Optimization of the key position parameters for tractor steering wheel based on a driver’s arm muscle load analysis

Steering wheel is the most frequently used manual device in tractors,whose position directly affects the handling comfort of the driver and fatigue degree of the arm muscles.In this study,the biomechanical modelling software AnyBody was used for an inverse kinetics analysis of the rotation process of tractor steering wheel,calculate the muscle activation degree of the driver’s arm and compare it with the calculated results of surface EMG tests to verify the reliability of the biomechanical model.Based on the biomechanical model,the effects of three position parameters(steering wheel inclination,front-back distance,and upper-lower height)on the activation degree of the driver’s arm muscles were evaluated.The results demonstrated that steering wheel inclination has the most significant effect on the degree of muscle activation,followed by the upper-lower height and then front-back distance.Considering the interaction among factors,a regression orthogonal test was designed,and the test results revealed that the minimum muscle activation(1.2887)can be obtained with the steering wheel inclination of 31°,front-back distance of 431 mm and upper-lower height of 375 mm.The findings can provide a reference for optimizing the structure and position parameters of tractor steering wheels.

The Intrinsic Electron with Its Properties Such as Inner Structure and Self-Mass Is in Conflict with Quantum Field Theory

The quantum field theory (QFT) is one of branches of the Standard Model. According to QFT, quantum fields are the primary entities and particles are the excitations of these fields, coming in discrete lumps with no inner structures and with properties assigned by declaration. Such view is in conflict with the observed vacuum energy density, 140 orders of magnitudes less than required by the QFT. In addition, such view is challenged by Aphysical Quantum Mechanics (AQM), a deeper quantum theory. According to AQM, the fundamental understanding of quantum reality is expanded by the addition of two fundamental categories, aphysical and elementary consciousness of elementary particles. Based on AQM and as an example, the total ontology of the intrinsic (fundamental) electron is presented with its inner structure of perfect geometry consisting of the physical charged c-ring and aphysical cylinder, and with its properties such as self-mass, spin, magneto-electrostatic field configuration and magnetic moment. The position parameter in the inner structure demonstrates that there are no two identical intrinsic electrons in the Universe thus placing a question mark over the QFT principle of indistinguishability.

A Virtual Walk along Street Based on View Interpolation

Image morphing is a powerful tool for visual effect. In this paper, a view interpolation algorithm is proposed to simulate a virtual walk along a street from start position to end position. To simulate a virtual walking view needs to create new appearing scene in the vision-vanishing point and disappearing scene beyond the scope of view. To attain these two aims we use two enhanced position parameters to match pixels of source images and target images. One enhanced position parameter is the angular coordinates of pixels. Another enhanced position parameter is the distances from pixels to the vision-vanishing point. According to the parameter values, pixels beyond the scope of view can be ＂moved＂ out in linear interpolation. Result demonstrates the validity of the algorithm. Another advantage of this algorithm is that the enhanced position parameters are based on real locations and walking distances, so it is also an approach to online virtual tour by satellite maps of virtual globe applications such as Google Earth.

IGS polar motion measurement accuracy

We elaborate an error budget for the long-term accuracy of IGS（International Global Navigation Satellite System Service） polar motion estimates, concluding that it is probably about 25-30 μas（1-sigma）overall, although it is not possible to quantify possible contributions（mainly annual） that might transfer directly from aliases of subdaily rotational tide errors. The leading sources are biases arising from the need to align daily, observed terrestrial frames, within which the pole coordinates are expressed and which are continuously deforming, to the secular, linear international reference frame. Such biases are largest over spans longer than about a year. Thanks to the very large number of IGS tracking stations, the formal covariance errors are much smaller,around 5 to 10 μas. Large networks also permit the systematic frame-related errors to be more effectively minimized but not eliminated. A number of periodic errors probably also influence polar motion results, mainly at annual, GPS（Global Positioning System） draconitic, and fortnightly periods, but their impact on the overall error budget is unlikely to be significant except possibly for annual tidal aliases. Nevertheless, caution should be exercised in interpreting geophysical excitations near any of the suspect periods.

Comfort evaluation and position parameter optimization of the steering wheel in agricultural machinery based on a three-level evaluation index system

The aim of this study is to evaluate the comfort and optimize the position parameters of steering wheel.Taking the H point of driver as the reference point,three position parameters of steering wheel were determined,which were used as experimental factors.A comprehensive evaluation index system of the comfort was established.The comfort range and optimal levels of three parameters were determined by a single factor test,based on which a response surface optimization and validation test was carried out.The optimization and validation test results show that the expected comprehensive score of the comfort is 0.864,and the average relative error between the predicted and the measured value is 4.18%,indicating that the optimization results are reliable.The findings can provide reference for the comfort optimization design of steering wheel in agricultural devices.