Early clinical outcome with lens position adjustment following implantable collamer lens surgery

AIM:To observe early clinical outcome with lens position adjustment following the implantable collamer lens(ICL)surgery.METHODS:Sixty patients were selected for this retrospective study.One eye from each patient received Toric ICL for astigmatism correction,and the other received non-astigmatic ICL surgery using horizontal position.Patients with higher postoperative arch height were selected,and their non-astigmatic eye clinical outcome were observed after ICL surgery at 1wk,1,and 3mo.The clinical measurements included uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA),intraocular pressure(IOP),refractive state,corneal endothelium cell count,and arch height.Three months later,the ICL in each patient’s non-astigmatic eye was adjusted to the vertical from the horizontal position.The results were compared before and 1wk,1,and 3mo after adjustment.RESULTS:UCVA and IOP were significantly reduced 1wk after position adjustment compared to 1wk after ICL implantation(P<0.05).The patients demonstrated significantly reduced arch height and corneal endothelium cell count 1wk,1,and 3mo after adjusting position compared to 1wk,1,and 3mo after ICL implantation(P<0.05).However,there was no significant difference in refraction between 1wk,1,and 3mo after ICL implantation and position adjustment(P>0.05).CONCLUSION:Early positioning adjustment postphakic ICL implantation can benefit patients with adjusted arch height or higher IOP.Despite the good clinical effects,the doctors should pay attention to the potential for adverse effects on UCVA and corneal endothelium cells following early position adjustment after posterior chamber phakic ICL implantation.

Semi-parametric Adjustment Model Methods for Positioning of Seafloor Control Point

This paper focus on solving the problem of seafloor control point absolute positioning with low vertical accuracy based on the survey ship sailing circle. The method of dealing with the systematic error based on a semi-parametric adjustment model was proposed. Firstly, the influence of sound velocity change on ranging error is analyzed. Secondly, a semi-parametric adjustment model for determining three-dimensional coordinates of seafloor control points was established. And respectively proposed solutions under two different conditions, the observation duration is an integral multiple or non-integer multiple of the long-period term of the ranging error. The simulation experiment shows that this method can obviously improve the accuracy of vertical solution of seafloor control point compared with the difference technique and the least-squares method when internal waves exist and observation duration is less than an integer multiple of the long-period term of the ranging error.

An Investigation of Purely Azimuthal Passive Localization and Position Adjustment in Attempted UAV Formation Flights

When a cluster of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is flying in formation, it is crucial to maintain the formation and not to be interfered by external electromagnetic wave signals. In order to maintain the formation, this paper proposes to use pure azimuth passive positioning to adjust the position of UAVs, i.e., certain UAVs in the formation transmit signals, the rest of the UAVs receive the signals passively, and extract the orientation information from them to adjust the position of the UAVs [1] [2] [3]. In this paper, the position adjustment problem of UAVs in “circular” formation flight under three models is investigated. To address the problem of “how to obtain the position of the receiving UAV when there are two UAVs with known numbers and evenly distributed on the circumference in addition to the UAV transmitting at the known center of the circle, and the rest of the UAVs with slight deviations in their positions are receiving the signals”, two purely mathematical geometric methods, namely, triangular localization method and polar co-ordinate method, are proposed respectively. We have determined the position of the receiving UAV;we have used the exhaustive method and the construction and disproof method to solve the problem of “how many UAVs are needed to transmit signals in order to realize the effective positioning of the UAVs when it is known that a certain UAV with a slight deviation in its position receives the signals emitted by two UAVs at the same time”, and the results show that: in addition to the known signals emitted by two UAVs, it is also necessary to transmit the signals emitted by two UAVs. The results show that in addition to the known two UAVs transmitting signals, two additional UAVs are required to transmit signals for precise po-sitioning. When the position of UAVs has deviation at the initial moment, the ideal approximation method and the target delimitation method are pro-posed, and the target of nine UAVs uniformly distributed on a circle of a spe-cific radius is achieved through several adjustments, after which the ad-vantages and disadvantages of each model are analyzed, and suggestions for improvement are put forward. The purely azimuthal passive localization method and the constructed model approach proposed in this paper can be extended to other fields, such as spacecraft formations in space and battle-ship formations at sea, as well as other formation flight position adjustment problems.

An RGB-D Camera Based Visual Positioning System for Assistive Navigation by a Robotic Navigation Aid

There are about 253 million people with visual impairment worldwide.Many of them use a white cane and/or a guide dog as the mobility tool for daily travel.Despite decades of efforts,electronic navigation aid that can replace white cane is still research in progress.In this paper,we propose an RGB-D camera based visual positioning system(VPS)for real-time localization of a robotic navigation aid(RNA)in an architectural floor plan for assistive navigation.The core of the system is the combination of a new 6-DOF depth-enhanced visual-inertial odometry(DVIO)method and a particle filter localization(PFL)method.DVIO estimates RNA’s pose by using the data from an RGB-D camera and an inertial measurement unit(IMU).It extracts the floor plane from the camera’s depth data and tightly couples the floor plane,the visual features(with and without depth data),and the IMU’s inertial data in a graph optimization framework to estimate the device’s 6-DOF pose.Due to the use of the floor plane and depth data from the RGB-D camera,DVIO has a better pose estimation accuracy than the conventional VIO method.To reduce the accumulated pose error of DVIO for navigation in a large indoor space,we developed the PFL method to locate RNA in the floor plan.PFL leverages geometric information of the architectural CAD drawing of an indoor space to further reduce the error of the DVIO-estimated pose.Based on VPS,an assistive navigation system is developed for the RNA prototype to assist a visually impaired person in navigating a large indoor space.Experimental results demonstrate that:1)DVIO method achieves better pose estimation accuracy than the state-of-the-art VIO method and performs real-time pose estimation(18 Hz pose update rate)on a UP Board computer;2)PFL reduces the DVIO-accrued pose error by 82.5%on average and allows for accurate wayfinding(endpoint position error≤45 cm)in large indoor spaces.

Perspective Projection Algorithm Enabling Mobile Device’s Indoor Positioning

In order to improve the user’s satisfaction with the augmented reality (AR) technology and the accuracy of the service, it is important to obtain the exact position of the user. Frequently used techniques for finding outdoors locations is the global positioning system (GPS), which is less accurate indoors. Therefore, an indoor position is measured by comparing the reception level about access point (AP) signal of wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) or using bluetooth low energy (BLE) tags. However, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth require additional hardware installation. In this paper, the proposed method of estimating the user’s position uses an indoor image and indoor coordinate map without additional hardware installation. The indoor image has several feature points extracted from fixed objects. By matching the feature points with the feature points of the user image, we can obtain the position of the user on the Indoor map by obtaining six or more pixel coordinates from the user image and solving the solution using the perspective projection formula. The experimental results show that the user position can be obtained more accurately in the indoor environment by using only the software without additional hardware installation.

Trajectory Planning Algorithm Based on Quaternion for 6-DOF Aircraft Wing Automatic Position and Pose Adjustment Method

A 6-degree of freedom （6-DOF） aircraft wing position and pose automatic adjustment method is presented to improve ARJ21 wing-fuselage connection precision and efficiency. Wing position and pose are adjusted by three pillars which are driven by six high-precision servo motors. During the adjustment process, wing is tracked and positioned by laser tracker. Wing initial position and pose are calibrated by using the measurement coordinates of assembly reference points. Wing target position and pose are calculated according to wing initial, fuselage position and pose, and relative position and pose requirements between wing and fuselage for the connection. Combining Newton-Euler method with quaternion position and pose analyzing method, the inverse kinematics of servo motors, together with the adjustment system dynamics is obtained. Wing quintic polynomial trajectory planning algorithm based on quatemion is proposed; the initial, target position and pose need to be solved and the intermediate moving path is uncertain. Simulation results show that the adjustment method has good dynamic characteristics and satisfies engineering requirements. Preliminary engineering application indicates that ARJ21 wing adjustment efficiency and precision are improved by using the proposed method.

EPNP和POSIT算法在头部姿态估计上的实验比较与分析

单目视觉下的头部姿态估计问题就是利用单个相机获取的头部图像或视频信息来估计其姿态,即估计3个旋转角:俯仰角(pitch)、偏航角(yaw)和翻滚角(roll).本文进行了大量的模拟实验和真实实验,从噪声、点数、实时性等角度详细对比分析了2种通用的姿态估计算法EPNP和POSIT在头部姿态估计中的应用,结果表明POSIT算法在精度上略逊于EPNP算法,但前者在速度上具有较显著的优势,因此在实际问题中,需要在速度和精度上进行权衡来选择合适的算法.

A resilient adjustment method to weigh pseudorange observation in precise point positioning

The accurate weighting of pseudorange observations is important to improve the convergence time and positioning quality of Precise Point Positioning(PPP).Currently,the weight of a pseudorange observation is mainly determined with empirical stochastic models.However,in a complex environment,due to the inability to adapt for the dynamic changes of the user environment,the empirical stochastic models usually cannot reflect the real error level of pseudorange observations.To address this problem,a resilient adjustment method to weigh pseudorange observations is proposed,which constructs the real-time estimation and inflation model for the variance of pseudorange multipath error and measurement noise to replace the empirical stochastic model to determine the weights of pseudorange observations.A set of static and dynamic Global Positioning System(GPS)test data are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.The test results indicate that the proposed real-time estimation model can provide a better representation of the pseudorange accuracy,and the positioning performance of PPP using the real-time estimation model is better than that with the empirical stochastic model.Compared with the optimal empirical stochastic model,the positioning accuracy of PPP with the real-time estimation model is improved by at least 20%,and the convergence time is reduced by at least 50%.

Pose Planning for the End-effector of Robot in the Welding of Intersecting Pipes

All-position robots are widely applied in the welding of complicated parts.Welding of intersecting pipes is one of the most typical tasks.The welding seam is a complicated saddle-like space curve,which puts a great challenge to the pose planning of end-effector.The special robots designed specifically for this kind of tasks are rare in China and lack sufficient theoretical research.In this paper,a systematic research on the pose planning for the end-effectors of robot in the welding of intersecting pipes is conducted. First,the intersecting curve of pipes is mathematically analyzed.The mathematical model of the most general intersecting curve of pipes is derived,and several special forms of this model in degraded situations are also discussed.A new pose planning approach of bisecting angle in main normal plane（BAMNP） for the welding-gun is proposed by using differential geometry and the comparison with the traditional bisecting angle in axial rotation plane（BAARP） method is also analytically conducted.The optimal pose of the welding-gun is to make the orientation posed at the center of the small space formed by the two cylinders and the intersecting curve to help the welding-pool run smoothly.The BAMNP method can make sure the pose vertical to the curve and center between the two cylinders at the same time,therefore its performance in welding-technique is superior to the BAARP method.By using the traditional BAARP method,the robot structure can become simpler and easier to be controlled,because one degree of freedom（DOF） of the robot can be reduced.For the special case of perpendicular intersecting,an index is constructed to evaluate the quality of welding technique in the process of welding.The effect of different combination of pipe size on this index is also discussed.On the basis of practical consideration,selection principle for BAARP and BAMNP is described.The simulations of those two methods for a serial joint-type robot are made in MATLAB,and the simulation results are consistent to the analysis.The mathematical model and the proposed new pose-planning method will lay a solid foundation for future researches on the control and design of all-position welding robots.

Research on 3D Target Pose Tracking and Modeling

This paper tackles pose tracking and model refinement, one of the fundamental work for 3D photogrammetry. The researches belong to the videometrics, an interdisciplinewhich combines computer vision, digital image processing, photogrammetry and optical measurement. Related works are summarized briefly in this paper. This paper studies the problem of pose tracking for target with 3D model. For the target with accurate 3D model, line model based pose tracking methods are proposed for target which is rich in line features. Experimental results indicate that the proposed methods track the target pose accurately. Normal distance iterative reweighted least squares and distance image iterative least squares methods are proposed to process more general targets. This paper adopts bundle adjustment to tackle pose tracking in image sequence for target with inaccurate 3D line model. The proposed method optimizes the model line parameters and the pose parameters simultaneously. The model line orientation, position and mean angle error, mean position error of the pose are 0.3°,3.5 mm and 0.12°,20.1 mm in simulation experiments of satellite pose tracking. Line features are used to track target pose with unknown 3D model through image sequence. The model line parameters and pose parameters are optimized under the framework of SFM. In simulation experiments, the reconstructed line orientation, position error and mean angle error, mean position error of pose are 0.4°,7.5 mm and 0.16°,23.5 mm.

面向摄像机的一种基于POSIT算法的位姿估计技术

PnP(Perspective-n-Point,透视n点)问题是在数字图像处理领域进行位姿估计时遇到的维度转换问题。提出了一种POSIT(Pose from Orthography and Scaling with Iterations,比例正交投影迭代变换)算法解决PnP问题,通过仿真实现算法并进行了分析验证和误差分析。该算法为迭代算法,具有收敛域广、运算速度快和复杂度低等优点,应用非常广泛。

煤矿掘进机自定位截割控制方法及试验研究

开展了掘进机自定位截割控制方法及试验研究,提出了掘进机自定位截割控制策略,使用基于单目视觉与深度学习的掘进机机体六自由度位姿检测方法,以及具有规定性能的双层模糊自适应反步控制方法实现了掘进机自定位截割,并将其用于机体任意位姿下的截割头循迹跟踪控制。在掘进机两种不同的机体位姿下进行了截割头循迹跟踪控制试验,试验结果显示最大轮廓误差分别在48 mm和52 mm(约2.14%与2.32%)以内,验证了提出的掘进机自定位截割控制方法的有效性。

结合坐标Transformer的轻量级人体姿态估计算法

针对现有的大多数自底向上人体姿态估计算法存在模型规模大、计算成本高及对边缘设备不友好等问题,提出了一种基于YOLOv5s6-Pose的轻量级多人姿态估计网络模型YOLOv5s6-Pose-CT。该模型在颈部网络中引入空间和通道重建卷积,以减少空间和通道维度上的特征冗余。同时,提出了一种坐标Transformer嵌入于主干网络中,使模型专注于长距离依赖和拥有高效的局部特征提取能力。其次,通过使用无偏特征位置对齐来解决多尺度融合过程中出现的特征错位问题。最后,使用损失函数MPDIoU对边界框的回归损失重新定义。在COCO 2017数据集上的实验结果表明,本文优化的网络模型与主流的轻量级网络EfficientHRNet-H1模型相比,在保持相同精度的同时,参数量和计算量分别减少16.2%和66.1%。相比于基准模型YOLOv5s6-Pose,参数量减少11.2%,计算量降低5.8%,平均检测精度和平均召回率分别提升2.5%和2.6%。

基于强化学习的多段连续体机器人轨迹规划

针对多段连续体机器人的轨迹规划问题,提出了一种基于深度确定性策略梯度强化学习的轨迹规划算法。首先,基于分段常曲率假设方法,建立连续体机器人的关节角速度和末端位姿的正向运动学模型。然后,采用强化学习算法,将机械臂的当前位姿和目标位姿等信息作为状态输入,将机械臂的关节角速度作为智能体的输出动作,设置合理的奖励函数,引导机器人从初始位姿向目标位姿移动。最后,在MATLAB中搭建仿真系统,仿真结果表明,强化学习算法成功对多段连续体机器人进行轨迹规划,控制连续体机器人的末端平稳运动到目标位姿。

基于低居里点PTC材料的风机叶片防冰数值模拟及试验验证

叶片覆冰会严重影响风机的安全稳定运行。目前,电热防冰是最高效可靠的风机叶片防冰方法,但存在防冰区域受热不均匀、局部覆冰以及过多分区导致防冰系统过于复杂等问题。为此提出采用正温度系数(positive temperature coefficient,PTC)材料进行风机叶片自适应电加热防冰的创新方法,通过原位聚合法成功制备了一种低居里点PTC材料,其居里温度点为1℃。随后,基于该材料的阻-温特性,建立了风机叶片的电加热防冰模型,并进行数值模拟。研究结果显示,当采用低居里点PTC材料进行风机叶片电加热防冰时,无需进行防冰区域的分区,就能使得防冰区域受热更加均匀。在一定的工作电压下,低居里点PTC材料在不同环境温度和风速下展现出自适应调节加热功率的能力,并且经过100次循环阻-温测试后,材料仍具有极强的自适应调节能力。最后,通过试验验证了材料的这种自适应调节能力。该研究结果为后续基于低居里点PTC材料的风机叶片防冰系统的研究奠定了坚实基础。

大口径反射镜Bipod支撑结构的装调与检测方法

随着我国遥感卫星对地观测分辨率的不断提升,空间遥感相机的有效口径逐步增大,为有效应对相机在地表装调时的重力误差干扰,大口径遥感相机的装调方式逐步从光轴水平形式转变为光轴竖直形式,与之对应的,相机主反射镜支撑结构与装配需求也在不断革新。为满足反射镜支撑与减重需求,在1 m及以上口径的反射镜支撑形式中,Bipod结构是较为常见的一种结构形式,不同于传统的框式支撑形式,它在光机结构粘接与结构位置标定需求上都有了巨大变革。为保证Bipod支撑结构下反射镜的装配定位精度和面形变化满足系统指标要求,提出了一种结合多目标空间位置转换和Stewart结构运动反演的大口径反射镜组件装调方法,该方法可在有效保证光机结构粘接点精度的同时,仅依靠反射镜自身支撑结构,实现反射镜与主承力板之间的高精度六维调节,系统装调误差可控制在0.04 mm左右。在遥感相机的实际装调过程中,通过分析主反射镜在系统中的装调误差区间,并以此为标准制定了反射镜Bipod结构的定位、粘接、调整和检测方案,实践结果表明该方法可有效控制反射镜的装配定位精度和面形误差,装调结果能够满足大口径遥感相机的系统成像需求。

经支气管诊疗机器人设计及其柔性末端执行器位姿研究

经呼吸道活检是肺结节诊断中较为常见的手术,但由于呼吸道疾病存在传染风险以及手动操作时关节受限等,医工结合的诊疗方式逐渐成为发展趋势。为实现柔性体在支气管腔道内复杂弯曲动态环境下灵活运动、精准定位与稳定介入,采用主从协同式远程控制机器人机构设计,模拟传统手术中医生的操作习惯,设计并搭建能够操控支气管镜、活检钳的集成机构原理样机,以实现经支气管进行微创诊疗的双器械协同操控。然后,基于Cosserat杆理论,利用MATLAB软件对机器人柔性末端执行器的力-位映射关系、位姿和工作空间进行仿真求解,并通过实验分析机器人柔性末端执行器在经支气管的远程微创活检手术中的真实位姿以及机器人的实际运行效果,验证了仿真结果的准确性。研究结果可为经自然腔道活检术的多器械协同控制提供理论基础。

基于时间动态规划的机身冗余控制对接算法

为了提高中机身的对接精度,保证对接效率,减小支撑底板受力变形,提出了一种基于调姿时间动态规划的机身冗余控制对接算法。根据机身初始位姿以及机身对接精度要求计算机身目标位姿,以姿态调整量和调姿速度为约束条件计算调姿时间,规划调姿轨迹。通过调姿轨迹计算定位器各轴驱动量,控制电机联动实现中机身调姿对接。仿真实验结果表明,经过基于调姿时间动态规划的冗余控制对接,飞机机身调姿定位过程中支撑底板无受力变形,减小调姿时间的同时对接精度相对较高,满足机身对接同轴度要求。

融合视惯RTK的非接触高精度点位测量方法

为解决信号受遮挡或物理不可达区域的高精度点位测量问题,提出了一种融合视惯和实时差分定位(RTK)信息的非接触高精度点位测量方法。首先,利用由RTK测定的相机位置信息,在增量式重建中将相机位姿和特征点空间位置配准到全球地理坐标系下;其次,在全局优化中引入视觉重投影误差、RTK测定的相机位置、惯性测量单元测定的相机姿态作为约束,以提升特征点空间位置的测量精度;最后,将图像中的特征点坐标从像平面坐标系映射到全球地理坐标系下,实现对场景中特征点位坐标的非接触性测量。与OpenMVG的对比实验表明:所提方法在3m和5m距离处的非接触性点位测量精度分别提高了87.25%和75.88%,验证了其在非接触性点位测量问题上的高精度。

上臂输液港置入患者行心腔内电图定位失败的处理和原因分析

目的总结4例上臂输液港置入患者行心腔内电图定位失败的处理及原因,提出防范对策。方法4例妇科肿瘤患者在输液港置入术中行心腔内电图定位,2例术中见特征性高尖P波,1例术中P波振幅增高,未出现双向P波,1例术中P波振幅不变,术后胸部X线片均示导管尖端异位。分别根据胸部X线片或心腔内电图P波外撤导管,采用生理盐水推注、颈内静脉阻断、前端导丝回撤、呼吸配合等送管方法。结果4例均复位成功。结论外撤导管后重新送管不当、未有效识别异常心腔内电图P波变化特点是IC-ECG定位失败的主要原因。上臂输液港置入术中心腔内电图定位导管尖端位置,应密切观察P波振幅和形态,警惕导管打折或异位。