Hybrid 2D/3D Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Based High-Temperature Position-Sensitive Detector

Ultraviolet position-sensitive detectors(PSDs)are expected to undergo harsh environments,such as high temperatures,for a wide variety of applications in military,civilian,and aerospace.However,no report on relevant PSDs operating at high temperatures can be found up to now.Herein,we design a new 2D/3D graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))/gallium nitride(GaN)hybrid heterojunction to construct the ultraviolet high-temperature-resistant PSD.The g-C_(3)N_(4)/GaN PSD exhibits a high position sensitivity of 355 mV mm^(-1),a rise/fall response time of 1.7/2.3 ms,and a nonlinearity of 0.5%at room temperature.The ultralow formation energy of-0.917 eV atom^(-1)has been obtained via the thermodynamic phase stability calculations,which endows g-C_(3)N_(4)with robust stability against heat.By merits of the strong built-in electric field of the 2D/3D hybrid heterojunction and robust thermo-stability of g-C_(3)N_(4),the g-C_(3)N_(4)/GaN PSD delivers an excellent position sensitivity and angle detection nonlinearity of 315 mV mm^(-1)and 1.4%,respectively,with high repeatability at a high temperature up to 700 K,outperforming most of the other counterparts and even commercial silicon-based devices.This work unveils the high-temperature PSD,and pioneers a new path to constructing g-C_(3)N_(4)-based harsh-environment-tolerant optoelectronic devices.

Flexible broadband WS_(2)/Si optical position-sensitive detector with high sensitivity and fast speed

Si-based optical position-sensitive detectors(PSDs)have stimulated the interest of researchers due to their wide range of practical applications.However,due to the rigidity and fragility of Si crystals,the applications of flexible PSDs have been limited.Therefore,we presented a flexible broadband PSD based on a WS_(2)/Si heterostructure for the first time.A scalable sputtering method was used to deposit WS_(2)thin films onto the etched ultrathin crystalline Si surface.The fabricated flexible PSD device has a broad spectral response in the wavelength range of 450-1350 nm,with a high position sensitivity of~539.8 mV·mm^(−1)and a fast response of 2.3μs,thanks to the strong light absorption,the built-in electrical field at the WS_(2)/Si interface,and facilitated transport.Furthermore,mechanical-bending tests revealed that after 200 mechanical-bending cycles,the WS_(2)/Si PSDs have excellent mechanical flexibility,stability,and durability,demonstrating the great potential in wearable PSDs with competitive performance.

Advancements and applications of position-sensitive detector(PSD): a review

This paper presents a review of the position-sensitive detector(PSD) sensor, covering different types of PSD and recent works related to this field. Furthermore, it explains the theoretical concepts and provides information about its structure and principles of operation. Moreover, it includes the main information about the available commercial PSDs from different companies, along with a comparison between the common modules. The PSD features include high position resolution, fast response, and a wide dynamic range. These features make it suitable for various fields and applications, such as imaging, spectrometry, spectroscopy and others.

Ultrasensitive broadband position-sensitive detector based on graphitic carbon nitride

As a typical two-dimensional material,graphitic carbon nitride(g-CN)has attracted great interest because of its distinctive electronic,optical,and catalytic properties.However,the absence of a feasible route toward large-area and high-quality films hinders its development in optoelectronics.Herein,high-quality g-CN films have been grown on Si substrate via a vapor-phase transport-assisted condensation method.The g-CN/Si heterojunction shows an obvious response to ultraviolet–visible-near infrared photons with a responsivity of 133 A·W−1,which is two orders of magnitude higher than the best value ever reported for g-CN photodetectors.A position-sensitive detector(PSD)has been developed using the lateral photovoltaic effect of the g-CN/Si heterojunction.The PSD shows a wide response spectrum ranging from 300 to 1,100 nm,and a position sensitivity and rise/decay time of 395 mV·mm−1 and 3.1/50μs,respectively.Moreover,the application of the g-CN/Si heterojunction photodetector in trajectory tracking and acoustic detection has been realized for the first time.This work unveils the potential of g-CN for large-area photodetectors,and prospects for their applications in trajectory tracking and acoustic detection.

Position-sensitive detectors based on two-dimensional materials

Two-dimensional(2D)materials have attracted great attention in optoelectronics because of their unique structure,optical and electrical properties.Designing high-performance photodetectors and implementing their applications are eager to promote the development of 2D materials.Position-sensitive detector(PSD)is an optical inspection device for the precise measurements of position,distance,angle,and other relevant physical variables.It is a widely used component in the fields of tracking,aerospace,nanorobotics,and so forth.Essentially,PSD is also a photodetector based on the lateral photovoltaic effect(LPE).This article reviews recent progress in high-performance PSD based on 2D materials.The high-sensitive photodetectors and LPE involved in 2D photodetectors are firstly discussed.Then,we introduce the research progress of PSD based on 2D materials and analyze the carrier dynamics in different device structures.Finally,we summarize the functionalities and applications of PSD based on 2D materials,and highlight the challenges and opportunities in this research area.

Ultrasensitive graphene-Si position-sensitive detector for motion tracking

Motion tracking has attracted great attention in the fields of real-time tracking,nanorobotics,and targeted therapy.For achieving more accurate motion tracking,the highly sensitive position-sensitive detector(PSD)is desirable.Here,we demonstrate a meliorated PSD based on graphene-Si heterojunction for motion tracking.The position sensitivity of PSD was improved by employing surface engineering of graphene.Through modulating the transport property of graphene,nearly 20-fold increase of sensitivity was achieved under weak light,and at the same time,the detection limit power was reduced to^2 nW.A motion tracking system was developed based on the improved PSD,and human arm swing was tracked,which demonstrated high sensitivity and real-time tracking capabilities of the PSD.In addition,the PSD can support up to^10 kHz high-frequency tracking.This work provides a new strategy for improving the performance of PSD,and promotes the development of two-dimensional materials in novel optoelectronic devices.

Ga2O3 solar-blind position-sensitive detectors

Monoclinic Ga2O3(β-Ga2O3)is a promising material for achieving solar-blind photodetection because of its unique characteristics,including its high breakdown electric field,radiation hardness,thermal and chemical stabilities,and intrinsic visible/solar-blind properties.Until now,several studies have investigated the development of high-performanceβ-Ga2O3 solar-blind photodetectors.However,these photodetectors can only detect the light intensity but not the light position.In this work,fourquadrant position-sensitive detectors(4Q-PSDs)were developed and demonstrated based onβ-Ga2O3.4Q-PSDs,comprising four identical metal-semiconductor-metal-structured photodetector components,demonstrate high uniformity,large signal-tonoise ratio,good ultraviolet/visible rejection ratio,and fast response/recovery time.Subsequently,the position of the illumination beam can be determined by analyzing the output signals of the four photodetector components.This work may indicate the promising application potential of the Ga2O3-based photodetectors in the fields of positioning,aligning,and monitoring the solarblind beams.

Electrostatic-lenses position-sensitive TOF MCP detector for beam diagnostics and new scheme for mass measurements at HIAF

A foil–microchannel plate(MCP)detector,which uses electrostatic lenses and possesses both good position and timing resolutions,has been designed and simulated for beam diagnostics and mass measurements at the next-generation heavy-ion-beam facility HIAF in China.Characterized by low energy loss and good performances of timing and position measurements,it would be located at focal planes in fragment separator HFRS for position monitoring,beam turning,Bq measurement,and trajectory reconstruction.Moreover,it will benefit the building-up of a magnetic-rigidity–energy-loss–time-offlight(BqDETOF)method at HFRS for high-precision in-flight particle identification of radioactive isotope beams on an event-by-event basis.Most importantly,the detector can be utilized for in-ring TOF and position measurements,beam-line TOF measurements at two achromatic foci,and position measurements at a dispersive focus of HFRS,thus making it possible to use two complementary mass measurement methods[isochronous mass spectrometry at the storage ring SRing and magnetic-rigidity–time-of-flight(BqTOF)at the beam-line HFRS]in one single experimental run.

Preliminary results of a Compton camera based on a single 3D position-sensitive CZT detector

A Compton camera prototype has been developed using a pixelated CZT detector with 4-by-4 pixels.Signals of the detector are read out by a VASTAT ASIC that is controlled by a self-developed DAQ board. The DAQ software is developed using LabVIEW, and the offline Compton imaging codes are written in C++. The prototype has been successfully calibrated, and its capabilities for source detection, spectroscopy, and Compton imaging have been demonstrated using a Cs-137 source.The angular resolution of the 662 keV line is 36° FWHM for the simple back-projection method and 9.6° FWHM for the MLEM reconstruction method. The system is ready to be extended to 11-by-11 pixels in the future, and a better imaging quality can be expected due to the better relative position resolution.

PTW Detector7293种剂量验证方法在调强放射治疗中的对比研究

目的 :对比PTW Detector729 3种验证方法在调强放射治疗(intensity modulated radiation therapy,IMRT)剂量验证中的差异。方法:回顾性选取2022年1—12月于某院完成放射治疗的鼻咽癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、宫颈癌和全脑放射治疗患者共50例,使用PTW Detector729二维电离室矩阵配合PTW RW3固体水与PTW Ocavius 4D旋转模体对50例患者的IMRT计划分别进行归零机架角2D剂量验证、实际机架角2D剂量验证和实际机架角3D剂量验证。将剂量评估阈值设为10%,统计3种验证方法在3%/1 mm、2%/2 mm、3%/2 mm和3%/3 mm 4种评估标准下的γ通过率。采用SPSS 22.0统计学软件进行数据分析。结果:在10%剂量评估阈值标准下,归零机架角2D剂量验证的γ通过率最高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);实际机架角2D剂量验证的γ通过率高于实际机架角3D剂量验证,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3种验证方法的γ通过率在3%/1 mm、2%/2 mm、3%/2 mm和3%/3 mm 4种标准下逐渐升高,且在3%/2 mm标准下均超过90%,结果满足临床放射治疗要求。结论:3种验证方法的验证结果均能达到IMRT剂量验证实践指南要求,根据IMRT开展情况选择合适的验证方法,对确保治疗方案安全、有效实施具有重要意义。

High-speed performance self-powered short wave ultraviolet radiation detectors based onκ(ε)-Ga_(2)O_(3)

High-speed solar-blind short wavelength ultraviolet radiation detectors based onκ(ε)-Ga_(2)O_(3)layers with Pt contacts were demonstrated and their properties were studied in detail.Theκ(ε)-Ga_(2)O_(3)layers were deposited by the halide vapor phase epitaxy on patterned GaN templates with sapphire substrates.The spectral dependencies of the photoelectric properties of struc-tures were analyzed in the wavelength interval 200-370 nm.The maximum photo to dark current ratio,responsivity,detectiv-ity and external quantum efficiency of structures were determined as:180.86 arb.un.,3.57 A/W,1.78×10^(12) Hz^(0.5)∙cm·W^(-1) and 2193.6%,respectively,at a wavelength of 200 nm and an applied voltage of 1 V.The enhancement of the photoresponse was caused by the decrease in the Schottky barrier at the Pt/κ(ε)-Ga_(2)O_(3)interface under ultraviolet exposure.The detectors demon-strated could functionalize in self-powered mode due to built-in electric field at the Pt/κ(ε)-Ga_(2)O_(3)interface.The responsivity and external quantum efficiency of the structures at a wavelength of 254 nm and zero applied voltage were 0.9 mA/W and 0.46%,respectively.The rise and decay times in self-powered mode did not exceed 100 ms.

Low-noise and low-power pixel sensor chip for gas pixel detectors

Topmetal-M2 is a large-area pixel sensor chip fabricated using the GSMC 130 nm CMOS process in 2021.The pixel array of Topmetal-M2 consists of pixels of 400 rows×512 columns with a pixel pitch of 45μm×45μm.The array is divided into 16 subarrays,with pixels of 400 rows×32 columns per subarray.Each pixel incorporates two charge sensors:a diode sensor and a Topmetal sensor.The in-pixel circuit primarily consists of a charge-sensitive amplifier for energy measurements,a discriminator with a peak-holding circuit,and a time-to-amplitude converter for time-of-arrival measurements.The pixel of Topmetal-M2 has a charge input range of~0-3 k e-,a voltage output range of~0-180 mV,and a charge-voltage conversion gain of~59.56μV∕e-.The average equivalent noise charge of Topmetal-M2,which includes the readout electronic system noise,is~43.45 e-.In the scanning mode,the time resolution of Topmetal-M2 is 1 LSB=1.25μs,and the precision is^()7.41μs.At an operating voltage of 1.5 V,Topmetal-M2 has a power consumption of~49 mW∕cm~2.In this article,we provide a comprehensive overview of the chip architecture,pixel working principles,and functional behavior of Topmetal-M2.Furthermore,we present the results of preliminary tests conducted on Topmetal-M2,namely,alpha-particle and soft X-ray tests.

CVTD: A Robust Car-Mounted Video Text Detector

Text perception is crucial for understanding the semantics of outdoor scenes,making it a key requirement for building intelligent systems for driver assistance or autonomous driving.Text information in car-mounted videos can assist drivers in making decisions.However,Car-mounted video text images pose challenges such as complex backgrounds,small fonts,and the need for real-time detection.We proposed a robust Car-mounted Video Text Detector(CVTD).It is a lightweight text detection model based on ResNet18 for feature extraction,capable of detecting text in arbitrary shapes.Our model efficiently extracted global text positions through the Coordinate Attention Threshold Activation(CATA)and enhanced the representation capability through stacking two Feature Pyramid Enhancement Fusion Modules(FPEFM),strengthening feature representation,and integrating text local features and global position information,reinforcing the representation capability of the CVTD model.The enhanced feature maps,when acted upon by Text Activation Maps(TAM),effectively distinguished text foreground from non-text regions.Additionally,we collected and annotated a dataset containing 2200 images of Car-mounted Video Text(CVT)under various road conditions for training and evaluating our model’s performance.We further tested our model on four other challenging public natural scene text detection benchmark datasets,demonstrating its strong generalization ability and real-time detection speed.This model holds potential for practical applications in real-world scenarios.

Flexibility potential of Cs_(2)BX_(6)(B=Hf,Sn,Pt,Zr,Ti;X=I,Br,Cl)with application in photovoltaic devices and radiation detectors

As interest in double perovskites is growing,especially in applications like photovoltaic devices,understanding their mechanical properties is vital for device durability.Despite extensive exploration of structure and optical properties,research on mechanical aspects is limited.This article builds a vacancyordered double perovskite model,employing first-principles calculations to analyze mechanical,bonding,electronic,and optical properties.Results show Cs_(2)Hfl_(6),Cs_(2)SnBr_(6),Cs_(2)SnI_(6),and Cs_(2)PtBr_(6)have Young's moduli below 13 GPa,indicating flexibility.Geometric parameters explain flexibility variations with the changes of B and X site composition.Bonding characteristic exploration reveals the influence of B and X site electronegativity on mechanical strength.Cs_(2)SnBr_(6)and Cs_(2)PtBr_(6)are suitable for solar cells,while Cs_(2)HfI_(6)and Cs_(2)TiCl_(6)show potential for semi-transparent solar cells.Optical property calculations highlight the high light absorption coefficients of up to 3.5×10^(5) cm^(-1)for Cs_(2)HfI_(6)and Cs_(2)TiCl_(6).Solar cell simulation shows Cs_(2)PtBr_(6)achieves 22.4%of conversion effciency.Cs_(2)ZrCl_(6)holds promise for ionizing radiation detection with its 3.68 eV bandgap and high absorption coefficient.Vacancy-ordered double perovskites offer superior flexibility,providing valuable insights for designing stable and flexible devices.This understanding enhances the development of functional devices based on these perovskites,especially for applications requiring high stability and flexibility.

Design and performance evaluation of a large field-of-view dual-particle time-encoded imager based on a depth-of-interaction detector

Time-encoded imaging is useful for identifying potential special nuclear materials and other radioactive sources at a distance.In this study,a large field-of-view time-encoded imager was developed for gamma-ray and neutron source hotspot imaging based on a depth-of-interaction(DOI)detector.The imager primarily consists of a DOI detector system and a rotary dual-layer cylindrical coded mask.An EJ276 plastic scintillator coupled with two SiPMs was designed as the DOI detector to increase the field of view and improve the imager performance.The difference in signal time at both ends and the log of the signal amplitude ratio were used to calculate the interaction position resolution.The position resolution of the DOI detector was calibrated using a collimated Cs-137 source,and the full width at half maximum of the reconstruction position of the Gaussian fitting curve was approximately 4.4 cm.The DOI detector can be arbitrarily divided into several units to independently reconstruct the source distribution images.The unit length was optimized via Am-Be source-location experiments.A multidetector filtering method is proposed for image denoising.This method can effectively reduce image noise caused by poor DOI detector position resolution.The vertical field of view of the imager was(-55°,55°)when the detector was placed in the center of the coded mask.A DT neutron source at 20 m standoff could be located within 2400 s with an angular resolution of 3.5°.

Method for detector description conversion from DD4hep to Filmbox

DD4hep serves as a generic detector description toolkit recommended for offline software development in next-generation high-energy physics(HEP)experiments.Conversely,Filmbox(FBX)stands out as a widely used 3D modeling file format within the 3D software industry.In this paper,we introduce a novel method that can automatically convert complex HEP detector geometries from DD4hep description into 3D models in the FBX format.The feasibility of this method was dem-onstrated by its application to the DD4hep description of the Compact Linear Collider detector and several sub-detectors of the super Tau-Charm facility and circular electron-positron collider experiments.The automatic DD4hep–FBX detector conversion interface provides convenience for further development of applications,such as detector design,simulation,visualization,data monitoring,and outreach,in HEP experiments.

Self-powered UVC detectors based on α-Ga_(2)O_(3) with enchanted speed performance

Detectors were developed for detecting irradiation in the short-wavelength ultraviolet(UVC)interval using high-quality single-crystallineα-Ga_(2)O_(3) films with Pt interdigital contacts.The films ofα-Ga_(2)O_(3) were grown on planar sapphire substrates with c-plane orientation using halide vapor phase epitaxy.The spectral dependencies of the photo to dark current ratio,responsivity,external quantum efficiency and detectivity of the structures were investigated in the wavelength interval of 200−370 nm.The maximum of photo to dark current ratio,responsivity,external quantum efficiency,and detectivity of the structures were 1.16×10^(4) arb.un.,30.6 A/W,1.65×10^(4)%,and 6.95×10^(15) Hz^(0.5)·cm/W at a wavelength of 230 nm and an applied voltage of 1 V.The high values of photoelectric properties were due to the internal enhancement of the photoresponse associated with strong hole trapping.Theα-Ga_(2)O_(3) film-based UVC detectors can function in self-powered operation mode due to the built-in electric field at the Pt/α-Ga_(2)O_(3) interfaces.At a wavelength of 254 nm and zero applied voltage,the structures exhibit a responsivity of 0.13 mA/W and an external quantum efficiency of 6.2×10^(−2)%.The UVC detectors based on theα-Ga_(2)O_(3) films demonstrate high-speed performance with a rise time of 18 ms in self-powered mode.

FPGA implementation of 500-MHz high-count-rate high-time-resolution real-time digital neutron-gamma discrimination for fast liquid detectors

Fast neutron flux measurements with high count rates and high time resolution have important applications in equipment such as tokamaks.In this study,real-time neutron and gamma discrimination was implemented on a self-developed 500-Msps,12-bit digitizer,and the neutron and gamma spectra were calculated directly on an FPGA.A fast neutron flux measurement system with BC-501A and EJ-309 liquid scintillator detectors was developed and a fast neutron measurement experiment was successfully performed on the HL-2 M tokamak at the Southwestern Institute of Physics,China.The experimental results demonstrated that the system obtained the neutron and gamma spectra with a time accuracy of 1 ms.At count rates of up to 1 Mcps,the figure of merit was greater than 1.05 for energies between 50 keV and 2.8 MeV.

Gas microchannel plate-pixel detector for X-ray polarimetry

POLAR-2 is a gamma-ray burst(GRB)polarimeter that is designed to study the polarization in GRB radiation emissions,aiming to improve our knowledge of related mechanisms.POLAR-2 is expected to utilize an on-board polarimeter that is sensitive to soft X-rays(2-10 keV),called low-energy polarization detector.We have developed a new soft X-ray polari-zation detector prototype based on gas microchannel plates(GMCPs)and pixel chips(Topmetal).The GMCPs have bulk resistance,which prevents charging-up effects and ensures gain stability during operation.The detector is composed of low outgassing materials and is gas-sealed using a laser welding technique,ensuring long-term stability.A modulation factor of 41.28%±0.64% is obtained for a 4.5 keV polarized X-ray beam.A residual modulation of 1.96%±0.58% at 5.9 keV is observed for the entire sensitive area.

Construction and performance test of charged particle detector array for MATE

A charged particle array named MATE-PA,which serves as an auxiliary detector system for a Multi-purpose Active-target Time projection chamber used in nuclear astrophysical and exotic beam Experiments(MATE),was constructed.The array comprised of 20 single-sided strip-silicon detectors covering approximately 10%of the solid angle.The detectors facilitated the detection of reaction-induced charged particles that penetrate the active volume of the MATE.The performance of MATE-PA has been experimentally studied using an alpha source and a 36-MeV 14 N beam injected into the MATE chamber on the radioactive ion beam line in Lanzhou(RIBLL).The chamber was filled with a gas mixture of 95%4 He and 5%CO_(2) at a pressure of 500 mbar.The results indicated good separation of light-charged particles using the forward double-layer silicon detectors of MATE-PA.The energy resolution of the Si detectors was deduced to be approximately 1%(σ)for an energy loss of approximately 10 MeV caused by theαparticles.The inclusion of MATE-PA improves particle identification and increases the dynamic range of the kinetic energy of charged particles,particularly that of theαparticles,up to approximately 15 MeV.