offered a negative feedback to prevent the discharge from turning into an arc. An interpretation was given for the oscillogram of the sinuous discharge current and square voltage. Furthermore, the electron temperature and electron density averaged in the discharge channel of APAGD were estimated.

Productivity Analysis Method of Abnormal High-Pressure Gas Reservoir in Ying-Qiong Basin

Ying-Qiong Basin in the west of South China Sea contains plenty of abnormal high-pressure gas reservoirs, whose stress sensitivity is crucial for well productivity. To explore the influence of stress sensitivity on production, the variable outlet back pressure stress sensitivity experiments were applied to test core sample permeability under different burden pressure and obtain the relational expression of power function of core stress sensitivity. Afterwards, new productivity equation is deduced in consideration of reservoir stress sensitivity, and the affection of stress sensitivity on production is analyzed. The result demonstrates close link between stress sensitivity and productivity, since single well production decreases dramatically when reservoir stress sensitivity has been taken into account. This research is constructive for well-testing data interpretation in stress sensitive gas reservoirs.

Test and Study of the Rock Pressure Sensitivity for KeLa-2 Gas Reservoir in the Tarim Basin

KeLa-2 gas reservoir is the largest uncompartimentalized gas field so far discovered in China, with a reserve of hundreds of billions of cubic meters of dry gas. It has such features as extremely long interval (550m), high pressure (74.5MPa) and pressure coefficient (2.022). Gas reservoirs with a pressure coefficient of over 2.0 are not commonly found. The abnormal high-pressure reservoirs are quite different in characteristic and performance during the process of depletion exploitation. Therefore, it is necessary to know the property of pressure sensitivity for this abnormal high-pressure reservoir. The aim of this paper is to test the reservoir pressure sensitivity and to analyze its effect on the deliverability of gas. Through some experiments, the permeability change with the confining pressure of rock samples from KeLa-2 abnormal high-pressure gas reservoir is measured. A power function is used to match the measured data, and to derive an empirical equation to describe the change of permeability through the change of the reservoir pressure or effective overburden pressure. Considering the permeability change during the development of reservoirs, a conventional deliverability equation is modified, and the deliverability curve for KeLa-2 gas reservoir is predicted. The research indicates that the extent of the pressure sensitivity of rock samples from KeLa-2 is higher than that from the Daqing oilfield. KeLa-2 reservoir rock has the feature of an undercompaction state. The pressure sensitivity of a reservoir may decrease the well deliverability. It is concluded that for KeLa-2 reservoir the predicted absolute open flow (AOF), when the pressure sensitivity is taken into account, is approximately 70% of the AOF when permeability is constant and does not change with pressure.

Characteristics and Genetic Mechanisms of Overpressure in the Depressions of Bohai Bay Basin, China

The distribution and genetic mechanisms of abnormal pressures in the Bohai Bay Basin were systematically analyzed. Abnormal pressures are widely developed in the Bohai Bay Basin, primarily in the Paleogene E2s4, E2s3, Es1, and Ed formations. From the onshore area of the Bohai Bay Basin to the center of the Bozhong area, the top depth of the overpressured zone in each depression increases gradually, the overpressured strata in each depression gradually move to younger formations, and the pressure structure successively alters from single-bottom- overpressure to double-bottom-overpressure and finally to double-top-overpressure. The distribution of overpressured area is consistent with the sedimentary migration controlled by the tectonic evolution of the Bohai Bay Basin, which is closely related to the hydrocarbon-generation capability of active source rocks. The overpressured strata are consistent with the source-rock intervals in each depression; the top of the overpressured zone is synchronous with the hydrocarbon generation threshold in each depression; the hydrocarbon generation capability is positively correlated with the overpressure magnitude in each formation. Undercompaction was the main mechanism of overpressure for depressions with fluid pressure coefficients less than 1.2, whereas hydrocarbon generation was the main mechanism for depressions with fluid pressure coefficients greater than 1.5.

Influence of tectonic uplift-erosion on formation pressure

The formation of abnormally low-pressure hydrocarbon reservoirs in petroliferous basins has a close relationship with tectonic uplift and the consequent erosion. In order to understand abnormally low-pressure reservoirs and to provide a scientific basis for exploration and development, we established, through numerical simulation and theoretical analysis, a set of equations for the formation pressure in a closed system influenced by uplift-erosion, discussed the relationship between the genesis of abnormal pressure and uplift-erosion, and put forward the concept of balance pressure （P b ）. The results showed that abnormally high pressure coefficient may form when the current formation pressure was higher than P b , and abnormally low pressure may form when the current formation pressure was lower than P b . In the Santanghu Basin, the current formation pressure of abnormally low pressure reservoirs is lower than P b , so tectonic uplift-erosion leads to the decrease of the pressure coefficient. There is a positive correlation between the pressure drop caused by the decrease of fluid temperature and the rebound of rock porosity and strata erosion. Calculation results indicated that the reservoir pressure of Jurassic strata in the Santanghu Basin was decreased by 11.6-17.1 MPa due to tectonic uplift-erosion during the Late Yanshanian period.

Characteristics,origin and controlling effects on hydrocarbon accumulation of overpressure in foreland thrust belt of southern margin of Junggar Basin,NW China

Aiming at the differential distribution of overpressure in vertical and lateral directions in the foreland thrust belt in the southern margin of Junggar Basin,the study on overpressure origin identification and overpressure evolution simulation is carried out.Based on the measured formation pressure,drilling fluid density and well logging data,overpressure origin identification and overpressure evolution simulation techniques are used to analyze the vertical and lateral distribution patterns of overpressure,genetic mechanisms of overpressure in different structural belts and causes of the differential distribution of overpressure,and the controlling effects of overpressure development and evolution on the formation and distribution of oil and gas reservoirs.The research shows that overpressure occurs in multiple formations vertically in the southern Junggar foreland thrust belt,the deeper the formation,the bigger the scale of the overpressure is.Laterally,overpressure is least developed in the mountain front belt,most developed in the fold anticline belt,and relatively developed in the slope belt.The differential distribution of overpressure is mainly controlled by the differences in disequilibrium compaction and tectonic compression strengths of different belts.The vertical overpressure transmission caused by faults connecting the deep overpressured system has an important contribution to the further increase of the overpressure strength in this area.The controlling effect of overpressure development and evolution on hydrocarbon accumulation and distribution shows in the following aspects:When the strong overpressure was formed before reservoir becoming tight overpressure maintains the physical properties of deep reservoirs to some extent,expanding the exploration depth of deep reservoirs;reservoirs below the overpressured mudstone cap rocks of the Paleogene Anjihaihe Formation and Lower Cretaceous Tugulu Group are main sites for oil and gas accumulation;under the background of overall overpressure,both overpressure strength too high or too low are not conducive to hydrocarbon enrichment and preservation,and the pressure coefficient between 1.6 and 2.1 is the best.

海洋精细控压钻井技术现状及应用

随着勘探技术的进步,不断向深部地层钻进,溢漏同存、窄压力窗口、异常高压等问题突出,往往会发生喷漏卡塌等复杂情况,这些已成为安全高效钻探面临和急需解决的难题。针对上述突出问题,考虑国内海洋钻井相比陆上钻井在地质特征、井身结构、作业模式等方面的差异,以陆上精细控压装备结构及工艺原理为基础,攻关形成了适合海洋作业的小型化、模块化、高效化精细控压装备及配套工艺,尤其在RCD系统结构、精细控压节流管汇结构、自动节流管汇回压补偿工艺等方面作出较大的优化升级,目前海洋化的精细控压钻井技术在加大推广应用,成为解决裂缝性储层、浅部大井眼钻进中的喷漏难题的有效手段之一。现场应用表明,精细控压钻井技术不仅有利于保障钻完井井控安全、减少井下复杂,而且可以大幅度降低钻井作业成本,在高压、裂缝发育、易漏失的储层钻井中具有广泛的应用前景,有助于提高勘探开发效益。

准噶尔盆地深层-超深层碎屑岩致密气储层特征及其控制因素

为寻找准噶尔盆地深层-超深层有利碎屑岩致密气储层,利用钻井、录井、薄片及化验资料,研究了碎屑岩致密气储层发育特征、储集空间类型、物性变化特征及有利储层控制因素。研究结果表明:①深层-超深层有利碎屑岩致密气储层储集岩主要为三角洲砾岩和砂岩,以细砾(砂)岩、中砾(砂)岩及中-细砾(砂)岩为主,为岩屑类砂岩。砾石成分和砂岩岩屑以凝灰岩为主,胶结物主要为方解石,局部富集沸石类。②储集空间为孔隙和裂缝,以孔隙为主。储集空间有孔隙型、裂缝型和孔隙-裂缝混合型3种组合类型。孔隙主要为原生剩余孔隙和次生溶蚀孔隙,以次生溶蚀孔隙为主。裂缝以成岩压实微裂缝和构造裂缝为主。③碎屑岩致密气储层垂向上形成了3个次生孔隙发育带。④岩石成分、建设型成岩作用和异常高压是控制有利储层的主要因素,3个主要因素控制了盆地深层-超深层碎屑岩致密气有利储层的发育和分布。

白云凹陷深层压实作用和超压成因讨论及其对深层流体运聚的影响

珠江口盆地白云凹陷含有丰富的油气资源,勘探潜力巨大。深层目的层发育强烈的超压,文中对白云凹陷深层的超压成因及压实作用进行研究;利用三维地震资料和地球物理测井资料对白云凹陷深层的超压详细了解,利用综合压实曲线方法和盆地模拟技术对钻、测井资料进行处理,分析深层的异常压力成因。以分区块、分层位的原则总结压力分布规律和异常高压产生的原因,并利用流体势的评价手段对白云凹陷深层油气的运聚进行预测,为白云凹陷下一步的勘探部署提供依据。研究认为:白云凹陷发育超压的区块主要有主洼中心、主洼东、主洼西南、北坡(以超压发育规模排序);深层超压发育在珠海组及以下地层,不同层位超压成因的贡献亦不相同。其中,恩平组超压成因主要为压实作用增压和生烃增压、而珠海组异常压力主要来源则是压实作用增压与传递型超压。不同区块的欠压实作用不同。此外,受地热等因素影响,各区块发育的化学压实作用不同。由于主洼发育较强的超压,气势较大,东洼和西洼等小洼陷在晚期也形成了气势高值区;主洼-北坡、主洼-西南部和主洼东由于地势较高而形成了明显的气势低值区。恩平组气势梯度较大的区域逐渐向斜坡带和低隆起上扩张,有利于油气晚期向北坡和主洼东部等地区运移。

银额盆地哈日凹陷异常高压储层测试压裂的探究与实践

银根-额济纳旗盆地哈日凹陷多口探井已获得工业油气流,但该凹陷油气地质条件极为复杂,钻遇的储层埋藏深、岩性复杂,主要表现为地层压力高、岩性致密、抗压强度高。同时该区域处于勘探初期,同等埋深储层无可借鉴的邻井压裂资料,严重制约后续压裂工艺及勘探工作的开展。为此,提出了测试压裂的概念,通过对YH6井实施测试压裂压降数据的分析,求取储层的闭合压力、闭合时间、地应力、地层孔隙压力等参数,为主压裂的方案设计和优化,提供技术支撑基础,保证主压裂的成功实施。本研究对银额盆地高压、高应力储层的压裂试油作业和后续深层油气的勘探开发具有重大意义。

Pressure effects on metal/covalent-organic frameworks:structural and optical properties

Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)and covalent organic frameworks(COFs)with highly ordered porous structure,tunable bandgap,large specific surface area and structural diversity,provide an appealing platform for the development of stimulus response,sensing,imaging and optoelectronics.Among various tuning methods,pressure engineering using the diamond anvil cell is a highly powerful in-situ technique,which can efficiently modulate the structural and optical properties of MOFs/COFs.This is beyond the realization of traditional chemical methods.This review outlines the research progress in the experimentoriented discovery of new phases or unique properties under high pressure,including phase transition,abnormal compression,photoluminescence(PL)discoloration and enhancement.Notably,the improvement of PL quantum yield in MOFs could be achieved by pressure-treated engineering and hydrogen-bonding cooperativity effect.We also propose and establish the relationship between structure and optical properties under high pressure.Finally,the challenge and outlook of the current fields are summarized.We hope that this review will supply guidance for comprehending the development of high-pressure MOF/COF-related research fields,and offer novel strategies for designing more high-performance MOF/COF materials to ultimately expand their applications.

高炉液压泥炮打泥压力异常原因分析与判断

该文介绍了高炉液压泥炮工作原理,对打泥压力异常的原因进行了系统性的分析,对泥炮运行过程中的点检维护以及修复验收提供了一种方法,保障了高炉液压泥炮稳定运行。对液压泥炮的打泥压力实行实时监控,并在计算机中绘制压力变化趋势图,根据预先制订的标准对泥炮运行工序时段及打泥压力的数据进行分析,判断液压泥炮打泥系统运行状态,实现了预防性维修。

基于循环神经网络的异常用电数据检测方法

针对用电数据检测时受电量敏感度的影响,导致异常数据检测时电能消耗过量的问题,提出了基于循环神经网络的异常用电数据检测方法。在循环神经网络体系中,根据窃电系数指标求解结果,计算电量压差的实际数值,实现对异常用电数据特征的提取。构建异常数据样本集合,通过填充缺失数据的处理方式,推断检测评价指标所属区间范围,完成基于循环神经网络的异常用电数据检测方法的设计。对比实验结果:循环神经网络作用下,由异常用电数据造成的电能消耗量最高为3.2×10^(8)kW·h,不会引发明显的电能过量消耗问题,符合维护电网运行稳定性的实际应用需求。

岩矿扫描录井在碳酸盐岩储层异常高压预测中的应用

做好碳酸盐岩储层异常高压随钻预测,是降低溢流、井漏风险发生概率的关键。针对塔里木盆地富满地区一间房-鹰山组碳酸盐岩储层异常高压预测难题,通过岩矿扫描录井技术,获取与断控缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层异常高压相关的孔隙度、裂缝数两个参数,引入反映裂缝复杂程度的裂缝复杂指数,并建立孔隙度与裂缝复杂指数图板,对塔里木盆地富满地区一间房-鹰山组碳酸盐岩储层异常高压进行识别和预测。以塔里木盆地富满地区FD 1井为例,应用孔隙度与裂缝复杂指数图板能有效表征碳酸盐岩储层异常高压段,为该地区碳酸盐岩储层异常高压研究和预测提供了一个新方法,也为下一步勘探开发提前采取工程措施,降低溢流、井漏风险发生概率提供技术支撑。

洛阳地铁1号线列车受电弓碳滑板异常磨耗分析与改进研究

[目的]检查发现洛阳地铁1号线自试运营以来存在弓网关系恶劣、正线发生弓网拉弧现象,检查发现受电弓碳滑板上有灼烧点且磨耗严重。为解决受电弓碳滑板异常磨耗问题,须研究弓网异常磨耗原因,并提出解决措施。[方法]重点探讨了弓网技术性能、碳滑板材质、弓网打磨、接触压力、外部气候环境温度及湿度等因素对受电弓和接触网磨耗的影响,探讨了弓网异常磨耗的影响因素和磨耗规律。[结果及结论]研究结果表明,洛阳地铁1号线受电弓碳滑板磨耗为中心偏磨型磨耗,为解决此类磨耗问题,特提出针对性的处理措施和预防建议,包括建立接触网、受电弓的专项台账,借鉴同行对弓网异常磨耗的应对经验,根据弓网磨耗情况优化检修方式,充分运用弓网检测棚等信息化检测设备来提升弓网技术参数的监控和调节效率等。

低速增压风洞测力试验异常数据检测专家系统设计研究

针对低速增压风洞测力试验,分析气动特性曲线的原始数据源,以天平信号、流场状态和模型姿态为主要对象,结合试验控制流程,从单点数据向量、单车次数据矩阵和同期多车次数据集等维度,研究试验数据的异常检测方法策略,并以此为核心知识库,完成异常数据检测专家系统设计开发。试验过程中系统推理机自动在线执行,经过数据识别、规则推理、逻辑推理和知识迭代,实现原始数据的预检测和预诊断。试验应用结果表明,专家系统对天平桥压异常、线性段跳点和零点检测等异常类型检测敏感度高,为异常数据分析指引方向,提升问题数据排查效率。