Adsorption,in vitro digestion and human gut microbiota regulation characteristics of three Poria cocos polysaccharides

Poria cocos(PC)is a famous traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and a widely used healthcare ingredient,which has antiobesity,enhancing immunity and improving sleep effects.Traditionally,only water-soluble poria polysaccharide(WSP)is extracted and applied for clinical application,while insoluble polysaccharide(alkali-soluble poria polysaccharide,ASP)is discarded as herb residue.However,the whole PC has also been historically utilized as functional herbal food.Considering the beneficial role of dietary fiber and the traditional use of PC,ASP may also contribute substantially to the therapy function of PC.Compared to WSP,little attention has been paid to ASP and ASP modified product carboxymethyl poria polysaccharide(CMP)which has been used as an antitumor adjuvant drug.In this study,the oil,cholesterol,metal ions and polyphenols adsorption ability,in vitro simulated digestive and the gut microbiota fermentation characteristics of WSP,ASP and CMP were studied to evaluate the functional values of three P.cocos polysaccharides(PCPs).The results showed that all three PCPs had good adsorption capacity on cholesterol,polyphenols and metal ions(Cd^(2+)/Zn^(2+)/Mg^(2+)),among which ASP showed the highest capacity than WSP and CMP.The adsorption capacity of all three PCPs on heavy metal ions(Cd^(2+)/Zn^(2+))was stronger than that of non-heavy metal ions(Mg^(2+));The in vitro digestibility of all three PCPs was very low,but WSP was slightly higher than ASP and CMP;Moreover,the indigestible residue of all three PCPs could improve the richness and diversity of gut microbiota,among which ASP had the greatest influence.In general,ASP and CMP could significantly promote the proliferation of some probiotics and inhibit the growth of some harmful bacteria.The gut microbiota diversity of CMP was reduced,but the richness of probiotics,especially Parabacteroides distasonis was significantly enhanced compared with the ASP group,and the growth of harmful bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae was inhibited after CMP treatment.The short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)analysis results showed that all three PCPs could significantly promote the production of acetic acid,propionic acid and the total acid content compared with blank control group,and SCFAs producing activity was positively correlated with the proliferative capacity of probiotics.Taken together,the good adsorption characteristics and gut microbiota regulatory activity of ASP may lay foundation for its lipid-lowering and immune-improving function.Additionally,the probiotic effect of CMP and ASP indicated that except for only use the water extract of PC in clinic,CMP and ASP also can be used in healthcare to take full advantage of this valuable medicine.

Effects of Poria cocos polysaccharide on growth performance,physiological parameters,and lipid metabolism of spotted sea bass Lateolabrax maculatus

The aquaculture industry has developed significantly over the past few decades and has had a substantial impact on the global food supply and marine fisheries resources.However,some problems arise behind the scenes due to excessive intensive farming,such as slow animal growth,frequent disease,and lipid metabolism disorders.These problems have limited the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry,and a continuable solution is required.The use of fungal polysaccharide appears to provide a solution to these problems.Therefore,different supplemented levels of Poria cocos polysaccharide(PCP)(0,0.4,0.8,1.2,1.6,and 2.0 g/kg,respectively)were fed to spotted sea bass(Lateolabrax maculatus)in similar size(30.28±0.18 g)in current study.The effects of PCP on growth,physiological parameters,and lipid metabolism of spotted sea bass were investigated after a 4-week rearing period.Results showed,fish with PCP intake presented a significantly higher weight gain,specific growth rate,and a significantly lower feed conversion ratio.Significantly higher trypsin activity in liver and intestine were observed in fish with PCP intake.The superoxide dismutase activity in serum and liver of fish with PCP intake were significantly improved,while significantly higher serum total antioxidant capacity and hepatic catalase activity were also observed.However,no significant differences in lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase activity were evident among groups.Fish with PCP intake showed a significantly lower total cholesterol,but no noteworthy change in triglyceride and lipid-metabolismrelated genes expression were observed among groups.Results indicated that intake of PCP has a positive effect on growth and antioxidant capacity of spotted sea bass,but seems to have a limited effect on the non-specific immunity and lipid metabolism of spotted sea bass.Based on the regression analysis results,1.4 g/kg of PCP is the optimal dose for spotted sea bass in size(30.28±0.18 g).

Study on Quality Markers of Poria cocos Based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and Network Pharmacology Technology

[Objectives]To analyze the main chemical components of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)Poria cocos by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,and explore the active components for P.cocos in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea(PD)by network pharmacology to predict its quality markers(Q-marker).[Methods]Ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)in positive and negative ion mode was used to collect high quality MS and MS/MS data of Poria cocos,and qualitative characterization of the components in Poria cocos was performed using Analyst TF 1.7.1 and PeakView 2.2 software with reference to internal databases and literature.Taking the above identified chemical components as the research object,we used network pharmacology to discover the potential effective components and their key targets of PD,and metabolic pathway enrichment analysis of the core targets was performed to screen the Q-marker of P.cocos based on the five principles of Q-marker of TCM.[Results]UPLC-Q-TOF-MS technique was used to identify 41 chemical components of P.cocos,including 3 amino acids,26 triterpenoids,4 lactones,7 organic acids and 1 adenosine.It was more likely to lose H 2O and CO 2 during cleavage and break at the carbonyl group.The triterpenoids were mainly in the form of[M-H]-peaks in negative ion mode,which was easy to lose some structural fragments such as H 2O,CH 3COOH,CH 4,CO 2,etc.Further network pharmacological analysis showed that 302 targets of chemical components of P.cocos,518 targets of PD,28 common targets of component and disease,and 27 core targets such as PTGS2,ESR1,TNF,IL1B were observed by PPI interactions network analysis.451 biological processes such as hormone response and inflammatory response regulation were obtained by GO enrichment analysis.KEGG enrichment analysis showed that 89 pathways including PI3K/Akt signaling pathway,IL-17 signaling pathway and TNF signaling pathway were obtained.The connectivity value of components was analyzed.The core components with the connectivity value greater than 10,including poricoic acid A,polyporenic acid,polyporenic acid C,and 25-hydroxy-3-epidehydrotumoric acid were selected,while the key targets with the connectivity value greater than 15 included TNF,PTGS2,IL1B and CASP3.Molecular docking between core components and key targets was performed,and most of the docking energy was less than-5 kcal/mol,indicating that the binding between the active components and target proteins of P.cocos was relatively stable,so 23 active components of P.cocos were determined.Following the five principles of Q-marker,four possible Q-markers of P.cocos were predicted,including poricoic acid A,pachymic acid,polyporenic acid C,and 25-hydroxy-3-epidehydrotumoric acid.[Conclusions]P.cocos was mainly composed of triterpenoids,its effect on the treatment of PD may be achieved mainly by poricoic acid A,pachymic acid,polyporenic acid C,and 25-hydroxy-3-epi-dehydrotumoric acid acting on PTGS2,ESR1,TNF,IL1B and other targets to regulate PI3K/Akt signaling pathway,IL-17 signaling pathway,TNF signaling pathway,etc.Based on these active components,poricoic acid A,pachymic acid,polyporenic acid C,and 25-hydroxy-3-epi-dehydrotumoric acid could be taken as Q-markers of P.cocos,which provided a solid basis for further improving the quality standard of P.cocos.

Optimal Ultrasonic Extraction of Pachyman from Jiuzihe Poria cocos

This study was conducted to extract pachyman to the greatest degree with ultrasonic technology, and to determine the content of pachyman by the phe-nol-sulfuric acid method, so as to choose the optimal technique of ultrasonic extrac-tion of pachyman. Firstly, the ultrasonic power, extraction time and solid-to-liquid ra-tio were investigated by ultrasonic extraction method. Then, on this basis, a respon-sible surface experiment was designed, to select the optimal process conditions ac-cording to the index of pachyman yield. The optimized ultrasonic water extraction conditions were as fol ow： ultrasonic power of 100 W, extraction time of 30 min, and solid-to-liquid ratio at 1：40. The Oxford cup method was used to study the an-timicrobial activity of pachyman. lt was found that pachyman could significantly in-hibit Bacilus subtilis_and Staphylococcus aureus.

PREPARATION AND STRUCTURE OF FIVE DERIVATIVES OF β-(1→3)-D-GLUCAN ISOLATED FROM PORIA COCOS SCLEROTIUM

A new solvent of cellulose (1.5 mol/L NaOH/0.5 mol/L urea aqueous solution) was used as one of the homogeneous reaction media of polysaccharides for methylation, hydroxyethylation and hydroxypropylation. A water insoluble β -(1—>3)-D-glucan, sample PCS3- isolated from fresh sclerotium of Poria cocos was sulfated in dimethyl sulfoxide (Me 2 SO), carboxymethylated in NaOH, isopropanol solution, as well as methylated, hydroxyethylated and hydroxypropylated in the new solvent system, respectively, to obtain five water-soluble derivatives coded as S-PCS3- C- PCS3- M-PCS3- HE-PCS3- and HP-PCS3- Their chemical structure and distribution of substitution were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), elementary analysis (EA), 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, 2D-COSY, 2D-TOCSY and 2D- 1 H-detected 1H 13C HMQC spectra. The results reveal that the relative reactivity of hydroxyl groups of the β -(1-?3)-D-glucan is in the order C-6 > C-4 > C-2 on the whole. The substitution of the samples S-PCS3- C-PCS3- and M-PCS3- occurred mainly at C-6 position and secondly at C-4 and C-2 positions, and that of HE-PCS3- occurred at C-6 and C-4 positions and of HP-PCS3- almost completely occurred at C-6 position. The degrees of substitution (DS) obtained from 13 C-NMR range from 0.23 to 1.27. The water solubility of the derivatives is in the order S-PCS3- >C-PCS3- >M-PCS3- >HE-PCS3- >HP-PCS3- This work provides a novel and nonpolluting process for the methylation, hydroxyethylation and hydroxypropylation of β -(1—>3)-D-glucan.

COMPARISON OF POLYSACCHARIDES ISOLATED FROM THE MYCELIA OF A CULTIVATED STRAIN OF PORIA COCOS GROWN IN DIFFERENT LIQUID CULTURE MEDIA

Mycelium of a cultivated strain of Poria cocos was grown by submerged fermentation in a liquid mediumcontaining corn steep liquor with orbital shaking. Six polysaccharides coded as ac-PCM1, ac-PCM2, ac-PCM3-Ⅰ andⅡ, ac-PCM4-Ⅰand Ⅱ were isolated from the myelium by extracting with 0.9% NaCl aqueous solution, hot water, 0.5 mol/L NaOHaqueous solution and 88% formic acid. Exo-polysaccharide was obtained from the culture medium and coded as ac-PCM0.The monosaccharide composition and molecular weights of these polysaccharides were characterized by using infraredspectroscopy, gas chromaography, elemental analysis, ^(13)C-NMR, viscometry and light scattering. The results indicated thatac-PCM0, ac-PCM1 and ac-PCM2 are heteropolysaccharides containing glucose, galactose, mannose and fucose, and ac-PCM3-Ⅰ and ac-PCM3-Ⅱ mainly consist of D-glucose. The content of the glucose in the polysaccharides increased with theisolation progress. Remarkably, α-glucan and β-glucan coexisted in the extract by NaOH aqueous solution (ac-PCM3), andcould be separated by chemical methods. The protein in the ac-PCM polysaccharides cultured from the medium containingcorn steep liquor was higher than that in the ab-PCM from the medium with bran extract. Therefore, the polysaccharidesfrom Poria cocos mycelia cultured in different media have different chemical composition, molecular weights and conformations.

Carbon dots derived from Poria cocos polysaccharide as an effective“on-off”fluorescence sensor for chromium(Ⅵ)detection

Chromium is a harmful contaminant showing mutagenicity and carcinogenicity.Therefore,detection of chromium requires the development of low-cost and high-sensitivity sensors.Herein,blue-fluorescent carbon quantum dots were synthesized by one-step hydrothermal method from alkali-soluble Poria cocos polysaccharide,which is green source,cheap and easy to obtain,and has no pharmacological activity due to low water solubility.These carbon quantum dots exhibit good fluorescence stability,water solubility,anti-interference and low cytotoxicity,and can be specifically combined with the detection of Cr(Ⅵ)to form a non-fluorescent complex that causes fluorescence quenching,so they can be used as a label-free nanosensor.High-sensitivity detection of Cr(Ⅵ)was achieved through internal filtering and static quenching effects.The fluorescence quenching degree of carbon dots fluorescent probe showed a good linear relationship with Cr(Ⅵ)concentration in the range of 1-100μM.The linear equation was F;/F=0.9942+0.01472[Cr(Ⅵ)](R;=0.9922),and the detection limit can be as low as 0.25μM(S/N=3),which has been successfully applied to Cr(Ⅵ)detection in actual water samples herein.

Effects of Crude Extract of Poria cocos on the Tension of Jejunum and Cecum in Rabbits in vitro

[ Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of crude extract of Poria cocos on intestinal smooth muscle contraction of rabbits in vitro and re- veal the related mechanism. [Method] With in vitro experimental method, using the tension of jejunal and cecal smooth muscle as an indicator, 3.75, 7.50, 15.00, and 22.5 g/L crude extract of P. cocos were added into Tyrede＇s solution of jejunum and cecum tissues of rabbits to observe the effects of crude extract of P. cocos on motion dynamics of jejunum and cecum of rabbits. [ Result] The addition of crude extract of P. cocos could inhibit the contraction of jejunal and cecal smooth muscle of rabbits in vitro, enhance contraction tension and relaxation tension, and reduce contraction amplitude. The effects were improved as the dose of crude extract of P. cocos increased, displaying a dose-effect relationship. [Condusion] This study provided theoretical basis for the clinical use of P. cocos.

INFLUENCE OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND PERIODATE-MODIFICATION OF β-D-GLUCANS FROM PORIA COCOS SCLEROTIUM ON ANTITUMOR ACTIVITIES

In this work, influence of molecular weight and periodate modification ofβ-D-glucans isolated from Poria cocos sclerotium on the antitumor activities against Sar-coma 180 and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) tumor was studied. The results show thattwo glucans PC3 (linear β-(1→3)-D-glucan) and PC4 [β-(1→3)-D-glucan with a fewof branches and glucuronic acid] are devoid of antitumor activity. However, when theglucans were modified by periodate oxidation, borohydride reduction and mild hydrolysisor partially hydrolysis, the derivatives have obvious antitumor activities. The decreasein molecular weight of glucans after periodate modification hardly affects their antitumoractions, but on the other hand, the decrease of molecular weight without periodate modi-fication could lead to an enhancement of the antitumor activities. Moreover, the glucansand these derivatives have much higher enhancement ratios of body weight of mice thanthat of 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), suggesting that they are less toxic than 5-Fu.

The Status Quo and Countermeasures of Planting and Industrial Development of Poria cocos in Luotian County

We conduct a field survey of the status quo of planting and industrial development of Poria cocos in Luotian County.The results show that at present,Luotian County develops a set of standardized Poria cocos cultivation technique,and some areas use the guideline of "four changes" to plants Poria cocos.The main problems faced by planting of Poria cocos currently are as follows:insufficient popularization of standardized Poria cocos cultivation technique;low processing level of Poria cocos;chaotic source of germplasm;lack of science and technology input;single industrial development pattern;shortage of well-known brands of products.In accordance with the above findings,we put forward the following recommendations:extensively promoting the guideline of " four changes";focusing on development and utilization of Poria cocos byproducts;implement listing-for-sales to clarify the source of Poria cocos strain;tightening the bonds with research institutes and large enterprises to promote science and technology input into Poria cocos;encouraging the coexistence of diverse industrial development pattern.

Discrimination of pharmacodynamic components and volatile compounds of Poria cocos cultivated with five different materials based on GC-IMS analysis

Objectives:The chemical constituents of Poria cocos grown with different substrates vary significantly;thus,identifying and comparing their biomarkers are important.Materials and Methods:Herein,the chemical constituents of Poria cocos obtained with five different substrates were assessed using gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry(GC-IMS),high-performance liquid chromatography and multivariate statistical analysis.Results:The content of moisture,ash,alcohol-soluble matter,and heavy metals,except for those of the miscellaneous wood Poria cocos,conform to the specifications defined in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(Edition 2020),and the polysaccharide contents are all greater than 57%.Conclusions:Based on GC-IMS and the established fingerprints,87 compounds were detected,70 of which were identified in each group.Multivariate statistical analysis revealed seven compounds(two esters,three alcohols,and two aldehydes),which could be considered as potential marker compounds for discrimination.

A novel method of automatic peeling for Poria cocos based on image processing

Manual peeling of Poria cocos has low efficiency and large loss,and other peeling methods are not suitable for Poria cocos peeling.To solve this problem,this study designed and fabricated a set of automatic peeling equipment for Poria cocos,which combined image processing technology with the structure and function of the vertical milling machine.This paper mainly reports the image detection algorithm of Poria cocos epidermis position for automatic peeling.Firstly,the blue marks were glued to the movable and the immovable parts of clamping parts,and the initial window was determined through them.Then,the grayscale image within the initial window was obtained with the help of the chromatic aberration|2r-g-b|(red(r),green(g),blue(b)of pixels).The processing window was calculated with the aid of the distribution graph of the grayscale accumulation.Next,the grayscale image was taken into the process of the automatic binarization based on the Otsu method and the binary image was restored through dilation,erosion and denoising algorithm.Finally,pixel columns in the processing window were scanned column-by-column from the left to the right and the direction of each pixel column is from the bottom to the top.The first pixel with a value of 0 on each pixel column was set as the epidermis position of the current pixel column.The experiment results implied that,under the set light source,the average detection accuracy was 98.8%,and the average time to detect epidermis position once was 0.024 s.The detection accuracy and real-time performance of this algorithm meets the actual operation requirements of Poria cocos peeling.It lays the foundation for the automatic peeling operation of Poria cocos.

Effect of Poria cocos Hydroethanolic Extract on Treating Adriamycin-Induced Rat Model of Nephrotic Syndrome

Objective: To evaluate the effect of Poria cocos(Schw.) Wolf hydroethanolic extract(PHE) against nephrotic syndrome(NS) in rats and to identify the potential active components from PHE. Methods: The high content compounds were isolated and purified by using column chromatography followed by preparative highperformance liquid chromatography(p-HPLC). Forty male Wistar rats with adriamycin(ADR)-induced NS were randomly divided into 5 groups, 8 in each group: model control group, positive control group(with prednisone treatment), PHE low-dose group, PHE middle-dose group and PHE high-dose group. Another 8 rats were recruited as vehicle control group. All rats received the intragastric administration of corresponding drugs or saline for 30 days. During the experimental period, rats’ behavior and appearance were observed and recorded daily, and their body weights were recorded weekly. After treatment, 24-h urine samples were collected to evaluate the urine protein and urine creatinine(Ucr); then the rats were sacrificed to collect carotid blood and to determine the levels of serum total protein(TP), albumin(Alb), globulin(Glo), total cholesterol(TC) and cytokine interlukin-4(IL-4). Results: Six acidic components were isolated and identified from the PHE section: pachymic acid, 15α-hydroxydehydrotumulosic acid, trametenolic acid, dehydropachymic acid, 3β-hydroxy-lanosta-7,9(11), 24-trien-21-oic-acid and dehydroeburicoic acid. Compared with the model control group, the urine protein content were significantly decreased in the PHE treatment groups and positive control group(P<0.05), especially PHE middle-dose group(P<0.01). The Ucr values and serum levels of TP, Glo, TC and IL-4 in PHE low-and middle-dose groups were also presented obvious recover tendency as compared with the model control group(P<0.05 or P<0.01). However, positive control group and all PHE groups indicated no significant therapeutic effect on raising Alb value, although PHE low-and middle-dose treatment groups showed better outcomes than positive control group(P>0.05). Conclusions: PHE showed an encouraging therapeutic effect against ADR-induced NS in a rat model. PHE might be a group of effective substances for the treatment of NS.

Accumulation of biomass and four triterpenoids in two-stage cultured Poria cocos mycelia and diuretic activity in rats

Poria cocos(Schw.) Wolf, an important medicinal and food fungus, is well known in East Asia. Due to growing market demand, long cultivation period, and consumption of pine trunk during cultivation, developing alternative methods for producing P. cocos and/or its active components is of interest. In the present study, the effects of different culture methods on biomass and accumulation of four triterpenoids were investigated. The ethanol extract of fermented mycelium(EFM) was orally administered to rats. Urine output and concentrations of electrolytes(Na^+, K^+, and Cl^-) were measured. Our results showed that mycelia grew better under continuous shaking culture condition(7.5 g DW·L^(-1)), and higher triterpenoid levels were accumulated in two-stage culture(112 mg·L-1, 2.03%). The optimal starting time of static culture for triterpenoid yield was 4^(th) d after shaking culture. Single administration of middle and high dose of EFM significantly increased urine output, Na^+ and Cl^- excretion, and Na^+/K^+ ratio. These results suggested that ethanol extract of cultured mycelia showed significant diuretic activity in rats and two-stage culture of P. cocos could be an alternative way to produce mycelia and triterpenoids.

Anti-rejection effect of ethanol extract of Poria cocos wolf in rats after cardiac allograft implantation

Background A living fetus within the maternal uterus provides an example of allogene tolerance in mammals. Poria cocos Wolf is the main component of many Chinese medicinal combination drugs that have therapeutic effects on recurrent spontaneous abortion and that can maintain pregnancy until delivery. It was hypothesized that this herbal medicine can also prolong allograft survival after organ transplantation. Here,in an in vivo study,we report the anti-rejection effect of the ethanol extract of Poria cocos Wolf (EEPCW) in rats after cardiac allograft implantation. Methods Ten normal rats were healthy controls. Eighty rats receiving homologous heart transplants were divided into 4 groups of 20 rats each based on type of treatment: olive oil 8 ml·kg -1 ·d -1 ,EEPCW 25 mg·kg -1 ·d -1 , EEPCW 50 mg·kg -1 ·d -1 or cyclosporin A 5mg·kg -1 ·d -1 . Allograft survival was observed in 10 rats from each group. On the seventh day post transplantation,pathological lesions and percentages of CD_3 +,CD_4 +,and CD_8 + lymphocytes and the CD_4 +/CD_8 + ratio in peripheral blood were assessed in another 10 rats from each group and in 10 normal rats. Results The survival time of donor hearts in the two EEPCW groups was significantly prolonged,to (15.9±2.4) days and (30.0±0.0) days,respectively,compared with (6.7±0.8) days in the control group. Pathological lesions in the two EEPCW groups were also less severe,and the percentages of CD_3 +,CD_4 +,and CD_8 + lymphocytes and CD_4 +/CD_8 + ratio were significantly lower in the EEPCW groups. Conclusions Acute rejection of heart transplants and cellular immune reaction can be effectively suppressed using the EEPCW. Taking advantage of novel immunosuppressants derived from Chinese medicinal herbs used to treat abnormal pregnancy provides a hopeful road for future research and treatment in organ transplantation.

Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity of Total Triterpenes and Poricoic Acid A Isolated from Poria cocos

Objective With the improvement of people＇s living standards, people＇s requests for beauty are increasing. Skin whitening and lightening have become the pursuit of many women, and whitening and removing freckles have become the focus of scientific research. At present, widely used whitening agents, such as kojic acid, vitamin C, and its derivatives, have shortcomings such as poor stability and retarded effect. Therefore, safer and more effective whitening products from herbs are urgently needed. To explore the possibility of triterpenes as whitening active substance, the effects of total triterpenes of Poria（TTP） and poricoic acid A（PAA） on mushroom tyrosinase activities and B16 cells were investigated, and their mechanisms on mushroom tyrosinase were also studied. Methods Using arbutin and nicotinamide as reference substances, we determinated the inhibitory effects of TTP and PAA on mushroom tyrosinase and tyrosinase in B16 cells and then studied the inhibitory mechanism on mushroom tyrosinase. Results TTP and PAA exhibited good inhibitory effects on the activities of monophenolase and diphenolase in mushroom tyrosinase, as well as a certain inhibitory effect on tyrosinase in B16 cells. Conclusion TTP and PAA are potential whitening active ingredients.

Antagonistic Effect of Poria Cocos on Ototoxicity of Kanamycin in Guinea－Pigs

In order to prevent ototoxicity of kanamycin ( KM) , the effects of Poria Cocos (PC) on the o-totoxicity induced by KM in guinea-pigs was observed by giving the PC decoction to guinea-pigs with compar-ing the difference in the general intoxicating symptom, Prayer's retlex (PR) threshold, brainstem auditory e-voked potentials (BAEPs) and the absence rate of outer hair cells in the first turn of cochlea. The results sug-gested that the ototoxicity od KM was retarded by PC decoction. On the 7th day after KM was given, PRthreshold of 4, 6, 8 kHz in the medicated group and control group were 4. 7 1 . 5 dB, 5. 7 2. 4 dB, 2. 7 1 . 2 dB and 10. 5 3 . 2 dB, 12 . 1 3 . 7 dB, 8. 5 2 . 7 dB respectively. BAEPs threshold on the 13th day afterKM was given, raised 22 . 7 9 . 7 dB in the PC group and 51 . 3 14. 4 dB in the control group. The absencerate of outer hair cells in the first turn of cochlea were 39 . 4% and 67 . 4% respectively. The results suggestedthat PC might be antagonistic to the ototoxicity of KM in guinea-pigs.

不同干燥方式对茯苓药材中三萜类及茯苓酸含量的影响

采用不同干燥方式(自然晒干、60℃烘干、80℃烘干、105℃烘干、冻干)对茯苓(Poria cocos)鲜品进行干燥,测定干燥后的茯苓三萜类及茯苓酸含量,比较不同干燥方式对其三萜类及茯苓酸含量的影响。结果表明,茯苓三萜类及茯苓酸含量均为冻干>105℃烘干>80℃烘干>60℃烘干>自然晒干,冻干工艺下茯苓三萜及茯苓酸含量分别高达8.95%、6.89%,自然晒干下的茯苓三萜类及茯苓酸含量均最低。确定了茯苓药材的最佳干燥方式,为茯苓药材后期加工工艺的选用提供参考。

Preparation and Development of Alkali-soluble Poria Polysaccharide Tough Biscuits

[Objectives]This study was conducted to obtain the best formula for alkali-soluble Poria polysaccharide tough biscuits.[Methods]Based on low-gluten flour as the main raw material and alkali-soluble Poria polysaccharide,baking soda,salt,butter and sugar as auxiliary materials,single-factor test and orthogonal optimization of the addition amounts of alkali-soluble Poria polysaccharide,salt and white sugar were carried out,and the prepared biscuits were subjected to sensory evaluation to get the best formula.[Results]The optimal process parameters of the alkali-soluble Poria polysaccharide tough biscuits were:alkali-soluble Poria polysaccharide addition amount 12%,salt addition amount 1.5%,white sugar addition amount 14%,and the sensory evaluation score obtained under this condition was 88.7.[Conclusions]The alkali-soluble Poria polysaccharide biscuits prepared according to the best formula had the characteristics of neat shape,uniform thickness,fine internal structure,obvious layers,and crisp,rosy and sweet taste.This study increases the flavor and nutritional value of biscuits,enriches the types of biscuits,and provides a certain theoretical basis for the production of alkali-soluble Poria polysaccharide tough biscuits.